| 释义 |
paralinguistic, a. and n. Linguistics.|ˌpærəlɪŋˈgwɪstɪk|
[f. para-1 alongside + linguistic a. and n.; cf. paralanguage.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to paralanguage; of or pertaining to vocal communication effected non-phonemically by tone of voice, tempo of speech, etc. So ˌparalinˈguistically adv. Cf. kinesic a.
1958A. A. Hill Introd. Ling. Struct. xxi. 409 The para⁓linguistic area investigated by Birdwhistell has been called by him kinesics. 1959[see kinesic a.]. 1964G. L. Trager in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 267 It has become possible to separate out paralinguistic pitch phenomena from those of language proper. 1964Crystal & Quirk (title) Systems of prosodic and paralinguistic features in English. 1965Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XI. 36 This is linguistically and paralinguistically irrelevant. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour v. 89 People are often quite unaware of the emotive, paralinguistic aspects of their speech—they do not realize how cross they sound, for instance. 1971M. L. Samuels in A. J. Aitken et al. Edin. Stud. Eng. & Scots 5 A para⁓linguistic feature like an unusual voice-quality is found to accompany an unusual phonetic system. 1976Amer. Speech 1974 XLIX. 286 Nonverbal, paralinguistic features related to male/female language involve voice pitch, body language and facial expression, and the place of silence in sex-role communication.
B. n. (in form a pl.) [] The study of paralanguage; non-phonemic factors of vocal communication. Cf. kinesics.
1958A. A. Hill Introd. Ling. Struct. xxi. 408 A part of communication activity which is outside the area of microlinguistics..is what can be called paralinguistics. 1958G. L. Trager in Studies in Linguistics XIII. 4 The words paralinguistic and paralinguistics are self-explanatory. 1962D. H. Hymes in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 106 Features of speech, such as tone of voice and hesitation pauses,..phenomena which have recently been systematized in a preliminary way under the heading of ‘paralinguistics’. 1972Sci. Amer. Sept. 60/1 The most probable links to investigate exist within human paralinguistics: the extensive array of facial expressions, body postures, hand signals and vocal tones and emphases that we use to supplement verbal speech. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 53 Linguistic levels..Grammar, lexis, phonology, semantics, graphology, phonetics, paralinguistics. |