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▪ I. patron, n.|ˈpeɪtrən|
Forms: 3–6 patroun, 4–7 patrone, 5 patorne, 3– patron.
[ME. patroun, a. OF. patrun (12th c.), patron (13th c.), = Pr. padron, padro, Cat. padró, Sp. patron (padron), Pg. patrono, It. padrone († patrone), ad. L. patrōn-us protector, defender, patron, deriv. of pater, patr-em father.
L. patronus had the senses of protector and defender of his clients (viz. of individuals, of cities, or provinces); also, the former master of a freedman or freedwoman; an advocate or defender before a court of justice, or, generally, of any person or cause. In med.L. and Romanic it acquired the senses of patron saint, patron or advowee (advocatus) of a church, and that of lord or master, in many specific connexions; also that of exemplar, pattern. Most of these senses are represented in Eng. patron, but the order in which they were taken into Eng. does not correspond to that of their appearance in Latin and Romanic, sense 4, ‘patron of a church’, being the earliest to be adopted. The order here followed is one of convenience; the chronological order may be seen from the quotations. The sense pattern is now differentiated in spelling, and is treated as a distinct word.]
I. Senses connected with ancient L. patrōnus.
1. One who stands to another or others in relations analogous to those of a father; a lord or master; a protector; † a lord superior; † a founder of a religious order.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 6 Hit watz Ennias þe athel, & his highe kynde, Þat siþen depreced prouinces, & patrounes bicome Welneȝe of al þe wele in þe west iles. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 285 Also crist & his apostlis techen vs to lyue beter þanne þes patrouns of þes newe ordris. 1402Jack Upland (Skeat) l. 33. c 1430 Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 110 ‘Syr’, she sayd, ‘ye be ower lord, ower patron, and ower precedent’. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. xii. 6 Unto that doughtie Conquerour they came, And..Their Lorde and Patrone loud did him proclame. 1632Lithgow Trav. x. 444 The Patrone of so great a Monarchy. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 25 The Dominion for all that remaining to another Patron. 1737Pope Hor. Epist. ii. i. 1 While you, great Patron of Mankind! sustain The balanc'd World, and open all the Main. 1809Bawdwen Domesday Bk. 415 In these wards there are 77 mansions belonging to sokemen who have their own lands in demesne, and who may choose a patron where they will. 1838Thirlwall Greece V. 321 Sparta..could not easily bring herself to think of the son of Amyntas, as a patron, or a master.
2. Rom. Antiq. One who had manumitted his slave, and who retained legal claims, of a paternal nature, upon him as freedman. Also,
b. A person of distinction who gave his protection and aid to a client (see client 1) in return for certain services. Hence used allusively.
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 72, I shoulde gyve an occasion unto Clientes to offende against their patrones. 1623–34Fletcher & Massinger Lover's Progr. v. i, It is the client's duty To wait upon his patron. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The principal right which patrons had, was that of being the legal heirs of their freed-men, if they died without lawful issue born after their enfranchisement, and intestate. 1837Penny Cycl. VII. 260/1 Patron and client were not permitted to sue at law, or give evidence against one another. Originally patricians only could be patrons. 1843Macaulay Lays Anc. Rome, Virginia 78, I wait on Appius Claudius, I waited on his sire: Let him who works the client wrong beware the patron's ire!
c. Rom. Antiq. A defender before a court of justice; an advocate, a pleader; hence fig. In reference to ancient Greece, used to render προστάτης, as applied to a citizen under whose protection a resident alien (µέτοικος) placed himself, and who transacted legal business for him and was responsible to the state for his conduct.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 219 Iulius Cesar, þat was his patroun and his vorie,..pleted for hym. 1485Caxton St. Wenefr. 14 He shold to them be a patrone in heuen. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage i. vi. 25 Conscience as a Witnesse, Patron, or Judge within us, accuseth, excuseth, condemneth, or absolveth. 1667Milton P.L. iii. 219 On mans behalf Patron or Intercessor none appeerd. 1875Woolsey Introd. Internat. Law (1879) §67 At Athens.. domiciled strangers—metœci,—..needed a patron for the transaction of legal business.
3. a. ‘One who countenances, supports, or protects’ (J.); one who takes under his favour and protection, or lends his influential support to advance the interests of, some person, cause, institution, art, or undertaking; spec. in 17th and 18th c. the person who accepted the dedication of a book. (Always implying something of the superior relation of the wealthy or powerful Roman patron to his client.) Now a chief sense.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xii. 227 Ac kynde..is þe pyes patroun and putteth it in hire ere. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 254 Þe world is his patroun, and þe fadir of pryde also. 14..Tundale's Vis. (Wagner) 2159, I was some tyme thy patroun fre, To whom thou shuldest buxsum be. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lviii. 13 Off sic hie feistis of saintis in glorie,..Quhair lordis war patrones, oft I sang thame Caritas pro Dei armore. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 770 As though God and Saint Peter were the Patrones of vngracious liuyng. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. iii. §9 Books (such as are worthy the name of books) ought to have no patrons but truth and reason. 1735Pope Prol. Sat. 249 May some choice patron bless each grey-goose quill! 1749Johnson Van. Hum. Wishes 160 There mark what ills the scholar's life assail, Toil, envy, want, the patron, and the jail. 1847Tennyson Princ. Concl. 88 A great broad-shoulder'd genial English⁓man,..A patron of some thirty charities. 1853J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. iv. 213 Kings..at various periods have been most effective patrons of art and science.
fig.c1760Smollett Ode to Sleep 2 Soft Sleep..Sweet patron of the peaceful hour.
b. A supporter, upholder, advocate, or champion of a theory or doctrine. Now rare.
1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 10, I was a great and continual patron of paradoxis. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. ii. vi. 103 Patrons and favourers of the circular motion of the blood, as Harvey. 1705Stanhope Paraphr. III. 424 Those very Epistles, where the main Strength of the Patrons for a naked and unfruitful Faith is supposed to lye. 1796Bp. Watson Apol. Bible 42 This fancy has had some patrons before you.
c. One who countenances or supports a practice, a form of sport, an institution, or the like. Also (in tradesmen's language), One who supports with his custom a commercial undertaking, a shop, store, etc.; a regular customer; one who uses or frequents any institution or place of resort.
1605B. Jonson Volpone ii. i, [Volpone, disguised as a mountebank Doctor addressing the crowd gathered before him] Most noble gentlemen, and my worthy patrons! 1891Falkirk Herald 18 July 1/5 The Proprietor..thanks his Patrons for the support they have extended to him for the past 11 years. Mod. A great patron of the turf and the prize⁓ring. The patrons of the public-house, the gin-shop, etc.
II. Senses arising in mediæval Latin.
4. One who holds the right of presentation to an ecclesiastical benefice; the holder of the advowson: so called from his original function of advocate and defender: see advocate 2, advowee 2. (The earliest sense in Eng. use.)
[1278Rolls of Parlt. I. 5/1 Les eyres Wauter Ledet sunt verres patrons de la dite Eglise.] c1300Beket (Percy Soc.) 570 And that he, other the patroun, furst the ȝift ȝeve. c1325Poem Times Edw. II 56 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 326 Sone so a parsoun is ded and in eorthe i-don, Thanne shal the patroun have ȝiftes anon. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. vi. 78 Popes and patrones poure gentil blod refuseþ. a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 42 The knight was lorde and patron of the chirche. 1583Babington Commandm. To Gentlem. Eng. (1590) **iv b, They should defend and tender the estate of the Churches whereof they bee patrons. 1616R. C. Times' Whistle iv. 1357 Lawes danger to prevent, The patron with the parson will indent That he shall have the living. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. xviii. 276 The right of presentation to a church accrues to the ordinary by neglect of the patron to present. 1861W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. s.v. Patronage, It would appear that patrons were originally merely the guardians of the temporal property of particular churches. 1878Stubbs Const. Hist. xix. III. 311 In 1253..he [Innocent IV] recognized in the fullest way the rights of patrons, and undertook to abstain from all usurped provisions.
5. a. ‘A guardian saint’ (J.); the special tutelary saint of a person, place, country, craft, or institution. (Now usually patron saint: see 13 c.)
c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 73 Neiþ er þei make Baptist ne Jesus Crist þer patroun. 1511Sir R. Guylforde Pilgr. (Camden) 11 Many relyques, as the hed and the arme of seynt Blase, which is there patron. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 437 b, S. James the Patrone of Spain. 1646Crashaw Deo Nostro (1652) 196 Ah, then, poor soul! what wilt thou say? And to what patron choose to pray? 1718Free-thinker No. 16 ⁋4 Saint Nicholas is the great Patron of Mariners. 1828K. Digby Broadst. Hon. (1846) II. Tancredus 89 [St. George] was the patron of England as early as the time of Richard I. He is also patron of Malta, of Genoa, of Valentia and Arragon.
†b. A tutelary (pagan) divinity. Obs.
c1374Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 4 You fiers god of armes Mars the rede That..Honured art as patron of that place. 1697Dryden æneid xii. 596 Then to the patron of his art he [the physician Iäpis] pray'd.
†c. ellipt. for patron day (see 12): = pattern n. 12. Obs.
1890J. Healey Insula Sanct. et Doctor. 82 A holy well where a ‘patron’ was formerly held on the last Sunday of July.
III. Senses repr. modern Romanic uses.
(= It. padrone, patrone, Sp. patron, padron, F. patron.) Cf. padrone, patroon 2–3.
6. a. The captain or master of a galley, or of a coasting vessel in the Mediterranean or in N. American waters; also, the steersman of a longboat. Now rare.
[1392–3Earl Derby's Exp. (Camden) 232 Item pro vino..empto per manus Johannis Payn in galeia de Gilberto famulo patroni.] 14..in Hist. Coll. Citizen London (Camden) 115 Certayne lordys faughtyn whithe carykys of Gene,..and toke iiij of..them and hyr patronys. 1484Caxton Fables of Poge ix, Ther was a carryk of Jene..of the whiche carrick the patrone bare in his sheld painted an oxe hede. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 464 Three of the greatest Caricks with their patrones, and Monsire Iaques de Burbon their Admirall were taken. 1676Lond. Gaz. No. 1066/3 These particulars,..come from Naples, brought thither by the Patron of a Felucca. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Patron..is a name given in the Mediterranean, to the person who commands the vessel and seamen; sometimes to the person who steers it. 1777P. Thicknesse Year's Journey I. viii. 59 The Patron of the barge..affected to shew how much skill was necessary to guide it through the main arch. 1817J. Bradbury Trav. Interior Amer. 192 Her crew consisted of five French Creoles, four of whom were oarsmen, and the fifth steered the boat, he is called the patron. 1820Byron Mar. Fal. i. ii. 294 How! did you say the patron of a galley? 1849T. T. Johnson Sights in Gold Region 12 The Creoles..were generally the patrones or captains, and the owners of the boats. 1906[see bosman]. 1968R. F. Adams Western Words (rev. ed.) 222/1 Patron, a trader's name for the head of a barge engaged in the Missouri River fur trade. In river boating, a rudder man on a mackinaw.
†b. Extended to the captain of an ancient ship.
1490Caxton Eneydos xxvii. 95 Eneas..called to hym all the patrons & all the maystres of the shipes. 1513Douglas æneis v. iv. 5 That the patrone Gyas, amyd the flude,..Callis on his steris man, hait Meneit by name.
†7. A master or owner of slaves or captives (in the Levant and Barbary states). Obs.
1628Digby Voy. Medit. (1868) 19 [They] gaue me leaue to carrie away all the English captiues that remained here (which were near 50), paying onely the money they cost vnto their patrones. 1697tr. C'tess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 227 Heretofore..a Patron might have killed his Slave as he might have killed his Dog. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. ii, My new patron or master had taken me home to his house.
‖8. The host or landlord of an inn (in Spain): cf. padrone d. Also with reference to countries other than Spain.
1878A. Brassey Voy. Sunbeam x. 170 [They] carried it to the inn, where I had to explain to the patron, in my best Spanish, that we wanted a carriage to go to the baths. 1973Times 25 Aug. 12/4 To them a good restaurant without the patron's presence is a paradox. 1978T. Allbeury Lantern Network iii. 46 They..sat..in the warmth of a small restaurant... The patron moved among his customers.
9. U.S. and Canad. (with capital initial). A member of a political association, in full Patrons of Husbandry (or Industry), founded in the U.S.A. in 1867, or of a similar association founded in Canada in 1891, for the promotion of farming interests. Now chiefly Hist.
1873N.Y. Times 3 July 1/2 The organization known as the Patrons of Husbandry originated in Washington in 1867, and the National Grange was organized in December of that year in this city. 1880[see grange n. 5]. 1894Weekly Globe (Toronto) 23 May 1 Mr John A. Leitch, the Conservative candidate for West Middlesex..said:—‘The Patron Order was originated in the Western States, and was imported into Canada by dissatisfied politicians.’ 1903J. S. Willison Sir Wilfrid Laurier & Liberal Party II. xxvi. 281 The position of the Liberals was also measurably affected by their practical alliance for the campaign of 1896 with Mr. D'Alton McCarthy and the Patrons of Industry... The Patrons were an off-shoot from the farmers' organizations of the United States, and their demands embraced simplification of the laws and machinery of government, limitation of public subsidies, protection against industrial combinations, and a tariff for revenue. 1914W. S. Wallace in Shortt & Doughty Canada & its Provinces XVII. 173 Patrons, as they were called tout court, were representatives of the farming class. 1932A. Brady Canada iii. 104 The new organization, known as the Patrons of Industry, succeeded in 1894 in electing sixteen of its nominees to the legislature of Ontario. 1962New Democrat Oct. 3/2 In 1894 the Patrons of Industry elected 14 members to the Ontario legislature. 1963A. S. Morton Kingdom of Canada 382 The Patrons did everything the Grangers did, but they added a special emphasis on co-operation. 1977Canad. Hist. Rev. LVIII. 401 McCarthy gravitated further from the Conservatives, emerging as an Independent in 1893 and an ally in all but name of the Liberals and Patrons in 1896.
IV. Applied to things.
†10. The earlier form of the word pattern, q.v. for illustrations of this form. Obs. (in this spelling).
†11. A case for holding pistol-cartridges: see quot. 1834. (F. patron, patronne.) Also, A cartridge (Ger. patrone). Obs. exc. Hist.
1683Sir J. Turner Pallas Armata 173 All Horse-men should always have the charges of their Pistols ready in Patrons, the Powder made up compactly in Paper, and the Ball tyed to it with a piece of Packthred. Ibid. 176 He hath no more to do but to bite of a little of the Paper of his Patron. 1834Penny Cycl. II. 375/2 The Patron was an upright semi-cylindrical box of steel, with a cover moving on a hinge, filled with a block of wood with five perforations to hold as many pistol-cartridges. 1860Fairholt Cost. Eng. (ed. 2) Gloss. 1862Cat. Spec. Exh. S. Kens. No. 4731–2 Steel patron for holding cartridges, with embossed figures in front. Sixteenth century. Leather patron, with steel mountings and cover, and ball bag attached. Seventeenth century.
V. attrib. and Comb.
12. attrib., as patron business, patron-worship; patron call (Sc.), see quot.; patron day, the day of a patron saint, esp. in Ireland: see pattern n. 12; † patrontashe Mil. [Du. patroontasch, Ger. patronentasche], a cartridge-case or ammunition-pouch.
1825–80Jamieson, *Patron-call, the patronage of a church, the right of presentation.
1710Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) VI. 599 In the act..is a clause against papists frequenting their saints wells on particular *patron days. 1841S. C. Hall Ireland I. 280 The patron-day..attracts crowds of visitors.
1689Acts Parl. Scot. (1822) IX. 30/2 Money was given..for buying baggenots and *patrontashes to ther Captaines of every Company.
1818Bentham Ch. Eng. 280 Not only in the line of public service, but in every other line, even in the line of *Patron-worship, will exertions cease.
13. In appositive construction or combination: often equivalent to an adj.a. That is a patron.
1781Cowper Hope 414 Just made fifth chaplain of his patron lord.
b. Tutelary, as patron deity, patron god, patron martyr, etc.
1700Dryden Pal. & Arc. iii. 561 The bloody colours of his patron god. 1726Pope Odyss. xix. 468 Hermes, his Patron-god, those gifts bestow'd. 1869Lecky Europ. Mor. (1877) I. iii. 464 Almost every hamlet soon required a patron martyr and a local legend. 1895Sayce Egypt of Hebr. & Herodotos 122 Its [Thebes] patron-deity was Amon.
c. patron saint: = sense 5.
1717Fenton Ep. T. Lambard Poems 213 By France the Genius of the Fight confest, For which our Patron-Saint adorns his Breast. 1832G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries I. 176 The festival of Justus, the patron saint, had attracted crowds to the village.
transf.1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Manners Wks. (Bohn) II. 50 Sir Philip Sidney is one of the patron saints of England.
Sense 8 in Dict. becomes 8 b. Add: [8.] a. (With pronunc. pæˈtrɒn.) Also patrón |paˈtroːn|. The owner of a hacienda; in New Mexico, the master or head of a family.
1863Rio Abajo Press (Albuquerque, N.M.) 7 Apr. 2/2 It had been given him by his ‘patron’. 1895F. Remington Pony Tracks 58 You can only go there if Don Gilberto, the patron of the hacienda..will take you in the ranch coach. 1931M. Austin Starry Adventure v. ii. 161 It would be well, while the Patrón is away, that Alfredo should not come. 1949Pacific Discovery May–June 13/1 The average hacendado or patrón..can make satisfactory profits without modern agricultural implements. 1970S. L. Barraclough in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. iv. 125 On some traditional Andean haciendas, peons still kneel to kiss the corner of the ‘patron's’ poncho to show respect. 1985I. Allende House of Spirits ii. 46 The word went out that there was a new patrón at Tres Marías and that we were using mules to clear the land of stones.
▪ II. ˈpatron, v. rare.
[cf. mod.F. patronner, med.L. and It. patronare, f. L. patrōnus patron.]
trans. To act as patron to, to champion or favour as a patron; to patronize.
c1624Chapman Batrachom. xxii, This Dedication calls no greatness, then, To patron this greatness-creating pen. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. ii. §3 Wiser Princes Patron the Arts. 1661Glanvill Van. Dogm. 186, I..am not likely to Patron them. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. ii. xiv, Why am I to be patroned and patronessed as if the patrons and patronesses treated me? |