| 释义 |
pectoral, n. and a.|ˈpɛktərəl|
Also 6 pecturall, 6–7 pectorel(l, -all.
[As n., in sense 1, a. OF. pectoral (1355 in Du Cange), ad. L. pectorāle breast-plate, n. use of neuter of pectorālis adj., f. pectus, pector- breast; as adj., direct from the L. adj., or a. F. pectoral adj. (15th c. in Littré). Senses 2–4 of the n. are absolute uses of the adj.]
A. n.
1. Something worn on the breast.
a. An ornamental plate, cloth, or other decoration, worn on the breast; an ornamental breast-plate; spec. (a) that worn by the Jewish High Priest (= breast-plate 2); (b) R.C. Ch. that formerly worn by a bishop in celebrating mass.
c1440Promp. Parv. 389/1 Pectoral of a vestyment, or other a-rayment, pectorale, racionale. 1445Instr. Queen's Coronat. in Rymer Fœdera (1710) XI. 83 A Pectoral of Gold garnished with Rubees, Perles. 1506Sir R. Guylforde Pilgr. (Camden) 7, xij crownes of fyne golde, and xij pectorals and a riche cappe. 1633T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter i. 16 The twelve stones in Aaron's pectoral. 1775Adair Amer. Ind. 84. 1894 Times 26 May 19/1 A Royal pectoral, on which two crowned hawks support the cartouche of Usertasen II.
b. A piece of armour for the breast: = breast-plate 1.
1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 31 b, Lighting vppon their shafrons, cranets, or steele pectorells. 1706Phillips, A Pectoral, a Breast-plate, Armour, or Defence for the Breast. 1834J. R. Planché Brit. Costume 29 A border of metal to the collar, which acted as a pectoral.
c. An ornamental cloth for the breast of a horse: cf. peitrel, poitrel. Also, a piece of armour to protect the breast of a horse: cf. sense 1 b. Obs. exc. Hist.
1602Segar Hon. Mil. & Civ. ii. xi. 71 His horse sadled with blacke leather,..the pectorel of blacke leather with a crosse paty of gold, hanging before the horse feete. 1653Greaves Seraglio 11 The Bridles, Pectorals, Cruppers, Saddle-clothes..set so thick with jewels of divers sorts, that the beholders are amazed. 1656[see peitrel, peytrel, petrel n.]. 1662Act 14 Chas. II, c. 3 §23 A Bitt and Bridle with a Pectorell and Crupper. 1786F. Grose Treat. Anc. Armour & Weapons 30 The Poitrinal, Pectoral, or Breast Plate was formed of plates of metal rivetted together. 1821in G. F. Laking Catal. European Armour & Arms in Wallace Collection (1900) 315 Armour of the Elector Joseph of Bavaria on horseback. This superb suit of black and gold, with the pectoral, chanfron, and other trappings for the horse, of the finest workmanship of the time of Henry VIII. 1824S. R. Meyrick Crit. Inquiry Antient Armour III. Gloss. s.v. Pectorale, Sometimes the ends of the pectoral were raised so high as to protect the abdomen of the knight.
d. A chest-protector.
1881Pop. Sc. Monthly XIX. 150 The great majority..still stick to coarse linen next the skin, and use woolen pectorals only as counter-irritants.
2. A medicine, food, or drink, good for affections of the chest, i.e. the lungs and other respiratory organs (or, loosely, the internal organs generally).
1601Holland Pliny II. Explan. Wds. Art, Pectorals, i. such medicines as bee fit for the breast and lungs. 1699Evelyn Acetaria 89 There are Pectorals for the Breast and Bowels. 1749Chesterfield Lett. 22 June, They recommend an attention to pectorals, such as sago, barley, turnips. 1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 91 The roots of the liquorice contain..a sweet subacid mucilaginous juice, which is much esteemed as a pectoral.
3. Anat. Short for pectoral muscle, pectoral fin.
1758J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 157 The Ball..came out under the Pectoral. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 164 Dorsal fin conical, situated above the pectorals. 1855Bain Senses & Int. (1864) 203 The great pectoral bringing the arm forward, the deltoid lifting it away from the side.
†4. (See quot.) Obs. nonce-use.
1617Janua Ling. Advt., To render the volume as portable..and if not as a manuall or pocket-booke, yet a pectorall or bosome-booke, to be carried twixt ierkin and doublet.
B. adj.
1. Of, pertaining to, situated or occurring in or upon, the breast or chest; thoracic. Chiefly Anat.
pectoral arch or pectoral girdle, the shoulder-girdle (see girdle n.1 4 b). pectoral fins, the pair of lateral fins attached to the pectoral arch in fishes, usually thoracic in position, corresponding to the fore limbs of other vertebrates. pectoral muscles, the muscles of the chest, esp. the pectoralis major, ‘a large fan-shaped muscle forming the main fleshy mass of the chest on either side’, and the pectoralis minor, ‘a flat triangular muscle situated beneath the p. major’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1893). pectoral respiration (see quot. 1834, and cf. costal a. 1). pectoral ridge, the outer edge of the bicipital groove of the humerus, into which the pectoralis major muscle is inserted.
1578Banister Hist. Man. i. 21 The produced partes of the pectorall Spondilles. 1601Holland Pliny II. 352 The rheume or catarrhe that hath taken a way to the brest or pectorall parts. 1615Crooke Body of Man 776 The first is called Pectoralis the Petorall Muscle, so named from his situation, because it occupieth the forepart of the Chest. 1769Pennant Zool. III. 84 The pectoral fins are very large. 1782Monro Anat. 167 The eight upper ribs were formerly classed into pairs, with particular names.., the crooked, the solid, the pectoral, the twisted. 1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 33 In general, the pectoral cavity is symmetrical. 1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 13 If the abdomen dilates with comparatively much greater force than the chest, the respiration is named abdominal; if the contrary obtains, it is called pectoral. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 341 All Vertebrata possess typically two pairs of limbs—the pectoral and pelvic.
2. Med. Of a medicine, food, or drink: Good for diseases or affections of the chest (or, loosely, the internal organs generally).
1576Baker Jewell of Health ii. lxxxvi. 85 A pectorall water, or water for the breast,..that especiallie auaileth in the weakenesse of the stomacke. 1637Brian Pisse-Proph. (1679) 23 Some pectoral physick to ease his cough. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet i. in Aliments, etc. 246 Peaches are cordial and pectoral. 1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 314 The leaves [of Ferns] generally contain a thick astringent mucilage, with a little aroma, on which account many are considered pectoral and lenitive. 1857Mayne Expos. Lex., Pectoral Moss, a common name for the Lichen pulmonarius.
3. Worn, or intended to be worn, on the breast.
1616Bullokar Eng. Expos., Pectorall, belonging to the breast, or which hangeth before the breast. 1727–35Chambers Cycl. s.v., In the Romish Church Bishops and regular Abbots wear a pectoral Cross. 1849Rock Ch. of Fathers II. vi. 175 We are led to believe that the formal use of the pectoral cross, as now worn over the chasuble, goes no farther back than the middle of the sixteenth century.
4. fig. Proceeding or derived from the ‘breast’ or ‘heart’, i.e. from one's internal feeling or consciousness.
1630Donne Serm. Matt. xxviii. 6 Let..no Angell of the Church,..proceed upon an ipse dixit, upon his own pectorall word and determination. 1633Earl of Manchester Al Mondo (1636) 184 At this time a good mans tongue is in his breast, not in his mouth, his words are then so pithy and so pectorall. 1865tr. Strauss' New Life Jesus I. i. viii. 44 The inflated language here used betrays already the pectoral colouring which Keim expressly claims for his work. 1890J. F. Smith tr. Pfleiderer's Developm. Theol. iii. iii. (1891) 281 Neander's pectoral theology involved a serious lack of historical criticism. [Cf. next.] |