| 释义 |
perfective, a. and n. Now rare except in Gram.|pəˈfɛktɪv|
[ad. L. type *perfectīv-us (perh. in mod.L.: cf. It. perfettivo, Sp. perfectivo): see perfect v. and -ive.]
A. adj.
1. Tending to make perfect or complete; conducive to the perfecting or perfection of anything.
1596Bacon Max. & Use Com. Law i. xiv. (1636) 59 This enrolment is no new act, but a perfective ceremony of the first deed of bargaine and sale. 1620T. Granger Div. Logike 31 That which is agreeable to, and perfectiue of his kind. 1693Tyrrell Law Nat. 314 Causes (whether efficient, or perfective). 1771Wesley Wks. (1872) V. 295 The far more excellent way, more perfective of the Soul. 1839Bailey Festus xi. (1852) 134 The purifying wave, perfective fire. 1865Mozley Mirac. i. Notes 219.
2. In process of being perfected, or of attaining the perfect state.
1848Johnston in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. No. 6. 293 Dugès was..able to see..the eight legs in a perfective state. 1852Dickens Lett. (1880) I. 274 Not knowing the immense resources and the gradually perfective machinery necessary to the production of such a journal.
3. Gram. Expressing completion of action: applied to that kind or species of verbal action (Ger. aktionsart) which is considered as completed or finished, and so to forms or modifications of the verb which express completed action: opposed to imperfective.
Originally applied to one of the branches or ‘aspects’ of the verb in the Slavonic languages; more recently to verb-forms in other Indo-European languages, esp. those compounded with a preposition, expressing the completion of the action expressed by the simple verb, as L. ēdĕre to eat, comēdĕre to eat up; suādēre, persuādēre, etc.
1844R. Garnett in Proc. Philol. Soc. (1854) I. 268 In the Slavonic languages..a regular..distinction is made between perfective and imperfective verbs, that is, between those expressing an action completed at once and not repeated, and those denoting continuance or reiteration. 1887Morfill Serbian Gram. 31 The perfective aspect denotes either that the action has been quite completed or that it will definitely cease. 1889[see durative a.]. 1895P. Giles Manual Compar. Philol. §545 When present and aorist are found in the same verb [in Greek], the former is the durative, the latter the perfective or momentary form. 1924[see aspect n. 9 b]. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics viii. 396 The English ‘perfect with have’..was at first restricted to transitive verbs, and thus preserved its relationship with the perfective passive without have (still current in such sentences as The work is done, The house is built). 1975Language LI. 444 The tenses were divided into an imperfective and a perfective set with three tenses in each.
B. n.
†1. A perfectionist. Obs. rare.
1600W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 57 Vnworthie creatures to be iustly censured of by these worthie perfectiues [the Jesuits]. Ibid. 132 High conceited perfectiues.
2. Gram. A perfective use or form of a verb.
1904J. H. Moulton in Expositor Nov. 361 ἀγωνίζεσθαι is only used in the durative present, but καταγωνίσασθαι..is a good perfective. 1949Archivum Linguisticum I. 176 Perfectives are not always easy to recognize formally. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics vii. 314 Many perfectives [in Russian] are derived by prefixation of the corresponding imperfectives. 1970B. M. H. Strang Hist. English ii. i. 100 The tendency to regularise verb-forms also appears in the use of has, etc. to form perfectives.
Hence perˈfectively adv., in a perfective way, in a way tending to completeness; perˈfectiveness, perfecˈtivity, the quality of being perfective; perˈfectivize v. trans., to render perfective; perˈfectivizing ppl. a., rendering perfective.
1701Grew Cosm. Sacra ii. vii. §20. 73 As Virtue is seated Fundamentally, in the Intellect; so, Perfectively, in the Phancy. So that Virtue, is the Force of Reason. 1704Norris Ideal World ii. xii. 481 Their intrinsick excellency or essential perfectiveness of the understanding. 1774Fletcher Grace & Justice Wks. 1795 IV. 177 The..gospel is found..perfectively in the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles. 1809–10Coleridge Friend (1818) III. 155 Plato..philosophized legitimately and perfectively, if ever any man did in any age. 1904J. H. Moulton in Expositor Nov. 360 In οἱ ἀπολλύµενοι, strongly durative though the verb is, we see its perfectivity in the fact that the goal is ideally reached. Ibid. 357 The compounded adverb..perfectivises the simplex, the combination denoting action which has accomplished a result, while the simplex denoted action in progress. Ibid. 358 The meaning of the Present-stem of these perfectivised roots naturally demands explanation. 1908Expositor July 91 The function of the perfectivising preposition is to supply a present answering to the past ἔσχον. 1949Archivum Linguisticum I. 7 Let us suppose that we have a set of distinct prepositions each identical with a perfectivising prefix. 1961Brno. Studies in English III. 99 The function the Czech perfectivizing verbal prefix may play. 1964Philos. Rev. LXXIII. 20 Ryle..was perhaps led to this opinion partly by the perfectiveness of ‘to see’. |