| 释义 |
▪ I. perish, v.|ˈpɛrɪʃ|
Forms: α. 3–5 periss-en, (3 -i, 4 -y), 4–5 perisse, 4–6 peris, (-ys(e, 4 perijs, 5 Sc. perice, 5–6 perise), 6 Sc. periss, (-eis, perreis(s). β. 4–5 perisch-en, (4 -i, perriche-n, 4–5 periche-n), 4–6 perisch(e, -isshe, -ysshe, (-ysch(e, -issche, 4–5 -yssche, 6 -iszshe, Sc. perrisch), 4–6 perishe, (-ysh(e, 5 -esch(e, 6 -esh, -essh, pearishe), 4–7 perisch, 6– -perish. γ. 4–5 pers-en, -i, persh(en, persch(e, perch(yn. δ. 4 paris, 5 -ische, -ysche, 6 -ich, 9 north. dial. par(r)ish.
[ME. a. OF. periss-, lengthened stem of perir to perish, = Pr. perir, It. perire:—L. perīre to pass away entirely, come to nothing, be lost or destroyed, lose one's life, etc., f. per- 3 + īre to go.]
1. a. intr. To come to a violent, sudden, or untimely end; to suffer destruction; to lose its life, cease to exist, be cut off. (Chiefly of living beings.) Jocose phr. or perish in the attempt.
c1250O. Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 32 Hise deciples..seiden to him, lord saue us, for we perisset[h]. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6936 Þat ich mote þoru þis fure Brenne bi neþe & perissy [v. rr. persi, perischi, perisshe]. a1300Cursor M. 20049 Womman sal peris o na barn, Ne nan wit mischiue be forfarn. 1340–70Alex. & Dind. 452 For þei þat sailen on þe see..perichen ful ofte. 1382Wyclif Luke xv. 17 Forsothe I perische here thurȝ hungir. c1475Rauf Coilȝear 20 In point thay war to parische. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop v. viii, The mooste parte of the corne..perysshed that same yere by cause of the grete rayne that felle. a1533Ld. Berners Huon lii. 158 The shyppe..pereshyd, and all my company. 1535Coverdale 2 Kings ix. 8 That all the house of Achab maye periszshe. 1542–3Act 34 & 35 Hen. VIII, c. 8 § 1 Many rotte, and perishe to deathe for lacke of helpe of surgery. 1671Milton Samson 676 The common rout, That..Grow up and perish as the summer flie. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. vi, I was ready to perish for Thirst. 1776Paine Com. Sense (1791) 7 [To] disable him from living, and reduce him to a state in which he might rather be said to perish than to die. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. Contents p. vii, The Lighthouse and all therein perished. 1829Southey Sir T. More II. 288 In danger of perishing with hunger. 1836W. Irving Astoria III. 252 Who..lingered in the wilderness to perish by the hands of savages. 1861T. Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. I. ii. 23 However, he addressed himself manfully to his task; savage indeed, and longing to drive a hole in the bottom of the old tub, but as resolved as ever to get to Sandford and back before hall time, or perish in the attempt. 1865Trollope Belton Est. i. 1 His son Charles was now dead,—had perished by his own hand. 1870L. M. Alcott Old-Fashioned Girl xvii. 337 He..sternly resolved to be an honor to his family, or perish in the attempt. 1978Country Life 30 Nov. 1915/4 Too often publishers are determined to illustrate or perish in the attempt.
b. (Chiefly Theol.) To incur spiritual death, be lost. Of a nation or community: To suffer moral or spiritual ruin.
c1250O. Kent. Serm. in O.E. Misc. 33 Sigge we to him, lord sauue us þet we ne perissi. a1325Athanasian Creed 2 in Prose Psalter 193 Þe which [faith] bot ȝif ichon kepe hole & nouȝt de-fouled, wyþ-outen drede he shal peris wyþ⁓outen ende [1548–9 Bk. Com. Prayer without doubt he shal perishe euerlastingly]. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 370 Ȝif þe gospel is hid, it is hid to hem þat perschen [1382 2 Cor. iv. 3 perischen]. 1562Winȝet Cert. Tractatis i. Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 6 He..sall require the blude oute of ȝour handis of the smallaste ane that sall perise throw ȝour negligence. 1644Milton Educ. 1 The reforming of Education..for the want whereof this nation perishes. 1781Cowper Expost. 95 When nations are to perish in their sins, 'Tis in the church the leprosy begins. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. iii. 295 Jerom..thought that no christian would finally perish. 1856Ruskin Mod. Paint. IV. v. v. §4 Knowledge is good..yet man perished in seeking knowledge.
c. Of things material: (a) as opposed to things spiritual or eternal; (b) (esp. of rubber) as the effect of decay or exposure to destructive conditions; (c) to be lost, wasted, or squandered.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xvi. (Magdalena) 76 Bot martha, þat was rycht wyse, Wald nocht thole þare landis perice, Bot bathe þar partis wysly steryt. 1382Wyclif John vi. 12 He seide to his disciplis, Gedare ȝe the relyfs that ben left, that thei perischen not. Ibid. 27 Worche ye not mete that perischith. c1400Rule St. Benet 1455 Al þe vessel of þe abbay Aw hir to ȝeme in right aray, So þat non perise ne be lorn. 1434Misyn Mending of Life ii. 108 Qwhy ȝernis þou with grete desire þingis þat sall perys? 1533Gau Richt Vay 36 The kingis of the vardil ar vntit with olie quhilk perisis. 1857Ruskin Pol. Econ. Art ii. (1868) 120 Giotto's frescos at Assisi are perishing..for want of decent care. 1884Queen 29 Mar. (Advt.), A flat elastic section (which, unlike rubber elastic, will not heat the person or perish in wear). 1885C. G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. 210/2 The joints are apt to ‘perish’ by the action of the acids. 1910Bradshaw's Railway Guide Apr. facing p. xv (Advt.), Self-filling fountain pen... No rubber to perish. 1971C. M. Blow Rubber Technol. Manuf. ii. 36 Familiar to all is the liability of rubber to ‘perish’, to harden and crack or soften to a sticky residue.
d. Of things immaterial: To come to an end, pass away.
a1300Cursor M. 8789 Sir king..we dut vr dede Sal perijs. a1325Prose Psalter xl[i]. 5 He shalle dien, and his name shal peris. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 281 Valentinianus themperour..dredenge Aecius..causede hym to be sleyne at Cartago, with whom the fortune of the Weste pereschede. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 88 Saif vs, gude Lord, and succour send, For perysit is halynes. 1763J. Brown Poetry & Mus. v. 78 Bards of ancient Greece, whose Songs have perished in the Wreck of Time. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. vi. (1858) 271 The Phœnician power which the Prophets denounced, has entirely perished.
e. In imprecations. Now only in phr. perish the thought.
1526Tindale Acts viii. 20 Perish thou and thy money togedder. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. iii. 72 Perish the man, whose mind is backward now. [1700C. Cibber King Richard III 52 Perish that thought!] 1717Pope Elegy Unfort. Lady 45 So perish all, whose breast ne'er learn'd to glow For others good, or melt at others woe. 1773Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ii, Perish the baubles! Your person is all I desire. 1810Scott Lady of L. ii. xxxiv, Perish my name, if aught afford Its chieftain safety save his sword. 1893H. James Let. in C. Mackenzie My Life & Times (1963) II. 317, I don't in the least pretend that any scenario I can send you..is..my last word. Perish the thought—it isn't the way I work. 1926W. S. Maugham Constant Wife iii. 150 Perish the thought. I've worked like a dog..and last night..I downed tools. 1953R. Macaulay Let. 23 Jan. in Last Lett. to Friend (1962) 75 Which disposes of your notion that I should ever write to Miss Prescott. Perish the thought! 1961New Left Rev. Mar.–Apr. 59/1 Had he, perish the thought, been privately soaking? 1974‘D. Fletcher’ Lovable Man ii. 120 Oh, one wouldn't go as far as that. Perish the thought.
2. In pa. pple. with the auxiliary be, expressing the resulting state (as with OF. perir). Now chiefly said of the effect of exposure to weather, cold, hunger, etc.: cf. 1 c, 3 d, f. Also in pres. pple. with the auxiliary be (now the more usual form with reference to exposure to (cold) weather).
The formal correspondence of this to the passive of a transitive verb led c 1400 to the transitive use of the simple tenses (sense 3), which has not been developed in French. (Some of these may be taken as passive of 3.)
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 4648 Þe relikes nolde hii noȝt bileue..Vor raþer hii wolde ymartred be þan hii yperissed were. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 70 Þis sone of myn was deed, and is quykened aȝen, and he was perished [1382 Luke xv. 24 he perischide], and is founden. 1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 117 If he dey, yat is for to say, if he be periched be water or be lond. 1474Caxton Chesse 75 A shyppe is soon perisshed and lost by a litil tempest. 1531Elyot Gov. i. xvii, Nothinge was perisshed sauue a litle bagage. 1545T. Raynalde Byrth Mankynde 79 Yf the matrice be perysshed or otherwyse viciate. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. III. 1185/1 The spire of the steeple was so perished that not long after the same was taken downe. 1640–1Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 76 The poore sogers are almost perisched..for want of schoes and clothes. 1667Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 113 [Laid] in a by-place expos'd to weather, and thereby are much perish'd, and become not legible. 1795Burke Scarcity Wks. VII. 410 Several farmers..cut the green haulm as fodder for the cattle, then perished for want of food in that dry and burning summer. 1845Mrs. Carlyle Lett. I. 313 We were all perished with cold. 1885A. Edwardes Girton Girl III. i. 11 You have given me hot coffee when I was perishing with cold. 1895Times (weekly ed.) 23 Aug. 675/4 The rope was perished and should never have been used for the work. 1930W. S. Maugham Cakes & Ale viii. 96 Isn't it awful, the weather? You must be perishing.
3. trans.
a. To bring to destruction, destroy; to put to death, kill (a person, etc.), wreck (a ship, building, etc.). Obs. or arch. (exc. as in d).
c140026 Pol. Poems 131 These ben myn enemyes, lord, echone, Euer aboute to perysshe me. c1400Destr. Troy 11360 Thies wicked men bothe Haue purpost hom plainly to perisshe our londes. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 145 The dogges..be so greete and feerse that thei..peresche lyones. 1549Wriothesley Chron. 23 Apr. (Camden) II. 10 A fire at Broken wharfe..brent and perished aboue six howses. 1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea lxi. (Hakl. Soc.) 294 Another [wound] through the arme, perishing the bone, and cutting the sinewes. 1632Lithgow Trav. viii. 355 Their Burser..had almost perished his owne life. 1790Burns Tam o' Shanter 168 For mony a beast to dead she shot, And perish'd mony a bonie boat. a1845Hood The Mary vii, Many foul blights Perish'd his hardwon gains. 1898W. P. Ridge Mord Em'ly xv. 228 Chrise, I'll perish you, if you ain't careful.
†b. To destroy spiritually; to ruin morally.
c1440Alph. Tales 106 He had so many thoghtis of syn in his mynde þat he was like to be perisshid þerwith. 1490Caxton Eneydos xxiii. 86 In my priue closet, where I was perisshed. 1555Bonner Homilies ii. 11 When we were peryshed he saved vs. 1750Student I. 299 Wishing God to perish his body and soul, if ever he appear'd on the scaffold to do the act or lift up his hand against him.
c. To lose (a possession); to waste, squander (property, etc.). to perish the pack, to spend all one has. Now only dial. and Sc.
c1400Destr. Troy 7614 To put hom in perell to perysshe þere lyues. a1600in Hakluyt's Voy. III. 845 This night we perished our maine tressletrees. 1638Ford Fancies iv. i, If you have not perish'd all your reason. c1656Bramhall Replic. vi. 235 If a Merchant doe reckon only the price which his commodity cost him beyond Sea,..he will soon perish his Pack. 1691J. Wilson Belphegor i. ii, One..that has perish'd his own Fortune, to save the Publick. 1822Galt Sir A. Wylie xciii, Her son perished the pack, and they say has spoused his fortune and gone to Indy.
d. With material object: To destroy, cause to decay; esp. as the result of exposure to weather or injurious conditions. (See also 2.)
1547Boorde Introd. Knowl. i. (1870) 121 There is no wynde nor wether that dothe hurte or peryshe them. 1613Fletcher, etc. Honest Man's Fort. i. ii, His wants And miseries have perish'd his good face. 1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric. 28 Jan. an. 1775, Will the frost perish the exposed fibres?
†e. With immaterial object: To destroy, do away with, put an end to. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 22250 O rome Imparre þe dignite Ne mai na wai al perist be. 1470–85Malory Arthur xvii. ix. 703 In suche a maner entred the sone of god in the wombe of a mayd mary whos vyrgynyte ne was perysshed ne hurte. 1509Barclay Shyp of Folys (1874) II. 255 We coueyte nat to perysshe theyr fame in any wyse. 1593Bilson Govt. Christ's Ch. xiii. 265 The generall rage of ignorance and oblivion, that hath..perished the best writers before our times. 1628Feltham Resolves ii. [i.] ii, The best way to perish discontentments. 1643Steer tr. Exp. Chyrurg. xiii. 48 That they grow not..to a pin and webbe, or else cleane perish the sight.
f. Said of the effect of cold, hunger, or privation, in withering or shrivelling up, or reducing to a moribund condition. Now chiefly dial.
1719De Foe Crusoe ii. i, Rains and Cold..benumb and perish their limbs. 1867Baker Nile Tribut. iii. 61 The extreme heat of the sun and simoon perishes all vegetation. Mod. dial. (Essex) The want of sleep perished me.
▪ II. ˈperish, n.
[f. prec. vb.]
1. The act of perishing: in phr. upon the perish, on the point or in process of perishing. (Cf. on the wane.) rare—1.
1825Cobbett Rur. Rides (1830) I. 319 Everything seems upon the perish.
2. Austral. A state of near starvation, great thirst, or any kind of deprivation or destitution; esp. in phr. to do a perish: to come to such a state. Also trivially (see quot. 1941).
1894Argus (Melbourne) 28 Mar. 5/4 When a man or party has nearly died through want of water he is said to have ‘done a perish’. 1903R. Bedford True Eyes 312 If Xavier Quinn hadn't found this show three months ago ye'd have done a perish. 1924Truth (Sydney) 27 Apr. 6 Perish, doing a, to shiver; to be cold. 1929K. S. Prichard Coonardoo v. 60 But we near done a perish for water, You. 1935H. H. Finlayson Red Centre iii. 28 The constant struggle out of one ‘perish’ into another. 1941Baker Dict. Austral. Slang 53 Do a perish, suffer greatly from thirst, hunger or destitution. ‘In a city, to sleep out in parks, to be homeless.’ 1942‘M. Innes’ Daffodil Affair ii. v. 64 ‘He didn't die,’ said Hudspith. ‘He perished.’ ‘He did a perish,’ said Appleby corroboratively and idiomatically. 1944F. Clune Red Heart 19, I did a thousand miles in eleven weeks on camel-back to find Lasseter's track, and follow it into the country where he did a perish. 1953D. Stivens Gambling Ghost 3 You'll do a perish, mate, and no mistake. You're two hundred miles as the crow flies from anywhere. 1959H. P. Tritton Time means Tucker 15/1 The train-crew who had made us do a perish on the Galathera Plain. 1969‘A. Garve’ Boomerang ii. 71 His intention was to enjoy this trip..not to ‘do a perish’ in the Never Never.
▪ III. perish, -e
obs. forms of pierce. |