| 释义 |
▪ I. parliament, n.1|ˈpɑːlɪmənt|
Forms: 3–8 parlement, (4–5 perle-), 4 parly-, (perly-), 4–6 parlea-, 5 parli-, 5–7 parla-, (5–6 perla-), 5– parliament, (5 perlia-, 5–7 parlya-, 7 parleement); also occas. 4–6 -mente.
[ME. a. OF. parlement speaking (Chans. Roland 11th c.), f. parler to speak + -ment, in It. parlamento, med.L. parlāmentum, whence also 15–16th c. parlament; the form parliament corresponds to an Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, found in 13th c., founded perhaps on the ME. forms in parly-, parli-.]
†1.
a. The action of speaking; a ‘spell’ or ‘bout’ of speaking; a speech; a talk, colloquy, conversation, conference, consultation; a discussion or debate. Obs.
[1216–59Matt. Paris Hist. Angl. (Rolls) II. 197 Quod [Lodowicus] voluit habere per intermedios parlamentum pacificum cum eo [Huberto de Burgo]. ]1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 3519 Þere he hulde is parlement wat were best to done. c1320Cast. Love 896 Gret perlyment they han i-nomen. a1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 282 Takeþ good tent Þat ȝe holde no parlyment Wiþ no cristen mon Whon ȝe come þe Churche with-Inne. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) i. ix. 5 Thenne herde I within the curteyne a longe parlament. c1450Merlin 521 Thus ended the parlement betwene the fader and the sone. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon vi. 136 After Bourgoyns hadde taken Tholouse, he made a grete parliamente to his folke, And sayd to theym, ‘Lordes, ye knowe well [etc.]’. 1542St. Papers Hen. VIII, IX. 219 Who wil shortely..comme to Bononye to be at parlement with thEmperour.
b. = parley n.1 2. Obs.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7844 Þorow trist of trues, of on assent, Þey sette a day of Parlement, Opon þe Playne of Salesbury. Ibid. 16226 Til Cadwalyn his sonde he [Oswy] sent, Þat he wolde com til parlement. 1596Danett tr. Comines (1614) 169 Wherefore they fell to parlament and yeelded it by composition. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. ii. 194 In Carbry, after a certain Parliament ended betweene the Irish and English, there were taken prisoners.
†2. A formal conference or council for the discussion of some matter or matters of general importance; spec. the name applied in the early times of the French monarchy to the assembly of the great lords of the kingdom, and in England, in the course of the 13th c. to great councils of the early Plantagenet Kings; hence, retrospectively applied to those of earlier kings before and after the Norman Conquest, and in ME. widely and vaguely, or allusively, to any similar councils of ancient times or foreign nations. (Now only Hist. and as an earlier stage of sense 3, into which, in use, it passed without any break.)
[12..in Stubbs Const. Hist. I. xiii. 570 Parliamentum Runimedæ. 1237–59Matt. Paris Hist. Angl. (Rolls) II. 393 De magno parlamento habito Londoniis in octavis Epiphaniæ ubi rex exigebat tricesimum regni. [Before this, the word is colloquium.] 1246–59Ibid. III. 5 Convenit ad parlamentum generalissimum regni Anglicani totalis nobilitas, tam prælatorum quam militum. ]c1290Beket 531 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 121 Þo heo comen to þe parlement [to clarindone] þe king axede heom a-non Ȝweþur heo wolden holde þe lawes ase heore Auncestres heolden ech-on. a1300Cursor M. 5497 He [Pharaoh] gedir[d] him a parlement. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 214 Þe barons..To mak disturbaunce þei held a parlement. [This was the Mad Parliament.] c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 115 (143), Pryam þe kyng ful soone in general Let here-vpon his Parlement to holde. c1400Destr. Troy 9379 Palomydon a perlement puruait anon, And the grete of þe grekes gedrit he somyn. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 111 After that he kepede a parliament [1387 Trevisa, made a parlemente] at Oxenford, where Ynglische men and Danes were acorded to observe the lawes of kynge Edgarus. c1440Boctus (Laud MS. 559 lf. 10), A noon forthe they wente And kepte a grete perliamente. 1563Golding Cæsar i. (1565) 22 They made request that it might be lawfull for them to sommon a Parlament of Gallia at a certain day. 1570Levins Manip. 68/14 A Parlament, senatus consultus. 1762Hume Hist. Eng. II. xii. 9 In a parliament, summoned at Oxford (for the great councils began about this time [1222] to receive that appellation). 1863H. Cox Instit. i. iii. 15 In the reign of Edward I the word ‘Parliaments’ was frequently applied to the assemblies of the four great courts as well as to the Great Council of the realm. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xiv. §175 marg., Parliament of 1242. First report of a debate.
3. The Great Council of the nation, which forms, with the Sovereign, the supreme legislature of the United Kingdom (formerly of the Realm of England), consisting of the three Estates, namely the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (forming together the House of Lords), and the representatives of the counties, cities, boroughs, and universities (forming the House of Commons). By some legal writers, the Sovereign, as part of the Legislature, is included in the Parliament; but this is not usual.
a. Viewed as a temporary assemblage of persons, summoned by the Sovereign, and after a time (the length of which is now limited) again dissolved, to be succeeded (formerly at an uncertain and often distant interval, but now within a very short period) by another assemblage similarly constituted.
This is, in its origin, merely a development of sense 2, corresponding to the gradual evolution of the modern parliament from the Great Council. Stubbs Const. Hist., following the chroniclers, uses ‘parliament’ from 1242 onwards; but the ‘parliaments’ previous to 1275 belong rather to our sense 2, with progressive approaches to this sense.
In this sense the word may be preceded by a or the, and have a plural; so we speak of a new parliament, or of the first, second, or third parliament of Edward I, or of Queen Victoria, and historians individualize many parliaments by distinctive appellations: see 8.
[1275Act 3 Edw. I (Statute of Westm.) Preamble, Ces sunt les Establisemenz le Rey Edward, le fiz le Rey Henry, fez a Weymoster a son primer parlement general apres son corounement..par son Conseil e par le assentement des Erceveskes, Eveskes, Abbes, Priurs, Contes, Barons, & la Cōmunaute de la tere ileokes somons.] c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 244 To London he [Edw. I: 1286] went..He sent to his barouns, a parlement to hold. 1424Paston Lett. I. 17 Be billes in the too last parlementz holden at Westminster and at Leycestre. 1459Rolls of Parlt. V. 372/2 By th' advyce of his Lords Spirituell and Temporell, and by you his Commons in this his presente Parleamente assemblyd. 1546Suppl. Commons (E.E.T.S.) 65 They were not all sturdy beggers that were in the Parlament when this lawe was stablished. 1659–60Pepys Diary (1875) I. 2 To acquaint him [Monk] with their desires for a free and full Parliament. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iv. xvii. (1848) 268 Grievances..for whose prevention or redress, Parliaments are wont to be assembled and Laws to be enacted. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. ii. 160 These are the constituent parts of a parliament; the king, the lords spiritual and temporal, and the commons. 1818–48Hallam Mid. Ages (1871) III. viii. iii. 19 As to the meeting to which knights of shires were summoned in 38 Hen. III, it ought not to be reckoned a parliament. Ibid. 37 The usual object of calling a parliament was to impose taxes. 1860C. Innes Scot. Mid. Ages vii. 213 The earliest Parliament that can be proved..to have resembled the present legislative constitution of England by summons of citizens and burgesses is 49 Hen. III, a.d. 1265. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xiv. 92 The famous parliament of Simon de Montfort was called together by a writ issued on the 14th of December, to meet at Westminster on the 20th of January, 1265. 1885Gladstone Sp. Ho. Commons 16 Nov., After sitting in 12 Parliaments a man begins to have, if he has any brains at all, the capacity and faculty of knowing what a particular Parliament can do and is likely to do.
b. Viewed as a permanent or continuous institution, the composition, character, and size of which have changed from time to time, but which has itself a continuous history. In this sense usually without a or the, or pl. (except in speaking of such institutions in different countries, as, ‘the Scottish and Irish Parliaments are now incorporated in that of Great Britain’).
Act of Parliament, a law made by the Sovereign with the advice of his Parliament; a statute passed by both Houses of Parliament and ratified by the royal assent. Clerk of the Parliaments († Parliament), the chief official of the House of Lords, who reads the royal assent to bills before Parliament assembled as a corporate body in the House of Lords. Imperial Parliament: see imperial A. 2 b. Member of Parliament: see member. Writ of Parliament: see writ.
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. iv. 34 Þene Pees com to parlement and put vp a Bille, Hou þat Wrong aȝeyn his wille his wyf hedde I-take. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 329 Þes worldly prelatis þat sitten in Perlement. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C v. 185 Þow shalt nat ryden hennes, Bote be my chyf chaunceler in chekyr and in parlement, And conscience in alle my courtes. 1454Rolls of Parlt. V. 239/2 If the said Thomas shuld be relessed by Privelegge of Parlement. 1455Ibid. 317/2 The Office of Clerk of oure Parlement. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 16 By acte of parlyament. 1628Coke On Litt. ii. x. §164. 109 b, Parliament is the highest and most honourable and absolute court of justice in England, consisting of the king, the lords of parliament, and the commons. 1647–8Charles I Declar. fr. Carisbrooke Castle (18 Jan.), Which I would have rather done, by the way of my two Howses of Parlament. 1680–1Wood Life 5 Mar. (O.H.S.) III. 84 Providing convenience for the lords to sit in parliament in the schools [at Oxford]. 1706Act 6 Anne c. 11. §3 That the United Kingdom of Great Britain be represented by One and the same Parliament to be stiled The Parliament of Great Britain. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. i. 102 The privileges of parliament. Ibid. ii. 161 Some have not scrupled to call its power, by a figure rather too bold, the omnipotence of parliament. 1774Pennant Tour in Scot. in 1772. 161 This Shire and that of Cathness send a Member to Parlement alternatly. 1800Act 39 & 40 Geo. III c. 67 Art. iii, That the said United Kingdom be represented in one and the same Parliament, to be called the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1839Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 57 Parliament was prorogued on the 24th. 1896Law Q. Rev. July 201 We are pretty sure it is not the law Parliament intended to make.
c. High Court of Parliament, a name formerly applied collectively (as in Bk. of Common Prayer) to the two Houses of Parliament in session; now mostly said of Parliament in its judicial capacity.
1450–1662 [see court n.1 10].
d. transf. The place where Parliament meets; the Parliament House. rare.
1628Earl of Manchester in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 268 Werden tells me he hath provided you [with a lodging] not far from the Parliament.
e. Act of Parliament clock, a type of wall clock produced in the 18th century for use in inns and taverns and characterized by a black or green dial with gold numerals over which there was no glass. The name arose from the popular belief that such clocks were acquired by innkeepers in order to attract custom after Parliament imposed a tax on clocks and watches in 1797.
1899F. J. Britten Old Clocks & Watches 337 In country inns and other places Act of Parliament clocks may still occasionally be seen. 1917A. Hayden Chats on Old Clocks iv. 124 It is supposed that these clocks suddenly came into being when private clocks were taxed. Owing to such a deep-seated belief they are always known throughout the country as ‘Act of Parliament’ clocks. But they were used earlier than the Act of 1797, and were probably ordinary inn clocks in common use about that time. 1952J. Gloag Short Dict. Furnit. 191 Coaching Inn Clock..Such clocks have been misnamed Parliament or Act of Parliament clocks, on the assumption that they were introduced and used extensively by innkeepers after Pitt's Act of 1797 (under which clocks and watches were taxed) presumably to save customers..buying a watch or clock and then paying tax on it—not a plausible theory. 1960House & Garden Apr. 100/1 The round-faced Act of Parliament clock..is two feet across. 1962Kent & Sussex Courier 19 Oct. 6/6 The Rose and Crown Hotel boasts the town's oldest public clock. A fine example of an Act of Parliament clock, it was made in 1797 and now stands in the entrance hall.
4. The title of the corresponding legislative bodies which formerly existed in Scotland and Ireland, and of the existing legislative bodies of certain former British colonies or dependencies, as the Dominion of Canada, the Australian Commonwealth, the separate colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania; also popularly applied to the legislative assemblies of other colonies, and to those of foreign countries, as the French Chambers, the German Reichstag, the Spanish Cortes, etc.
In Scotland and Ireland, as in England, the earliest use was that of a meeting or session of the legislature, as in 3 a.
a. [1292Acts Parl. Scot. I. 445 Coram ipso Rege et consilio in parliamento suo primo. 1296Entry in Liber Niger of Chr. Ch., Dublin, 26 Edw. I, Justiciarius..ordinavit et statuit generale parliamentum hic ad hunc diem.] 1398Acts Parl. Sc. I. 573 Item it is ordanyt þat ilke yhere þe kyng sal halde a parlement. 1428Close Roll of Ireld., 7 Hen. VI, Y⊇ lordes spiritual and temporels, & communes of your land of Ireland, at your parliament last holden at your citie of Dyvelin [Dublin]. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 7 In an Irish Parliament he put vp his petition, that..he might there haue the place and title of the Earle of Tyrone. 1621in Crt. & Times Jas. I (1849) II. 267 The King of Denmark..is gone back to a Parliament in Denmark.
b.1424Sc. Acts Jas. I (1597) §29 It is statute and ordaned, that the breakers of the actes of Parliament be punished. 1596Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 671/1 Howe will those be redressed by Parliament, when as the Irish which sway most in Parliament..shall oppose them⁓selves agaynst them? 1706(title) Speech in the Scotch Parliament concerning the Union. 1707Acts Parl. Scot. XI. 407 (Act of Union 16 Jan.) At the time of ratifying the Treaty of Union in the Parliament of Scotland. 1778F. Burney Evelina xxxii, A senator of the nation! a member of the noblest parliament in the world! 1800Grattan Speech 26 May, Connexion is a wise and profound policy; but connexion without an Irish Parliament is connexion without its own principle..without the pride of honour that should attend it. 1896Lecky Liberty & Democr. (1899) I. i. 14 The system of direct election of members of Parliament was not established in France till 1817. Ibid. II. vi. 44 A law was carried through the Prussian Parliament giving the Government a discretionary power. 1902J. E. C. Bodley in Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 491/1 The [French] opportunist minister of War understood the feeling of parliament.
5. Applied to various consultative assemblies.
a. In the Stannaries, a representative assembly or convocation of tinners for Devon, or for Cornwall, formerly held for the redress of grievances, and general regulation of the stannaries. Now only Hist.
1574in T. Pearce Laws & Customs Stannaries (1725) 240 The Great Court, or Parliament, of our Sovereign Lady Elizabeth..of the Dutchy of Cornwall holden at Crockerrentorre..before..Frances Earl of Bedford..Lord Warden of the Stannaries of Devon and Cornwall. c1630Risdon Surv. Devon §215 (1810) 223 A high rock, called Crocken-Torr, where the parliament for stannary causes is kept. 1686in Calr. Treas. Pap. (1868) 18 His Lordship's letter for the speedy calling a convocation or parliament of tinners. 1752in Laws of Stannaries (1808) 14 We, the above-said four and twenty stannators being duly elected..to serve in this present convocation, or parliament of Tinners, do agree that [etc.]. 1842Penny Cycl. XXII. 444/1 These assemblies were called parliaments, or convocations, of tinners, and were summoned by the lord warden of the stannaries, under a writ, issued by the duke of Cornwall, or by the king, when there was no duke, authorizing and requiring him to do so. The last convocation was held in 1752.
b. A consultative assembly of the members of the Middle or the Inner Temple.
1583Cal. Inner Temple Recds. (1896) I. 102 Parliament-house. 1681Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 94 Last week there was a parliament held in the Inner Temple..to debate the affaires of the house. 1706Phillips s.v., The Societies of the two Temples, or Inns of Court, do likewise call that Assembly a Parliament, wherein they consult about the common Affairs of their respective Houses. 1861Illustr. Lond. News XXXIX. 480/1 The Treasurer..conducted him [Prince of Wales] to the new Parliament Chamber..A Parliament was then formed of the Masters of the Bench present.
c. fig. and transf. uses.
a1400Chaucer Epil. Cant. T., The book of seint Valentynes day of the parlement of briddes. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 23 The royall lyon lete call a parlement, All beestes aboute hym every on. a1592H. Smith Serm. (1622) 22 A man neuer abandoneth euill, untill hee abandon euill company: for no good is concluded in this Parliament. 1640Day (title) The Parliament of Bees. 1727Fielding Love in Sev. Masq. ii. i, I sometimes look on my drawing⁓room as a little parliament of fools, to which every different body sends its representatives. 1741Richardson Pamela (1883) II. 100 This would bear a smart debate, I fancy, in a parliament of women. 1842Tennyson Locksley Hall 128 Till..the battle flags were furl'd In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. 1893J. H. Barrows (title) The World's Parliament of Religions..held in Chicago in connection with the Columbian Exposition of 1893. 1903Daily Chron. 9 Dec. 4/4 The Cricket Parliament at Lord's. 1905R. B. Smith Bird Life x. 386 Two such ‘Parliaments of rooks’ I have had the opportunity of watching, from early times. 1939C. E. Hare Lang. Field Sports xxiii. 192 The modern accepted rook term is believed to be parliament, but no authority for this can be traced. 1968J. Lipton Exaltation of Larks 57 (caption) A parliament of owls.
†d. Pimlico Parliament: see quot. Obs.
1799Hull Advertiser 2 Feb. 2/4 One thousand citizens, with a sprinkling of what is here [Dublin] called the Pimlico Parliament, or mob.
6. Foreign uses:
a. In France (before the Revolution of 1789), the name given to a certain number of supreme courts of justice, in which also the edicts, declarations, and ordinances of the king were registered. Of these there were twelve, of which the Parliament of Paris was of greatest importance in French history. [= F. parlement.]
1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 454 The Senate of Paris, whiche they cal the Parliament. 1626in Crt. & Times Chas. I (1848) I. 84 The French king, by sentence of the parliament of Rouen and Rennes hath arrested and in his possession above the worth of {pstlg}300,000 of our merchants' goods. 1656Blount Glossogr. s.v., In France, those high Courts of Justice..are called Sedentary Parlements; and their Assembly of States General is onely equivalent to our Parliament. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The parliament of Paris is the principal, and that whose jurisdiction is of the greatest extent. This is the chief court of justice throughout the realm. 1771Ann. Reg. 82 His majesty has thought fit to branch the parliament of Paris into five different parliaments, under the denomination of superior courts. 1877Morley Crit. Misc. Ser. ii. 228 The parlements took up their judicial arms in defence of abuses and against reform.
b. In Florence. [= It. parlamento.]
1832tr. Sismondi's Ital. Rep. i. 22 This meeting of all the men of the state capable of bearing arms was called a parliament. 1900E. G. Gardner Florence ii. 56 The State was reorganised, and a new constitution confirmed in a solemn Parliament held in the Piazza.
7. Short for parliament-cake: see 9.
1812H. & J. Smith Rej. Addr., Tale Drury Lane, Crisp parliament with lollypops, And fingers of the Lady. 1828Moir Mansie Wauch iii. 30 As for the gingerbread I shall not attempt a description:..roundabouts, and snaps,..and parliaments. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xxxviii, Gorging the boy with apples and parliament. 1881Proc. Geog. Soc. III. 515 They [walls] look exactly as if they were made of the sort of gingerbread called ‘parliament’.
8. With qualifying words, in the names applied to various parliaments, chiefly in sense 3 a (but also in senses 2 and 4). Many of these are not contemporary, being due to later chroniclers or historians.
addled († addle) Parliament, that of 1614: see quots. 1614, 1862. Barebone's P., a nickname given to the little P. (q.v.), from the name of Praise God Barbon, one of the members for London. cavalier P. = pensioner P. convention P.: see convention 5 a. devil's P. (Parliamentum diabolicum), that held by Henry VI at Coventry in 1459, which attainted the Duke of York, his son the Earl of March, afterwards Edward IV, and their chief followers. drinking or drunken P., the Scottish parliament which met after the Restoration on 1 Jan. 1661. good P., that which met in 1376, and endeavoured to reform abuses. great P.: see quots. lack-learning or lay P. = unlearned P. little P., the assembly of 120 members, nominated by Cromwell and his Council of Officers, which sat from 4 July to 12 Dec. 1653. long P., that which met on 3 Nov. 1640, commenced the Civil War, and brought about the death of Charles I; being ‘purged’ by Col. Pride and the Republicans in 1648, dispersed by Cromwell in 1653, and twice restored in 1659, it was finally dissolved in March 1660, after restoring Chas. II; also the Parliament of Chas. II, which continued from 1661 to 1679. mad P. (Parliamentum insanum), name given to the meeting of the barons at Oxford in 1258, which passed the ‘Provisions of Oxford’. marvellous, merciless, unmerciful, or wonderful P., that of 1388, which condemned the favourites of Richard II. nominated P. = little P. pension, pensionary, or pensioner P., a nickname of the long Parliament of Charles II. rump P., the remnant of the long Parliament, in its later history: see rump. running P., name for the Parliament of Scotland, from its being shifted from place to place (Brewer). short P., that which sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640, before the long Parliament. unlearned P., P. of dunces (Parliamentum indoctorum), that convened by Hen. IV at Coventry in 1404, from which all lawyers were excluded. unmerciful P.: see merciless P. unreported P., that which sat from 1768 to 1774. useless P., the first parliament of Chas. I, 18 June to 12 Aug. 1625. wonderful or wonder-working P.: see marvellous P.
1614in Crt. & Times Jas. I (1849) I. 323 The parliament is dissolved, without the ratification of so much as any one act;..thereby rendering it, as they term it here, an *addle parliament. 1862Ann. Eng. II. 353, a.d. 1614 The parliament meets April 5, and is dissolved June 7, without passing a single act... It was in consequence nicknamed the ‘addled parliament’.
1657Ld. Say & Seale Let. 29 Dec. in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1895) X. 107 ‘A *barbones Parliament’, as they call it, without choyce of the people att all, is not worse than this. 1663J. Heath Brief Chron. Civil Wars 648 It was better known..by the name of Barebones Parliament, whose Christian name was Praise God, a Leatherseller in Fleet Street. 1900[see little P.]
1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. (1871) I. 95 The *Cavalier Parliament, chosen in the transport of loyalty which had followed the Restoration.
c1690J. Kirkton Hist. Ch. Scot. iii. (1817) 114 This parliament [1662] was called the *Drinking Parliament.
1580Stow Chron. 467 (an. 1376) A Parliament, commonly called the *good Parliament, was holden at Westminster [c 1440 Walsingham Hist. Angl. I. 324 Parliamenti quod Bonum merito vocabatur]. 1705Hickeringill Priest-cr. ii. v. 54 We meet..with a Parliament, called the good Parliament, in the 50th Year of Edw. III, and the great Parliament, and the marvellous Parliament, both in the Reign of Rich. II. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xvi. §262. 433 The impeachment of the great offenders, and the substitution of a new council, were however only a small part of the business of the Good Parliament.
c1465Eng. Chron. (Camden 1856) 9 In the xxj. yeer of King Richard [II], he ordeyned and held a parlement at Westmynstre, that was callid the *grete parlement. 1705[see good P.] 1886F. York Powell Hist. Eng. to 1509 IV. i. 198 The Great Parliament of 1295, which was afterwards acknowledged as the model for such gatherings, as the three Estates were all present regularly summoned.
1765Blackstone Comm. I. ii. 177 Our law books and historians have branded this parliament with the name of parliamentum indoctum, or the *lack-learning parliament.
1886F. York Powell Hist. Eng. to 1509 v. i. 294 In October 1404 the *Lay or Unlearned Parliament was called.
1653–76Whitelocke Mem. 14 Aug. (1732) 563/2 They [Cromwell and his Officers] had appointed the *little Parliament whom they chose, and commanded them. 1900Morley Cromwell 359 The company of men so constituted stands in history as the Little Parliament, or, parodied from the name of one of its members, Barebones' Parliament.
1654R. Williams in Mass. Hist. Coll. Ser. iii. X. 2 Major G. Harrison was the 2d in the nation..when the Lord Genl and himselfe joined against the former *long Parliament and dissolved them. 1659Englands Conf. 8 Their old hackney drudges of the Long Parliament. 1837W. Wallace Contn. Mackintosh's Hist. Eng. VII. vii. 225 Thus ended the long or pensionary parliament of Charles II., after having sat seventeen years! 1873Edith Thompson Hist. Eng. xxxiv. 165 Thus ended that famous ‘Long Parliament’ which, twice expelled and twice restored, had existed for twenty years. 1878S. R. Gardiner in Encycl. Brit. VIII. 348/2 When the Long Parliament of the Restoration met in 1661. 1884― Hist. Eng. IX. xiv. 218 On November 3 [1640] that famous assembly which was to be known to all time as the Long Parliament met at Westminster.
1580Stow Chron. (1631) 191/1 The Lords..held a Parliament at Oxford, which was after called the *mad Parliament [1274 Lib. de Antiq. Leg. (Camden) 37 Hoc anno fuit illud insane Parliamentum apud Oxoniam.] 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xiv. §176. 74 On the 11th of June [1258], at Oxford, the Mad Parliament, as it was called by Henry's partisans, assembled. 1705*Marvellous P. [see good P.].
1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xvi. §266. 482 The ‘*merciless’ parliament sat for 122 days. Its acts fully establish its right to the title [a 1500 in Knighton's Chron. (Rolls) II. 249 Parliamentum sine misericordia].
1901S. R. Gardiner Hist. Commw. (1903) III. xxxv. 175 One of the advanced members of the *Nominated Parliament.
a1735E. Harley in Portland MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) V. 642 During the whole reign of Charles II. he [sir R. Harley] was a member of that Parliament called the *Pension Parliament. 1837*Pensionary P. [see long P.].
1681Nevile Plato Rediv. 20 The Evil Counsellors, the *Pensioner-Parliament, the Thorow-pac'd Judges, the Flattering Divines.
c1641Evelyn Diary 11 Apr. an. 1640, His Majesties riding through the Citty in state to the *Short Parliament.
[1782Pennant Journ. Chester to Lond. 141 Stiled *Parliamentum indoctorum; not that it consisted of a greater number of blockheads than parlements ordinarily do.] 1878Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. §634–5 In October at Coventry the ‘Unlearned Parliament’ met. This assembly acquired its ominous name from the fact that in the writ of summons, the king..directed that no lawyers should be returned as members.
1853J. W. Croker in C. Papers (1884) III. xxviii. 291 There is a lacuna in our Parliamentary debates..from 1768 to 1774. That Parliament is commonly called the ‘*unreported Parliament’. 1841(title) Sir Henry Cavendish's Debates of the House of Commons during the thirteenth Parliament of Great Britain, commonly called the unreported Parliament [from 10th May 1768 to 13 June 1774].
1580Stow Chron. (1631) 303/1 This Parliament was named the Parliament that wrought *wonders [a 1500 in Knighton's Chron. (Rolls) II. 258 note, Parliamentum apud Westmonasterium operans mira].
1878Freeman in Encycl. Brit. VIII. 319/2 A parliament known as the *Wonderful and the Merciless.
9. attrib. and Comb. Of or belonging to a or the parliament, sometimes = parliamentary; as parliament army, parliament barge, parliament book, parliament buildings, parliament business, parliament censure, parliament day, parliament diary, parliament fee, parliament gentleman, parliament journal, parliament knight, parliament news, parliament people, parliament robe, parliament time; made or ordained by Parliament, as parliament church, parliament faith, parliament law, parliament religion, (hostile terms); also parliament-cake, -gingerbread, a thin crisp rectangular cake of gingerbread; Parliament-chamber, the room in which a parliament meets, spec. that in the Old Palace of Westminster; Parliament Christmas, a hostile name for Christmas according to New Style, at the introduction of the latter; parliament-heel (Naut.): see quot.; parliament hinge, a hinge with so great a projection from the wall or frame as to allow a door or shutter to swing back against the wall; parliament ordinance: see ordinance n. 7; Parliament Roll: see roll of Parliament. Also parliament-house, -man.[The reason of the name in some of the special combs. has not been ascertained.] 1771Goldsm. Hist. Eng. III. 277 One of the generals of the *parliament army.
1606Progr. Jas. I (1828) II. 53 The King of Great Britain passed in the *Parliament-barge to Gravesend.
1640J. Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) I. 281 The Cancelling..was registrate in the *Parliament-books of that second session.
1821Galt Ann. Parish xix. 182 A general huxtry, with *parliament-cakes, and candles, and pin⁓cushions, as well as other groceries, in their window.
1454Rolls of Parlt. V. 239/2 The Lordes Spirituelx and Temporelx beyng in the *Parlement Chambre. c1543W. Clebe MS. Add. 4609 lf. 409 in the Parker Dom. Archit. III. 79 At Westminster the grete chamboure for your graciouse personne, & the quenes logging, with the parlement chambre & paynted chambre. 1896Law Times CII. 123/2 A Parliament chamber [Inns of Court] is close tiled, except for purposes of discipline affecting character.
1837Southey Doctor cix. IV. 71 There were people..who refused to keep what they called *Parliament Christmas.
1711Hickes Two Treatises (1847) I. 318 We have a parliament religion..parliament bishops, and a *parliament Church. 1726Trapp Popery i. 63 They call our Church and Religion..a Parliament-church, and Religion.
1738Birch Milton I. App. 70 Lord Altham declar'd, That he had been turning over his Father's Papers, amongst which he found a *Parliament-Diary, written by himself.
1581Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. III. 428 Certane small custumes, callit of auld the *Parliament fee or archearis wyne.
1629in Crt. & Times Chas. I (1848) II. 35 What passed between the judges and our *parliament gentlemen upon their appearance the first day of the term, the enclosed will inform you.
1861C. M. Yonge Stokesley Secret iii. 39 A stall full of *parliament gingerbread.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789), *Parliament-heel, the situation of a ship, when she is made to stoop a little to one side, so as to clean the upper part of her bottom on the other side. 1782Ann. Reg. 225 * The Royal George..should receive a sort of slight careen, which the seamen..call a parliament heel.
1841C. Cist Cincinnati in 1841 247 The lighter castings kept in hardware stores—butt and *parliament hinges, for example—will be made here.
1609Bible (Douay) 2 Kings v. comm., Those that..goe to church, to shew them selves obedient to the *Parliament law.
1845James A. Neil i, Have you seen any of the *parliament people there?
1629in Crt. & Times Chas. I (1848) II. 15 Proceedings against the *parliament prisoners in the Star Chamber.
1565Harding Confut. Jewel's Apol. vi. ii. 278 Let vs not be blamed, if we call it *parlament religion, parlament gospell, parlament faith. 1711–26[see Parliament-church].
1533Wriothesley Chron. (Camden) I. 19 The Lordes going in their *Parliament roabes.
1414Rolls of Parlt. IV. 57/2 Enacted in the *Parlement Rolle.
1454Rolls of Parlt. V. 239/2 In tyme of vacation..and not in *Parlement tyme.
▪ II. † parliament, n.2
Error for parament b or palliament.
1539Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 32 Ane gowne of freis claith of gold bordourit with perle of gold lynit with crammasy satyne the hude and parliament of the samyn. 1584R. W. Three Ladies London in Hazl. Dodsley VI. 312 Wouldst know whither with this parliament I go?
▪ III. parliaˈment, v. rare.
[Late ME. parlement, a. OF. parlementer (14th c. in Littré): cf. It. and med.L. parlamentare (1297 in Du Cange) to parley or speak together.]
†1. intr. To talk, converse; to confer, parley. Obs.
1491Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) i. xlviii. 91/2 After that they hadde longe parlemented togyder in theyr langage. 1543St. Papers Hen. VIII, IX. 465 [They] wolde have parlamentidde withe the capteyns of the towne for the rendringe of it. 1596Danett tr. Comines (1614) 301 Who brought word that they were content to parlament. Ibid. 302, 308. 1610 J. Melvill Diary (1842) 223 The King..resolved to Parliament.
†2. trans. ? To assemble, gather together. Obs.
1589Nashe Almond for Parrat 2 The full sinode of Lucifers ministers angells assembled, did parlament all their enuy to the subuersion of our established ministry.
3. intr. To attend Parliament; to discharge the duties of a member of Parliament. Also with it.
1642R. Harris Sermon Ep. Ded., My worke was to Mourne, to Preach; not to Parliament-it. 1786Burns Twa Dogs 147 Wha, aiblins, thrang a parliamentin, For Britain's guid his saul indentin.
4. fig. (humorous) To vociferate, gabble.
1893Field 20 May 714/1 A great phalanx [of geese], which stood loudly ‘parliamenting’ on the mud beyond.
Hence parliaˈmenting vbl. n.
1596Danett tr. Comines (1614) 309 But waiting for this parlamenting I had begun. 1830Galt Lawrie T. i. iv. (1849) 11 There was a pleasure in..our sederunts which I doubt if wiser parliamenting often furnishes. |