| 释义 |
parenthesis|pəˈrɛnθɪsɪs|
Pl. -theses |-siːz|.
[a. med.L., a. Gr. παρένθεσις, f. παρεντιθέναι to put in beside, f. παρ(α- beside + ἐν in + τιθέναι to place, θέσις placing. Cf. F. parenthèse (15th c.), It. parentesi.]
1. a. An explanatory or qualifying word, clause, or sentence inserted into a passage with which it has not necessarily any grammatical connexion, and from which it is usually marked off by round or square brackets, dashes, or commas.
1568Grafton Chron. II. 811 The Duke somwhat marueylyng at his sodaine pauses, as thoughe they were but Parenthesis, with a high countenaunce sayde. 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 83 Parenthesis, an intercluding of a sentence..commonly set betweene two halfe circles, as thus, I am content (not in respect you deserue so much at my hands) onely for pittie sake to hearken vnto you. 1631R. Byfield Doctr. Sabb. 218 Note M. Breerwoods Parenthesies. 1659in Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 283 You see the inconveniency of a long parenthesis; we have forgot the sense that went before. 1762Sterne Tr. Shandy V. xvi, The phenomenon had not been worth a parenthesis. 1880Muirhead Gaius Introd. 12 What is illegible.., but..obvious from the context.., is in italics, within marks of parenthesis ( ).
†b. A passage introduced into a context with which it has no connexion; a digression. Obs.
1600Heywood 1st Pt. Edw. IV Wks. 1874 I. 29 Away with this parenthesis of words. 1654Gataker Disc. Apol. 4 But let this go for a Parenthesis; return we to our task. 1757H. Walpole Lett. H. Mann 5 May (1846) III. 288, I thought you would prefer this parenthesis of politics.
c. As a grammatical or rhetorical figure.
1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xii[i.] (Arb.) 180 Your first figure of tollerable disorder is (Parenthesis) or by an English name the (Insertour). 1836H. Rogers J. Howe xi. (1863) 333 He is..full of involution, parenthesis, and awkward transposition. 1902Daily Chron. 5 May 4/3 That essential quality of the amusing storyteller, the art of parenthesis, the dropping in of the appropriate and unexpected word, the swift and illuminating phrase.
2. transf. An interval; an interlude; a hiatus.
1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. iii. iii, I ne're knew tabacco taken as a parenthesis, before. 1628Earle Microcosm., Antiquary (Arb.) 29 A Manuscript he pores on euer⁓lastingly, especially if the couer be all Moth-eaten, and the dust make a Parenthesis betweene euery Syllable. 1654R. Codrington tr. Iustine iii. 62 In the Parenthesis of time whiles the Infant grew up, he..made Laws for the Spartans. 1796Burney Mem. Metastasio II. 162 Rural amusements usually serve as a parenthesis to music. 1899S. A. Brooke Eng. Lit. 152 During that parenthesis of bad government and national tumult which filled the years between the death of Aldfrith..and the renewed peace and order under Ceolwulf.
3. a. The upright curves ( ) collectively, used to include words inserted parenthetically; now usually in pl. parentheses; ‘round brackets’.
Also extended to the ‘square brackets’ or crotchets [ ].
1715in Somers Tracts II. 436 Our old Bibles..had these Words..in small Letters, and sometimes in a Parenthesis. 1771Luckombe Hist. Printing 274 The Parenthesis serves to inclose such parts of a Period as make no part of the subject. 1823H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 238 This symbol is placed in a parenthesis to distinguish it from a combination of three simple or mixed decrements. 1824[see parenthetic 1]. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. i. iv, Sentences..in quite angular attitudes, buttressed-up by props (of parentheses and dashes). Mod. The words in parentheses.
b. transf. A pair of curved lines or figures resembling ‘round brackets’.
1608Day Law-Trickes iii. E j, Doost see Vulcan with the horning parenthesis in his fore-head! 1820Lamb Elia Ser. i. Christ's Hosp. 35 Yrs. ago, Weaving those ingenious parentheses called cat-cradles.
c. Logic. Such curved lines (brackets) or other symbols used in the notation of formal logic to punctuate a proposition or to indicate that the expression they contain forms a unit within the whole proposition; also attrib. and comb. as parenthesis-free a., a term referring to notation, esp. that of ᴌukasiewicz, which eliminates the need for such symbols.
1918C. I. Lewis Survey Symbolic Logic iv. 233 For any function of one variable we here omit any parenthesis around the variable. 1940W. V. Quine Math. Logic i. 40 The parenthesis notation formulated at the beginning of the section is retained. 1954I. M. Copi Symbolic Logic viii. 253 (heading) A parenthesis-free notation. 1959O. Bird tr. Bochénski's Precis of Math. Logic v. 82 In this it is better to use the Peano-Russell notation with parentheses, since its similarities to algebra facilitate the ‘multiplication’. 1963O. Wojtasiewicz tr. ᴌukasiewicz's Elem. Math. Logic p. ix, I enumerate here the more important new results whose authorship, I think, I may ascribe to myself. They are as follows: i. The parenthesis-free notation of expressions in the sentential calculus and in Aristotle's syllogistic. 1965Dickoff & James Symbolic Logic Pref., The parenthesis-free Lukasiewicz notation was especially convenient. 1976H. Leblanc Truth-Value Semantics i. 11 When no ambiguity threatens, we shall omit the outer parentheses of conditionals, conjunctives..and biconditionals. |