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▪ I. partisan, partizan, n.1 (a.)|ˈpɑːtɪzæn, pɑːtɪˈzæn|
Also 6 pertisen, -sann, -sant, 7 partizant, -zen, -zane.
[a. F. partisan n. and adj. (15th c. in Littré), ad. It. dial. form = Tuscan partigiano: cf. Roman and Neapol. partiśano, -eśano, Upper Italian parteźan, partźan; f. parte part: cf. courtesan, parmesan.
Flecchia, in Archivio Glottolog. Ital. II. (1876) 12–17, finds the origin of the Italian suffix in the adj. ending -ese:—L. -ensis, -ēsis, whence a derivative (originally n.) -esiano, as in cortese, cortesiano, corteg-, cortigiano, Parmese, Parmesiano, Parmigiano; on the analogy of these, derivatives of the same type were subseq. formed directly from their primitives, without the intermediate adj. in -ensis, -ese. Adaptations of these have passed from It. into Fr. and other Romanic languages.]
A. n.
1. One who takes part or sides with another; an adherent or supporter of a party, person, or cause; esp. a devoted or zealous supporter; often in unfavourable sense: One who supports his party ‘through thick and thin’; a blind, prejudiced, unreasoning, or fanatical adherent.
1555Eden Decades 62 Theyr newe capitayne..placed his souldiers as pleased hym in the forwarde and rereward, and sume as pertisens abowt his owne person. 1569T. Stocker tr. Diod. Sic. i. iv. 6 [To] haue a number of men in euery citie to be his Pertisannes or garde. 1595Daniel Civill Wars ii. iv, These partizanes of factions, often tride. 1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 292 The Portugals, pertisants vnto Anthonie. 1602Archpriest Controv. (Camden) II. 198 The partizants and fauorers of the late seditious puritaine Erle. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 1298 They made themselves partisans to the one to oppresse the other. 1779J. Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) II. xcvi. 429 Why the inhabitants of every other country should..become partizans of America, is not so apparent. 1780Bentham Princ. Legisl. ii. §4 A partizan of the principle of asceticism. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xii. (1878) 234 The clergy⁓man must never be a partisan. 1874Green Short Hist. vi. §1. 274 The Duke of Gloucester..had now placed himself at the head of the partizans of the war.
2. Mil.
a. A member of a party of light or irregular troops employed in scouring the country, surprising the enemy's outposts and foraging parties, and the like; a member of a volunteer force similarly engaged, a guerilla.
1692Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 523 Leiutenant collonel Manwaring..brought in 50 French partizans, with excellent arms. 1810Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1838) VI. 319 The numerous bands of partizans which are carrying on a destructive warfare. 1827Scott Napoleon VII. 36 The qualities of a partizan or irregular soldier are inherent in the national character of the Spaniard.
b. A leader of such a party of light or irregular troops; a guerilla chief or captain.
1706Phillips s.v., In the Art of War, a good Partisan is an able Soldier well skill'd in commanding a Party. 1731Bailey vol. I, Partisan (in Military Affairs) a Commander of a Party. 1760Hist. in Ann. Reg. 26/2 This march would have been thought an astonishing exploit in a partizan at the head of a small and disencumbered corps. 1837W. Irving Capt. Bonneville II. 38. 1853 Stocqueler Milit. Encycl., Partisan,..also means an officer sent out upon a party, with the command of a body of light troops, generally under the appellation of the partisan's corps.
c. In the war of 1939–45, a guerrilla, esp. one working in enemy-occupied territory in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, spec. in Yugoslavia. Also attrib.
1939C. Gubbins (title) Partisan leader's handbook. 1942Daily Tel. 22 May 1/3 Behind the fighting front the Russian ‘partisan front’ in the German rear forms a skeleton army. 1944Hutchinson's Pict. Hist. War 27 Oct. 1943–11 Apr. 1944, 414 In the autumn of 1941 Marshal Tito's partisans began a wild and furious war for existence against the Germans... The partisan movement soon out⁓stripped in numbers the forces of General Mikhailovitch. 1958P. Kemp No Colours or Crest vi. 100 He arrived with thirty Partisans, saying he intended to lay an ambush in exactly the same place as ours. 1965B. Sweet-Escott Baker St. Irreg. vii. 191 Maclean and Velebit were mainly concerned to obtain British training for a Yugoslav tank regiment and a fighter squadron, and to get a fleet of light craft for a partisan navy. Ibid. 193 His assignment had been to make contact with the Bulgarian partisans. 1968New Left Rev. Jan.–Feb. 67 During the Second World War I had no doubts about which side I was on in the struggle, let us say, between the Yugoslav Partisans and the Nazi occupation forces. 1974tr. Sniečkus's Soviet Lithuania 47 The Lithuanian people gave every possible aid to the partisans, whom they regarded as true patriots. 1978A. Price '44 Vintage xix. 220 He got back in..in 1939... France in '40, then the Middle East... And finally Yugoslavia as a weapons adviser to a big Partisan outfit.
3. Comb., as partisan-like adj.
1841I. Taylor Spir. Chr. 190 None commands our servile or partisanlike support.
B. attrib. or as adj. [cf. F. partisan, adj.].
1. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a partisan; supporting a party, esp. zealously or blindly; biased, prejudiced, one-sided.
1842A. Strickland Queens Eng. II. 380 Nothing but partisan malice could blame such hospitality. 1882Hinsdale Garfield & Educ. ii. 363 One spot..across which the shadow of partisan politics has never fallen. 1885L'pool Daily Post 1 June 5/3 Every obstacle which partisan malevolence could create.
2. Mil. Of or pertaining to military partisans (see A. 2); pertaining to irregular or petty warfare. partisan ranger: = ranger n.1 3.
1708Lond. Gaz. No. 4447/3 Our Partisan Parties have lately been very successful. 1731Bailey vol. II, Partisan Party, a small body of Infantry commanded by a Partisan, to make an incursion upon the enemy, to lurk about their camp to disturb their foragers, and to intercept their convoys. 1827Scott Napoleon VII. 35 The system of guerilla or partizan warfare [in Spain]. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xii. III. 226 The Enniskilleners had never ceased to wage a vigorous partisan war against the native population.
Hence ˈpartiˌsaning a., supporting a party zealously or blindly; ˈpartisanism, the practice of partisanship; partisan spirit; ˈpartisanize v. trans., to render partisan; ˈpartiˌsanly adv., in the manner of a partisan; ˈpartiˌsanry (rarely partisanery), partisanship, a partisan feeling or act.
1790in Dallas Amer. Law Rep. I. 319 Violent attacks..to gratify partisaning and temporising resentments. 1866H. Sidgwick Let. 7 Nov. in A. & E. M. Sidgwick Henry Sidgwick (1906) 153 To ensure no..votes be lost, partisanly speaking. 1882Daily News 18 Aug. 5/5 The ‘World’, which is partisanly Irish, calls the sentence outrageous. 1889Bruce Plant. Negro 67 Whose partisanry conforms..to the seductions of bribery. 1890Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 29 Mar., As long as partisanism continues rampant in the legislature. 1896Ibid. 28 Sept., Loyal Prohibitionists are neither partisanized old men, nor spoiled children. 1911G. B. Shaw Getting Married Pref. 119 Such paltry follies and sentimentalities, snobberies and partisaneries, as ignorance can understand and irresponsibility relish. 1976Church Times 9 July 12/4, I wish I could understand why so many Christians feel so strongly—or so partisanly—about events in South Africa. 1977Times Lit. Suppl. 27 May 644/3, I may be partisanly over-optimistic about the ability of the Sussex Constabulary to stand up to Mother Ancilla.
▪ II. partisan, partizan, n.2|ˈpɑːtɪzæn|
Also 6 partyzyne, partesant, partison, 6–7 partezan, pertison, 7 partizane, 7–8 pertuisan(e, 8 partuisan(e, 9 arch. pertuizan. Obs. from c 1700, till revived by Scott and 19th c. antiquaries.
[a. 16th c. F. partizane, parti-, parthisane, ad. It. partesana, partigiana, in med.L. partesana, pertixana; in Sw. bardisan.
The origin of the It. word is disputed. Diez associates it with partigiano partisan1, as if the weapon carried by partisans; others would identify the first part with OHG. parta, barta halberd, leaving the rest of the word unexplained. In Fr., popularly corrupted in 15–16th c. to pourtisaine, pertuisegne, pertusaine, mod.F. pertuisane, as if from pertuis a hole, pertuiser to bore, pierce.]
1. A military weapon used (under this name) by footmen in the 16th and 17th c., consisting of a long-handled spear, the blade having one or more lateral cutting projections, variously shaped, so as sometimes to pass into the gisarme and the halberd; in some of its forms used also in boar-hunting.
1556J. Heywood Spider & F. lii. 25 Byls, bowes, partisance, pikes. 1557Will of W. Oliver (Somerset Ho.), A staffe called a Partyzyne. 1573–80Baret Alv. P 138 A Partison, a iaueline to skirmish with, hasta velitaris. 1583Rates of Customs D vj, Partesants or Bore speares vngilt the dosen xxvis. viijd. 1596Lanc. & Chesh. Wills III. 4 A pertison and a leadinge staffe. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies vii. xxiv. 570 Shewing their swordes, lances, pertuisans, and other armes. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. ii. vii. 14, I had as liue haue a Reede that will doe me no seruice, as a Partizan I could not heaue. 1625Markham Souldiers Accid. 5 Their weapons..shall be faire Partizans of strong and short blades. 1688Capt. J. S. Art of War 40 The Pike and Partisan are the onely Arms proper to stop the fury of the Cavalry. 1706Phillips, Partisan or Pertuisan, a Weapon like a Halbard, sometimes us'd by Lieutenants of Foot. 1805Scott Last Minstr. iv. xx, On battlement and bartizan Gleam'd axe and spear and partizan. 1855Motley Dutch Rep. ii. ix. (1866) 317/2 Others had the partisans, battle⁓axes, and huge two-handed swords of the previous century. 1874Boutell Arms & Arm. viii. 145 The terms partizan, halberde, and guisarme, denote the same class of weapon, which admitted various modifications... In all these examples a lance-head and an axe are present.
b. Used as a leading-staff, and borne as a halberd by civic and other guards.
1611Cotgr., Pertuisane, a Partisan, or leading staffe. 1667Chamberlayne St. Eng. i. (1684) 213 Of the Yeomen of the Guard..One half..bear in their hands..partizans. 1681Lond. Gaz. No. 1661/3 His Royal Highness was received by the Provost, Magistrates and Council, and by a Band of the Young Men of the Town, bearing Gilded Partisans. [1828Scott F.M. Perth viii, They have brought two town officers with their partizans, to guard their fair persons, I suppose. 1860Fairholt Costume 277 One of King Charles II.'s yeomen of the guard has been here copied... He carries a partisan in his right hand and a sword by his side.]
2. transf. A soldier or civic guard armed with a partisan.
1693Lond. Gaz. No. 2869/2 First marched the City Partizanes in new Liveries bare-headed. [1820Scott Abbot xviii, They..were fighting hard, when the provost, with his guard of partizans, came in thirdsman, and staved them asunder with their halberds, as men part dog and bear.] |