| 释义 |
† paraˈvail, adv. (a.) Obs. exc. Hist.
Also 6 paraual, 6–7 -availe, 7 peravall(e.
[a. OF. par aval down (of direction or position), f. par through, by (often = Eng. be-) + aval, à val, adv. and prep., ‘down’:—L. ad vallem to the valley, as opposed to amont, ad montem to the hill, up.]
Down below or beneath; below one in position; as tenant paravail, one who holds under another who is himself a tenant; spec. with English legal writers since 16th c., the lowest tenant, he who actually worked or occupied the land, etc. Opposed to paramount.
The English view of a tenant paravail was prob. influenced by the erroneous notion which connected the word with avail, because the lowest tenant or actual holder was he who made his avail or profit out of the land. Cf.a1634Coke On Litt. ii. (1642) 296 The Tenant of the land is called Tenant per availe, because it is presumed, that he hath availe and profit by the land.
[1531Fitzherb. Nat. Brev. 80 b, Et le seignur paramount destreigne le tenant paravale pour lez seruicez dont [etc.]. ]1579J. Stubbes Gaping Gulf D iij, In respect whereof al other the greatest castelles, honors, and manors, are but mesnalties or rather very messuages and tenancyes paraual. 1585–6Hooker Serm. Justif. §28 Let the Pope..no longer count himself Lord Paramount over the Princes of the earth, no longer use Kings as his tenants [ed. 1613 servants] paravaile. a1625Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 156 The Lord grants his seigniory, the Mesne must atturne, and not the tenant parauaile: for the Mesne is Tenant to the Lord. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. lix. (1739) 114 All degrees..from the Lord paramont to the Tenant paravale. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. v. 60 The king therefore was stiled lord paramount; A was both tenant and lord, or was a mesne lord; and B was called tenant paravail, or the lowest tenant.
b. court paravail, the court below; a lower or inferior court of law.
a1650Beaumont Poems (N.), But though there lie writs from the courts paramount, To stay the proceedings of the courts paravaile. |