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permutation|pɜːmjuːˈteɪʃən|
[a. OF. permutacion (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. permūtātiōn-em, n. of action f. permūtāre to permute.]
†1. Exchange of one thing for another; interchange; commutation; barter. Obs.
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. iii. 242 In Marchaundise nis no Meede, I may hit wel avoue; Hit is a permutacion, a peni for anoþer. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 43 Men of Cartago sende Marcus Regulus to Rome, desirenge the permutacion of theire men in captiuite. 1582N. T. (Rhem.) Matt. xvi. 26 What permutation shal a man giue for his soule? 1622Malynes Anc. Law-Merch. 83 An exchange of commodities or rather a permutation of commodities. 1754Erskine Princ. Sc. Law (1809) 311 Permutation differs from a sale chiefly in this, that, in permutation, one subject is to be given in barter or exchange for another.
2. a. Change from one state, position, etc. to another; alteration; transmutation. Now rare.
c1374Chaucer Troylus v. 1541 Fortune whiche þat permutacion Of þinges hath. c1397― Lack Stedf. 19 The worlde hath made a permutacion Fro Ryght to wrong. 1415Hoccleve To Sir J. Oldcastle 17 A fair permutacion fro Crystes lore to feendly doctryne. 1543Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. ii. iii. xvii. 62 Thyrdely, it [quinsy] is ended by permutatyon, or chaungynge to some other parte of the bodye. 1650Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. xxii. (ed. 2) 230 They..who think that at the confusion of tongues, there was no constitution of a new speech in every family; but a variation and permutation of the old, out of one common language raising severall dialects. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 226 The violent convulsions and permutations that have been made in property. 1856Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 75 The continents have undergone within this same period such wonderful permutations.
b. A changed form; a transmutation.
1883Q. Rev. Oct. 496 The image of Buddha, here typified by a seemingly female permutation, cast also in bronze.
c. Logic. A form of immediate inference from a proposition by negating it and substituting a contradictory predicate; obversion.
1851W. H. Karslake Aids Study Logic I. 64 The third form of Immediate Inference which we have to speak of is, what may be called Permutation. 1906H. W. B. Joseph Introd. Logic 214 In Permutation, or (as it has been also called) Obversion, there is no transposition of terms, but the quality of the proposition is changed. 1931R. M. Eaton Gen. Logic 206 Obversion, also known as permutation differs from conversion in that the subject and predicate do not change places.
3. Math.
†a. Transposition of the two middle terms of a proportion. Obs. (now expressed by permutando or alternando).
b. The action of changing the order of a set of things lineally arranged; each of the different arrangements of which such a set of things is capable. (Cf. combination 5 b.) Hence gen., in pl. (usually in phr. permutations and combinations): Variations of order or arrangement, various arrangements.
1570Billingsley Euclid v. def. xii. 133 Proportion alternate, or proportion by permutation is, when the antecedent is compared to the antecedent, and the consequent to the consequent. 1656tr. Hobbes's Elem. Philos. ii. xiii. 112 If four Magnitudes be in Geometrical Proportion, they will also be Proportionals by Permutation, (that is, by transposing the Middle Terms). 1710J. Harris Lex. Techn. II, Variation, or Permutation of Quantities, is the changing any number of given Quantities, with respect to their Places. 1806Hutton Course Math. I. 148 The doctrine of permutations, combinations, &c. is of very extensive use in different parts of the Mathematics; particularly in the calculation of annuities and chances. 1838De Morgan Ess. Probab. 32 Different arrangements of the same things make different permutations. 1884J. Parker Apost. Life III. 192 The letters are but six-and-twenty in number..but..through how many permutations, may those letters be thrown or passed!
4. Philol.
a. The interchange of consonants occurring regularly in cognate words belonging to related languages, as in L. and Gr. duo, Eng. two, Ger. zwei; L. and Gr. tria, Eng. three, Ger. drei.
1860Haldeman Anal. Orthogr. xi. 63 The well-known Grimm's law, is a permutation. 1869Farrar Fam. Speech i. (1873) 22 Those regular permutations of letters in different linguistic families.
b. In the semantic theories of Nils Gustaf Stern: see quot. 1931.
1931G. Stern Meaning & Change of Meaning xiii. 361 Permutations are unintentional sense-changes in which the subjective apprehension of a detail—denoted by a separate word—in a larger total changes, and the changed apprehension (the changed notion) is substituted for the previous meaning of the word. 1933Mod. Lang. Notes XLVIII. 386 The linguistically conditioned changes are..analyzed into shifts of..‘permutation’ and ‘adequation’. 1965Eng. Stud. XLVI. 405 The type of semantic change involved is that called by Gustaf Stern ‘permutation’.
5. Football Pools. A system whereby any combination of a specified number of entries drawn from a larger, selected, number of chances may be considered for a dividend.
1952Times 16 May 7/5 The whole business of forecasting, study of form, permutations, and all the rest of it is, in fact, pure nonsense. 1954M. Croft Spare the Rod iii. v. 198 Football pools—that's the safest bet... Once you've worked up an interest in permutations you can sit down and leave them alone for a whole day. 1959Listener 19 Feb. 347/3 The complications of this revenge put as much strain on one's attention as does the filling of a ‘Pools’ coupon with recommended permutations. 1960Comp 20 Feb. 7/2 Find the straightforward permutation of allowing for any 3 from 8.
6. attrib., as permutation-lock, a lock in which certain parts can be transposed or shifted, so that it is necessary to arrange them in some particular way in order to shoot or withdraw the bolt.
1847Saxe Rape Lock xxix, In the locks of safes, and those safety locks They call the Permutation. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1340/2 The letter, puzzle, permutation, or combination lock has usually a series of notched rings, which must be turned until all the notches are in line in order to enter or withdraw the bolt. Ibid. 1669/1 The permutation principle was introduced into tumbler-locks by Dr. Andrews of New Jersey, about 1841.
Hence permuˈtational a., relating to permutation or permutations; permuˈtationist, one who holds or advocates a theory of permutation.
1888J. T. Gulick in Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XX. 2502 These numerators are found in the 7th line of a table of figures which I call the Permutational Triangle. 1874S. Wilberforce Ess. I. 79 Can any permutationist pretend that experience gives us any reason for believing that any change of food,..could ever change the one type into the other? |