| 释义 |
participative, a.|pəˈtɪsɪpeɪtɪv, pɑː-|
[f. med.L. type *participātīv-us (f. participāre, -āt-: see -ive): cf. F. participativement.]
a. Having the quality of participating.
1651[implied in participatively adv.]. 1818Todd, Participative, capable of partaking. 1975Church Times 22 Aug. 13/4 (Advt.), Many Clergy have benefited from our open consultations on running the local church... Ecumenical and participative methods of learning. Ibid. 3 Oct. 6/3 Those who are not so high-minded..might be dedicated to sabotage a new system as it staggered forward to achieve a new, different and participative venture.
b. In business administration: pertaining to or characterized by the sharing of the decision-making process with either (a) the lower grades of management, or (b) the workers.
1961B. von H. Gilmer Industrial Psychol. v. xiv. 303 Gradually industrial organizations moved towards participative management, still leaving the worker in the position of having someone else plan for him... Participative management aimed higher, giving increased status to the people in middle management. 1965R. C. Sampson Mangaging the Managers xii. 193 In participative coaching, a manager works with the executive, both in problem-solving and learning situations, in such a way that the subordinate retains the decision-making function and learns as the result of the experience. 1966New Statesman 19 Aug. 255/3 There is growing interest in ‘participative’ and even democratic styles of management. 1972Jrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVII. 100 They [sc. Blake and Mouton] indicate that..participative leadership..can create conditions where work group standards are high. 1973Nature 6 Apr. 381/1 The view that a boss-and-minion society can be replaced by something more cooperative and participative. 1976Birmingham Post 16 Dec. 6/6 Another important feature of such improvements programmes is participative training to change attitudes, open minds and spread awareness and knowledge of control and improvement techniques. 1977Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXV. 671/2, I think we have now moved out of the participative area, in terms of management; I think Bullock is maybe ten years out of date.
Hence particiˈpatively adv.
1651C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. i. 32 The word Catholick is taken in three severall sences, formally, casually, and participatively:..Participatively, because particular Churches agree, and participate in Doctrine and Communion with the Catholick. |