| 释义 |
pauper, n.|ˈpɔːpə(r)|
[a. L. pauper poor: its English use originated in the legal phrase in formā pauperis, in the form or character of a poor man or woman: see sense 1.]
1. A poor person.
a. In Law: One allowed, on account of poverty, to sue or defend in a court of law without paying costs (in formâ pauperis: see ‖ in 4): cf. also dispauper.
[1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 12 (heading) An Acte to admytt such persons as are poore to sue in formâ pauperis.] 1631Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 73 My Lord Keeper pronounced this order, that the plaintiff should continue pauper. 1641Spiritual Courts Epit. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) IV. 420 Busy-body. Many of them were in formâ pauperis. Scrapeall... I had rather the judge would have given sentence against my client, than bestowed a pauper on me. a1680Butler Rem. (1759) I. 252 No Court allows..two single Paupers, T'encounter Hand to Hand at Bars, and trounce Each other Gratis in a Suit at once. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. xxiv. 400 Paupers, that is, such as will swear themselves not worth five pounds, are by statute 11 Henry VII. c. 12. to have original writs and subpœnas gratis, and counsel and attorney assigned them without fee. Ibid., It seems how⁓ever agreed, that a pauper may recover costs, though he pays none; for the counsel and clerks are bound to give their labour to him, but not to his antagonist.
b. In general sense: A person destitute of property or means of livelihood; one who has no means, or who is dependent on the charity of others; a beggar. (Now associated with c.)
[1493H. Parker (title) Diues and Pauper.] 1516in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 396 No lazer nor infecte paupers or poore shall come..within the town. 1812Crabbe Tales in Verse xvii. Resentment 274 And he, a wand'ring pauper, wanting bread. 1822Scott Nigel iv, He classes me with the paupers and mendicants from Scotland, who disgrace his court in the eyes of the proud English—that is all. 1880M. E. Braddon Barbara xlvi. 315 You would have found me a disgraced man,..a pauper without a chance of fortune. 1893in Daily Paper (Stead) 4 Oct. 11 We [the British Aristocracy] are, many of us little better than splendid paupers. 1894W. T. Stead (title) The Splendid Paupers: a Tale of the coming Plutocracy.
c. spec. A person in receipt of poor-law relief.
1775T. Mendham (title) A Dialogue, in two Conversations, between a Gentleman, a Pauper, and his Friend; intended as an Answer to a Pamphlet published by the Rev. Mr. Potter, entitled, Observations on the Poor Laws. 1788W. Mason (title) Animadversions on the present Government of the York Lunatic Asylum; in which the case of Parish Paupers is distinctly considered. 1800Southey Eng. Ecl., Wedding 110 A parish shell at last, and the little bell Toll'd hastily for a pauper's funeral! 1841T. Noel Rymes & Roundelayes, Pauper's Drive, Rattle his bones over the stones; He's only a Pauper, whom nobody owns! 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Ability, The pauper lives better than the free labourer; the thief better than the pauper.
2. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib. (in apposition) or as adj. That is a pauper: destitute.
1809Med. Jrnl. XXI. 185 To have pauper patients committed to him. 1833H. Martineau Berkeley the Banker i. i. 10 Our pauper-labourers have taken his work from him. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 11 The favourers of emigration ought to begin by educating pauper children for that purpose. 1869Ld. Lytton Orval 34 A pauper prince Paid from the plunder of a pauper people.
b. attrib. Of, belonging or relating to, or intended for a pauper or paupers, as pauper-asylum, pauper-coffin, pauper-grave, pauper-list, pauper-palace, pauper-rate, pauper-system; also in objective and instrumental comb., as pauper-breeding, pauper-making, pauper-fed adjs.
1823Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 305 Here has been the pauper-making work! 1834H. Martineau in Tait's Mag. I. 209/1 The result of introducing a legal pauper-system into Ireland. 1837― Soc. Amer. III. 190, I was grieved to see the magnificent pauper asylum near Philadelphia, made to accommodate luxuriously 1200 persons. 1845J. E. Carpenter Poems & Lyrics 97 Poor-law minions, pauper-fed. 1854G. J. Whyte-Melville Gen. Bounce xix, Her child is in that pauper-coffin which she is following to the grave.
Hence ˈpauper v. trans. = pauperize; ˈpauperage = pauperdom; ˈpauperate v. trans. = pauperize; ˈpauperdom, (a) the condition of a pauper, destitution; (b) the realm of paupers, paupers collectively; ˈpauperess, a female pauper.
1879Tennyson Falcon i. i, Why then, my lord, we are *pauper'd out and out.
a1847in Medwin Shelley I. 301 Those who had just risen above *pauperage. 1850Ld. Osborne Gleanings 76 This seething mass of female pauperage. 1866Lowell Lett. (1894) I. 404 We would not rob you [England] of a single one of your valuable institutions—state-church, peerage, and pauperage.
1839J. Rogers Antipopopr. xiv. ii. 306 It has *pauperated many a lawful heir.
1870Contemp. Rev. XIV. 491 Its duties towards *pauperdom and those on the verge of pauperdom. 1882Leisure Hour July 424/2 The rules under which their pauperdom places them.
1860Dickens Uncomm. Trav. iii, The wards⁓woman; an elderly, able-bodied *pauperess. |