| 释义 |
▪ I. para-1|pærə|
before a vowel or h usually par-, repr. Gr. παρα-, παρ-, combining form of παρά prep., occurring in words already formed in Greek, their adaptations, and derivatives, and in modern words formed on the model of these, and, in certain uses, as a living element, in the formation of technical nomenclature.
As a preposition, Gr. παρά had the sense ‘by the side of, beside’, whence ‘alongside of, by, past, beyond’, etc. In composition it had the same senses, with such cognate adverbial ones as ‘to one side, aside, amiss, faulty, irregular, disordered, improper, wrong’; also expressing subsidiary relation, alteration, perversion, simulation, etc. These senses also occur in English derivatives: see parabaptism, parable, paradox, parasite; parallel; parenthesis; parhelion; parish; parochial, parody, paroxysm, etc. Two groups of less usual technical words follow here.
1. Terms (substantival or adjectival) chiefly of Anatomy and Natural History, denoting or relating to an organ or part situated beside or near that denoted by the second element, or standing in some subsidiary relation to it; of Pathology, denoting diseases affecting such parts, or designating disordered conditions and functions (often Latin in form); and of miscellaneous other terms in the sense ‘analogous or parallel to, but separate from or going beyond, that which is denoted by the root word’.
‖ para-anæstˈhesia Path., anæsthesia of both sides of the body, esp. its lower half (Billings 1890). paraˈbronchus Zool., any of the minutest ramifications of the bronchi in the lung of a bird. ‖ paracanˈthosis Path. [Gr. ἄκανθα prickle + -osis], morbid growth of the prickle-cell layer of the skin (Syd. Soc. Lex.). ˈparacarp Bot. [Gr. καρπός fruit], also in L. form ‖ paraˈcarpium, Link's term for an aborted ovary. paraˈcellular a., passing or situated alongside and between cells. paraˈcervical a., pertaining to or designating the region surrounding the cervix; hence paraˈcervically adv. paraˈchromatin Biol., that portion of the nucleoplasm (differing from the rest in taking a faint stain) which forms the spindle in karyokinesis. paraˈchromatism Path., ‘faulty perception of colours’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1893): colour-blindness. para-church (see quot. 1970). ‖ paracolˈpitis Path. [Gr. κόλπος womb], inflammation of the outside of the vagina. paraˈcondyloid a., applied to a process of the occipital bone adjacent to the condyle. paraconˈformity Geol. = non-sequence. ‖ paracope |pəˈrækəʊpiː| [Gr. παρακοπή], delirium of fever; hence paraˈcopic a. (Billings 1890). paracoˈrolla Bot., an appendage to the corolla, as in Narcissus (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1857). ‖ paraˈcousia, paraˈcusis [Gr. ἄκουσις hearing], disordered hearing. ‖ paracyˈesis Path. [Gr. κύησις conception], extra-uterine pregnancy. ˈparacyst, a subsidiary cyst, esp. in the reproductive organs of certain fungi. ‖ paracyˈstitis Path., inflammation in the paracystium or connective tissue round the bladder. ‖ paradeˈnitis Path. [Gr. ἀδήν gland], inflammation around a lymphatic gland. ‖ paraˈdidymis = parepididymis; hence paraˈdidymal a. paraˈfiscal a., ancillary to or containing elements not usually regarded as fiscal. ‖ paraflaˈgellum (pl. -a), a small supplementary flagellum in an infusorian; hence paraˈflagellate a., provided with a paraflagellum or paraflagella. ˌparageoˈsyncline Geol., (a) a geosyncline situated at the edge of a continental kratogen (craton) (? obs.); (b) a geosyncline situated within an older kratogen (craton); [in sense (b) ad. G. parageosynklinale (H. Stille 1935, in Sitzungsber. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wissensch. (Phys.-mat. Kl.) 182)]; hence ˌparageosynˈclinal a. paraˈgerminal a., situated alongside of the germen in a seed. ‖ parageusia |-ˈgjuːsɪə| [Gr. γεῦσις sense of taste], perversion of the sense of taste; also ‖ paraˈgeusis; hence paraˈgeusic a. paraˈglenal [Gr. γλήνη socket of a joint] a., epithet of the coracoid bone or cartilage in fishes; n., the coracoid bone or cartilage of a fish. paragnath |ˈpærəgnæθ|, paragnathus |pəˈrægnəθəs| Zool. (usu. in pl. -gnaths, -gnatha) [Gr. γνάθ-ος jaw], (a) one of the pair of lobes forming the lower lip in most Crustacea; (b) one of the pair of lobes forming the hypopharynx in certain insects; (c) one of several paired, tooth-like scales found inside the mouth of certain annelid worms. ˈparagneiss Petrogr. [a. G. paragneiss (H. Rosenbusch Elem. d. Gesteinlehre (1898) 467)], gneiss derived from sedimentary rocks. paraˈgnosis [gnosis], knowledge which is beyond that which can be accounted for by known methods; so ˈparagnost, a person possessing or allegedly possessing powers of clairvoyance or foreknowledge; paraˈgnostic a. paraˈgrammatism, the confused or incomplete use of grammatical structures found in certain forms of speech disturbance; so paragraˈmmatic, -graˈmmatical adjs. parahippoˈcampal Anat. [hippocampus], a gyrus on the inferior surface of each cerebral hemisphere that posteriorly is continuous via the isthmus with the cingulate gyrus and anteriorly ends in the uncus. paraˈhyal a. (see quot.). ‖ parahypˈnosis, abnormal sleep, as in hypnotized states or somnambulism. ‖ parakeraˈtosis Path. [Gr. κερᾱτό-ω to become horny], skin disease characterized by abnormal development of the horny layer. parakeraˈtotic a. Path., affected by or symptomatic of parakeratosis. ‖ parakiˈnesia Path. [Gr. κίνησις motion], disordered motor function; also ‖ parakiˈnesis. ‖ paraˈlalia Path. [Gr. λαλιά talking, speech], disordered or defective articulation. † paraˈlampsis Path. [Gr. παράλαµψις, f. λάµψις shining], a pearly-looking opacity of the cornea. ‖ paraleˈrema Path. [Gr. παραλήρηµα talking nonsense], slight delirium, ‘wandering’ in speech; also ‖ paraleˈresis; so paraˈlerous a. [Gr. παράληρος talking nonsense], slightly delirious. ‖ paraˈlexia Path. [Gr. λέξις speaking], a form of sensory aphasia in which one word is read for another; hence paraˈlexic a. ‖ paralˈgesia Path. [Gr. ἄλγησις sense of pain], (a) disordered sense of pain; (b) diminished sensibility to pain. ‖ paˈralgia Path. [Gr. ἄλγος pain] sensation akin to pain. paraliˈturgical a., parallel or ancillary to the liturgy. † paraˈmenia Path. [Gr. µῆν-ες menses], disordered or irregular menstruation (Good 1822–34). paraˈmenstruum [menstruum], the period of eight days consisting of the first four days of each menstruation and the preceding four days; hence paraˈmenstrual a. paraˈmetrial a., of or pertaining to the parametrium. ‖ parameˈtritis [Gr. µήτρα uterus, coined in Ger. by R. Virchow 1862, in Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol. XXIII. 416: see quot. 1869], inflammation of the parametrium [back-formation from prec.], the connective tissue by the side of the uterus; hence parameˈtritic a., of, affected with, or pertaining to parametritis. paraˈmitom(e, the more fluid part of protoplasm, as distinguished from the denser and reticulated mitome. ‖ paramˈnesia [ad. F. paramnesie (Lordat Analyse de la Parole (1843) 31, f. Gr. -µνησις memory], disordered or perverted memory, esp. of the meaning of words; now usu. = déjà vu a; hence paramˈnesic a. ‖ paramyˈoclonus Path. [Gr. µῦ-ς, µυο- muscle + κλόνος tumult], a form of convulsions in symmetrically placed muscles. paraˈmyotone Path. [as prec. + Gr. τόνος stretching], a nervous disease, characterized by persistent tonic spasm. paraˈnasal a. Anat., situated beside the nose: the epithet of certain sinuses. ‖ paraˈnema (pl. -mata) Bot. [Gr. νῆµα thread] = paraphysis; hence paraneˈmatic a., pertaining to a paranema. paranephric |-ˈnɛfrɪk| a. [Gr. νεϕρός kidney], occurring in the tissue beside the kidneys. ‖ paraneˈphritis, inflammation of the paranephros or suprarenal capsule; hence paraneˈphritic a., pertaining to or affected with paranephritis. paraˈnotum Ent. (pl. -nota) [notum], in certain insects, a lateral expansion of the dorsal part of a thoracic segment; so paraˈnotal a. ‖ paraˈparesis Path. [Gr. πάρεσις letting go, paralysis], partial paralysis of the lower limbs; hence parapaˈretic a. parapaˈtagial a., pertaining to the parapatāgium, a fold of skin between the neck and shoulder in birds. ‖ paraˈpathia Path. [Gr. πάθος suffering], moral insanity, pathomania. paraˈpetalous a. Bot., situated at each side of a petal, as stamens. ‖ paraˈphasia Path. [cf. aphasia], disordered speech characterized by the incorrect use of words; see also quot. 1972; hence paraˈphasic a. ‖ paˈraphia Path. [Gr. ἁϕή sense of touch], disordered tactile sense. ‖ paraˈphyllum Bot. [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf], (a) a stipule; (b) in certain mosses, a small foliaceous organ between the leaves. paraˈphysical a., subsidiary or collateral to what is physical; of or pertaining to physical phenomena for which no adequate scientific explanation exists. paraˈpolar a., situated beside a pole, or beside the polar cells, as certain cells in Dicyemidæ. parapoˈlitical a. (see quot. 1965). † paˈrapoplexy Path., an attack simulating apoplexy, false apoplexy. ‖ paraˈproctium Anat. [Gr. πρωκτός anus], the connective tissue surrounding the rectum; hence ‖ paraprocˈtitis, inflammation of this. paraˈpsychic a., of or pertaining to mental phenomena etc., for which no adequate scientific explanation exists; also paraˈpsychical a. paraˈrectal a., situated beside the rectum. parareˈligious a., parallel to, or outside, the sphere of orthodox religion. ‖ paˈrarthria Path. [Gr. ἄρθρον joint, ἀρθροῦν to articulate], defective or disordered articulation of speech. parasaˈgittal a. Anat., situated adjacent or parallel to the sagittal plane. ‖ parasalpinˈgitis Path. [Gr. σάλπιγξ trumpet, taken in sense ‘Fallopian tube’], inflammation of the connective tissue around the Fallopian tube. paraseˈcretion Path., abnormal or excessive secretion. parasiˈnoidal a., situated beside a sinus, e.g. of the brain. paraˈstemon Bot. [Gr. στήµων thread, taken as ‘stamen’], a stamen-like appendage, a staminodium. ‖ paraˈstremma Path. [Gr. στρέµµα twisting], a convulsive spasm, distorting the face. † parasyˈnapsis Cytology, the side-by-side pairing of chromosomes at meiosis; hence parasyˈnaptic a., -syˈnaptically adv. † parasynˈdesis Cytology [ad. G. parasyndese (V. Häcker 1907, in Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zool. I. 74), f. Gr. σύνδεσις binding together] = parasynapsis above; hence parasynˈdetically adv. ‖ parasynoˈvitis Path., inflammation of the connective tissue next to the synovial membrane of a joint. parasyphiˈlitic a., indirectly related to or arising from syphilis. paraˈtarsial a., pertaining to the paratarsium or lateral portion of the tarsus in birds. paratecˈtonic a. Geol., (a) accompanying deformation (? obs.); (b) [ad. G. paratektonik n. (H. Stille Einführing in den Bau Amerikas (1940) i. 9)], formed by, or of the nature of, a deformation which is chiefly epeirogenic and produces relatively simple, broad folds such as those in Germany north of the Alps (believed to be characteristic of parageosynclines); cf. orthotectonic adj. s.v. ortho- 1. paraˈterminal a. Anat., epithet of a strip of cortex in the rhinencephalon that lies immediately in front of the lamina terminalis at the anterior end of the third ventricle and superiorly is continuous with the indusium griseum; chiefly in paraterminal gyrus (or † paraterminal body). paraˈthecium Bot. [thecium], in cup fungi and lichens, the outer, dark-coloured layer of an apothecium; so paraˈthecial a. parathyroid |-ˈθaɪərɔɪd|, [ad. mod.L. (glandula) parathyreoidea (coined in Sw. by I. Sandström 1880, in Upsala Läkareförenings Förhandl. XV. 466)] one of several bodies adjacent to the thyroid gland; freq. attrib. or as adj., esp. in parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone (= parathormone); hence parathyˈroidal a., pertaining to a parathyroid. paraˈtomial a., situated beside the tomium or cutting edge of a bird's bill; pertaining to the paratomium or lateral part of the upper jaw in birds. paˈratomous a., (a) See quot. 1857; (b) Zool., of or pertaining to paratomy. paˈratomy Zool. [ad. G. paratomie (F. von Wagner 1890, in Zool. Jahrbücher. Abth. für Anat. IV. 393): see -tomy], in certain annelid worms, asexual reproduction in which new organs are developed before the division of the animal into two or more parts. paraˈtracheal a. Bot., describing the structure of wood in which the position of the parenchyma depends on that of the vessels. † paraˈtripsis [Gr. τρίψις rubbing] rubbing; hence paraˈtriptic a., pertaining to or effected by rubbing (Billings 1890). ‖ paraˈtrophia, paˈratrophy Path. [Gr. τροϕή food], disordered nutrition; hence paraˈtrophic a. ‖ paratyˈphlitis Path. [Gr. τυϕλός blind, taken in sense ‘cæcum’], inflammation of the connective tissue next to the cæcum; perityphlitis. ‖ parauˈchenium Ornith. [Gr. αὐχήν neck], Illiger's term for the lateral region of the neck. ‖ paravagiˈnitis = paracolpitis. paravenˈtricular a. Anat., situated next to a ventricle: epithet of (a) a nucleus in the hypothalamus situated above the supra-optic nucleus, and (b) one of the mid-line nuclei of each thalamus. paraˈvesical a. [L. vēsīca bladder], situated beside the bladder. Also parabasal, parachordal, paragaster, parotid, etc., q.v.
1893A. Newton Dict. Birds ii. 522 Secondary Bronchi.., besides opening into Air-sacs, send off a number of radially-arranged *parabronchia [sic], all of which extend to and end blindly near the surface of the Lungs. 1971Sci. Amer. Dec. 75/1 The bird lung is perforated by the finest branches of the bronchial system, which are called parabronchi.
1900G. Eisen in Jrnl. Morphol. XVII. 16, I designate as *paracellular bodies numerous non-cellular bodies situated between the regular cells of the testes. 1977Lancet 15 Jan. 139/2 During intestinal secretion considerable ion movement occurs by a paracellular route via lateral intercellular spaces and the so-called tight junctions rather than through the cells.
1922R. T. Frank Gynecol. & Obstetr. Path. xii. 439 Three zones [of pelvic connective tissue spaces] are readily demonstrable—a para-vesical, *para-cervical and para-rectal one. 1945Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. L. 527 (heading) Para⁓cervical anesthesia for the relief of labor pains. Ibid. 532 The injection of anesthetic solutions paracervically produces prompt relief from the pain caused by uterine contractions. 1977Lancet 29 Jan. 260/1, I learnt my lesson whilst demonstrating to a colleague how simple is a termination of pregnancy using paracervical block as a local anæsthetic.
1970Guardian Weekly 12 Dec. 14 Groups that don't attract or seek publicity, that meet in upper rooms... This is sometimes called the *para-church, the church of the future which is beginning to take shape. 1976Church Times 17 Dec. 6/3 The author shows that the ‘underground’ churches that sprang up in the late 1960s have rightly given place to a new form—namely the ‘para-church’, or alternative church— which exists alongside the institutional churches.
1889J. M. Duncan Lect. Dis. Women xxii. (ed. 4) 171 *Para-colpitis.
1957Dunbar & Rodgers Princ. Stratigr. vi. 119/2 We propose to restrict the term disconformity to the third type, in which two units of stratified rocks are parallel but the surface of unconformity is an old erosion surface of appreciable relief, and to introduce a new term *paraconformity for the fourth type, in which the beds are parallel and the contact is a simple bedding plane. 1975Nature 3 Jan. 15/1 Here we use the term unconformity to refer to a significant gap (demonstrated or inferred) in the stratigraphic record (disconformity or paraconformity).
1888Nature 19 July 288/2 Paradoxal deafness..the *paracousia of Willis, in which the patient is deaf to words uttered in the silence of a room, but not in a noisy street.
1657Physical Dict., *Paracousis, noise in the ears which comes from a præternatural motion of the air which is naturally contained in the ears.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 123 *Paracyesis. Morbid pregnancy.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 243 Inflammation of..the loose adipose and connective tissue of the lower and lateral parts of the urinary bladder..known as..*paracystitis.
1968Economist 30 Nov. 66/3 Either it would mean higher prices for French farmers..or else some *parafiscal expedient to prevent this which would be a breach in the whole common price principle. 1974B. Pearce tr. Amin's Accumulation on World Scale I. ii. 257 It is not practicable to take a share of their profits away from these enterprises by fiscal or parafiscal measures. 1978Guardian Weekly 26 Mar. 12/1 Sums collected as parafiscal levies..by employer associations.
1885E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 856/1 With a single anterior large flagellum or some⁓times with two additional *paraflagella.
1956L. U. de Sitter Struct. Geol. xxiv. 346 The blocks or nuclei sometimes became partly nuclear (*para⁓geosynclinal) basins, and partly remained continuously above sea level. 1961Jrnl. Geol. LXIX. 650/2 Northern Sakhalin..was characterized during the Tertiary by parageosynclinal conditions.
1923C. Schuchert in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXXIV. 199 These recording basins can not be grouped into any of the mentioned types of geosynclines, since some of them have oceanic depths, but all are actually a part of the Asiatic continent. They are marginal geosynclines or *parageosynclines (geosynclines beside a continent). 1936tr. H. Stille in Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XX. 853 Less intense orogenies..may take place in areas prepared by having been ‘special basins’ (parageosynclines) in regions that had become consolidated earlier. 1941Ibid. XXV. 1403 The influx of orthogeosynclinal clastics into the Artinskian parageosyncline (in the sense of Stille) is comparable with the invasion of Ouachita-derived geosynclinal sediments into the base of the Strawn in the Oklahoman geosyncline. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 446/2 A ring of Paleozoic basins (‘parageosynclines’) surrounds both the Canadian and the Scandinavian shields.
1876Klein in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XVI. 116 That portion..which is..over⁓hanging the *paragerminal groove.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 327 *Parageusia is seen in nearly every form of insanity.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 204 *Parageusis. Morbid Taste.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 170 The sides of the mouth [of the common crayfish] are overhung by the bases of the mandibles, and behind the latter are two small soft lobes united by the posterior margin of the mouth. These lobes are the *paragnatha, metastoma, or lower lip. 1921Psyche XXVIII. 86, I would claim that the so-called ‘superlinguæ’ of insects most emphatically do represent the paragnaths of Crustacea. 1952R. C. Moore et al. Invertebr. Fossils xi. 454/2 (caption) Morphologic features of worms...Paragnaths. One or more pairs of minute denticulate distal plates. 1963R. P. Dales Annelids ii. 43 Between this muscular part or ‘pharynx’ and the mouth [of nereids] is a membraneous buccal tube bearing small immovable teeth or paragnaths.
1902A. Harker Petrol. (ed. 3) xxii. 331 All these have the chemical composition of sedimentary rocks; Rosenbusch styles them ‘*paragneisses’, in contra-distinction to ‘orthogneisses’, which have the composition of, and are believed to represent, igneous rocks. 1932Paragneiss [see orthogneiss s.v. ortho- 1]. 1965Mem. Geol. Survey Dept. Malawi No. 3 vii. 102 The dominant paragneisses in the hilly area around the Chaumbwi vent are quartzo-feldspathic granulites which occur as belts up to 1,100 yards wide.
1933‘W. Carington’ Death of Materialism viii. 193, I shall..use the words ‘*paragnosis’, ‘paragnostic’ and the like; the point being that all the phenomena I have in mind..show signs of the possession or acquisition of knowledge (gnosis) which is, prima facie, beyond (para) what can be ascribed to the operation of classical law. 1946G. N. M. Tyrrell Personality of Man v. 53 Paragnosis, awareness of additional to normal knowledge.
1964J. H. Pollack Croiset (1965) i. 14 His mentor, Professor W. H. C. Tenhaeff, calls him a ‘*paragnost’, a word which he coined in 1932. 1973Radio Times 1 Nov. 67/4 More Things in Heaven and Earth... Gerard Croiset paragnost and healer.
1958Goodglass & Hunt in Saporta & Bastian Psycholinguistics (1961) 449/1 Most authorities have distinguished between an ‘agrammatic’ form [of aphasia], marked by simplification and loss of grammatical detail, and a ‘*paragrammatic’ form, marked by confused and incomplete, but not necessarily simplified constructions.
1962Fish & Stanton tr. Kleist's Sensory Aphasia v. 71 ‘Then it is left had’..is paragrammatical.
1924A. A. Brill tr. Bleuler's Textbk. Psychiatry xiii. 397 At times grammar fails them [sc. schizophrenics] (*paragrammatism). Many words are used incorrectly. 1946Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. XXXVII. 11 Paraphasia and paragrammatism are generally associated with the receptive (‘temporal’) syndromes. 1961W. R. Brain Speech Disorders iv. 43 Sentence-deafness is characterized by a difficulty in understanding sentences and by ‘paragrammatism’ in expression, a term intended by Kleist to describe confusion in the use and order of words and grammatical forms. 1962Fish & Stanton tr. Kleist's Sensory Aphasia v. 67 (heading) Sentence deafness and its abortive form with paragrammatism.
1958Gray's Anat. (ed. 32) 1031 The *parahippocampal gyrus..commences at the isthmus, where it is directly continuous with the gyrus cinguli, and passes forwards bounded on its lateral side by the collateral and rhinal Sulci. 1969Truex & Carpenter Human Neuroanat. (ed. 6) xxi. 522/2 The lateral olfactory stria, the uncus, and the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus constitute the..pyriform lobe. 1972M. L. Barr Human Nervous Syst. xiii. 213/1 The parahippocampal gyrus..hooks sharply backward as the uncus.
1895Athenæum 16 Mar. 348/3 Dr. Mivart..represented two lateral processes of the basihyal (for which he proposed the name *parahyal processes) as probably distinctive of the whole of the Psittaci.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 882 Bowen..regards the disease as a *parakeratosis.
1943Arch. Dermatol. & Syphilol. XLVII. 9 In an area above a large focal infiltration of the cutis the epidermis was thin and covered by a condensed *parakeratotic horny layer. 1973Internat. Jrnl. Dermatol. XII. 153/1 This histologic picture consists of a parakeratotic column that stains lighter than the adjacent stratum corneum on hematoxylin and eosin stains.
1878tr. von Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. XIV. 845 *Paralalia is that affection in which the patient..brings forth a different sound from the one he wishes to utter.
1878tr. von Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. XIV. 790 In *paralexia incorrect words are uttered. 1950Jrnl. Speech & Hearing Disorders XV. 291/1 Paralexia is defined as the substitution of any other word or words for the given symbol in reading.
1900Lancet 15 Sept. 822/1 On being asked to read aloud from a newspaper..his reading was markedly *paralexic.
1885Landois & Stirling Text-bk. Hum. Physiol. II. 1097 The term ‘cutaneous *paralgia’ is applied to..itching, creeping, formication. 1893A. S. Eccles Sciatica 60 Hyperæsthesia, paralgia, and anæsthesia are also greatly modified.
1977Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Feb. 225/1 Much hagiographical material was transmitted through the liturgy. Eventually, miracle plays based on saints' lives made their appearance as a *para⁓liturgical halfway-house between ritual and drama. 1978G. Wainwright in C. Jones et al. Study of Liturgy ii. i. i. 38 Paraliturgical activities flourished: the Stations of the Cross, the rosary, the cult of the Sacred Heart.
1968Sunday Times 29 Dec. 3 The *para-menstrual failure rate in ‘O’ level candidates was 17 per cent. for girls whose menstrual loss lasted up to four days.
1966K. Dalton in Proc. R. Soc. Med. LIX. 1015/2 *Paramenstruum is used in this study for the four days immediately before menstruation and the first four days of menstruation. 1970Times 30 Sept. 14 Recent studies have shown that in women half of all medical and surgical admissions to hospital occur during the paramenstruum. 1976Drive Sept.–Oct. 31/2 The paramenstruum (the four days before menstruation and the first four days of blood-loss).
1869J. M. Duncan Pract. Treat. Perimetritis & Parametritis 4 It is..to Virchow that I am indebted for the suggestion of the chief terms I propose to use habitually. Taking example from the heart and other organs, he proposes to use peri to imply inflammation of serous membrane, and he uses para to imply inflammation of [adjacent] cellular or connective tissue... Perimetritis, then, will strictly imply inflammation of the uterine peritoneum. *Parametritis will imply inflammation of the cellular tissue in connection with the uterus. 1903St. Louis Med. Rev. XLVII. 449/2, I advised that the patient submit to examination under anesthesia, when the obstructing mass could be cleared away and the extent of the *parametrial involvement approximately determined. 1962J. W. Huffman Gynecol. & Obstetr. vi. 140/2 Cervical tears at labor may extend upward into the..parametrial tissues.
1889J. M. Duncan Lect. Dis. Women xxx. (ed. 4) 244 The frequent occurrence of albuminuria in *parametritic cases.
1874Jones & Siev. Pathol. Anat. (ed. 2) 758 *Parametritis is..inflammation by the side of the uterus. 1889J. M. Duncan Lect. Dis. Women xxviii. (ed. 4) 225 A very common name for parametritis is pelvic cellulitis.
1878tr. H. von Ziemssen's Cycl. Pract. Med. VIII. 281 These abnormal conditions in the *parametrium are described by various authors under different names..: for example, phlegmon of the pelvis (Erichsen), parametritis phlegmonosa (Virchow), and purulent oedema (Pirogoff). 1908Practitioner Aug. 312 Nine days later rigors commenced, and in the right parametrium there was a diffuse infiltration, though thrombosed veins were not palpable. 1967G. M. Wyburn et al. Conc. Anat. i. 43 The general condensation of tissue around the base of the broad ligament and lower end of the cervix of the uterus is known as ‘parametrium’.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life p. xxi, Protoplasm..as a rule..is more or less vesicular, consisting of a denser substance (mitome) enclosing droplets of a more fluid character (enchylema, *paramitome). 1893Syd. Soc. Lex., Paramitom.
1888Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. I. 735 Several philosophers..have noticed that illusions of memory occur in dreams; and, judging from the writer's own experience, such phenomena are not uncommon. Several dreams illustrative of *paramnesia have come to my notice. 1941Mind L. 323 However strong the feeling that this has all happened before, it may turn out that one is not remembering, but suffering from paramnesia, a feeling of déjà vu. 1961J. Heller Catch-22 (1962) xx. 202 The subtle, recurring confusion between illusion and reality that was characteristic of paramnesia fascinated the chaplain.
1897Mind VI. 285, I frequently read a new poem with a vague sense of familiarity, but such an experience never puts on a really *paramnesic character, as I quickly realise that it is explainable by the fact that the writer of the poem has fallen under the influence of Heine, or Tennyson, or Rosetti, as the case may be. 1963Lancet 19 Jan. 164/2, I emerged from my paramnesic reverie to see the two attendants pursuing me across the hall.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 896 All cases of *paramyoclonus cannot be hysterical.
1892Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. I. 540 Ataxic *paramyotone.
1909J. P. Schaeffer in Univ. Pennsylvania Med. Bull. XXII. 235/1 While making a study of the sinus maxillaris..my attention was called to some anatomical conditions which to my mind are of great importance in arriving at the etiology, diagnosis, and proper treatment of some affections of this *paranasal chamber. 1954L. B. Arey Developmental Anat. (ed. 6) xxvi. 528 Lodged within the adjoining bones, and in communication with the nasal cavity, are several irregular chambers known collectively as the paranasal sinuses. 1973J. Davies in Paparella & Shumrick Otolaryngology I. iii. 166/2 The paranasal air sinuses comprise the maxillary, the ethmoidal, the frontal, and the sphenoidal sinuses.
1866Treas. Bot. 845/2 *Paranemata, the paraphyses of algals and other cryptogams.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 454 *Paranephric cysts.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., *Paranephritis..*Paranephritic.
1916G. C. Crampton in Jrnl. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. XXIV. 8, I would refer to these lateral folds as the ‘*paranota’, regardless of whether they are entirely tergal in origin, or entirely pleural, or a combination of both. The theories dealing with this origin of the wings may therefore be referred to as the *paranotal theories. 1935R. E. Snodgrass Princ. Insect Morphol. viii. 158 A third stage was inaugurated with the transformation of the paranotal lobes of the mesothorax and the metathorax into movable organs of true flight. 1964R. M. & J. W. Fox Introd. Compar. Entomol. iv. 112 Although no insect, living or fossil, is known to have paranota that can be clearly interpreted as precursory to wings, paranota are present in certain living insects. 1973Nature 16 Nov. 127/1 He [sc. G. C. Crampton] pronounced judgment unequivocally in favour of the paranotal theory.
1880Gray Struct. Bot. vi. §2 (ed. 6) 178 note, *Parapetalous, those stamens which stand at each side of a petal, yet not necessarily before a sepal.
1866A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 657 A difficulty of speech may consist in an inability to use the proper words to express the mental ideas... This difficulty is sometimes distinguished as *paraphasia. 1946Paraphasia [see paragrammatism above]. 1959Schuell & Jenkins in H. Schuell Aphasia (1974) xi. 212 Jargon and paraphasia were present. 1972Sci. Amer. Apr. 78/2 Verbal paraphasia is the substitution of one word or phrase for another... Literal or phonemic paraphasia is the substitution of incorrect sounds in otherwise correct words.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 428 A possible cause of *paraphasic speech.
1863Berkeley Brit. Mosses Gloss. 312 *Paraphylla, variously shaped foliaceous or filamentous bodies produced near the leaves, but not at definite points like stipules.
1866Treas. Bot. 845/2 *Paraphyllia, stipules.
1826Blackw. Mag. XX. 853 Physical or *paraphysical; logical or paralogical; nay, even metaphysical or parametaphysical; nothing comes amiss to a German romancer. 1933O. Lodge in T. Besterman tr. Driesch's Psychical Res. p. ix, For the experimental establishment of reality the paraphysical stand first, although they are admittedly on a lower plane and have less important consequences than the psychical variety. 1934Mind XLIII. 255 The ‘theories’ of psychical research in their application to ‘paraphysical’ and ‘parapsychical’ phenomena. 1961Ann. Reg. 1960 420 A lady had bought an instrument which was claimed by its maker to be capable of diagnosis and treatment on a para-physical plane.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. xi. 653 Cells of the adjacent part of the body (*parapolar cells).
1965D. Easton Framework Polit. Anal. iv. 52, I shall refer to the internal political groups and organizations as *parapolitical systems and retain the concept ‘political system’ for political life in the most inclusive unit being analyzed, namely, in a society. 1968F. G. Bailey in M. J. Swartz Local-Level Politics (1969) xiii. 281 My hope..is a model for all kinds of politics in village India, and beyond that for politics in all para⁓political situations. 1971P. A. Allum Politics & Society Post-War Naples (1973) vi. 166 Party and para-political organisation membership is a sine qua non of a successful candidature.
1911H. Carrington in Flournoy's Spiritism & Psychol. i. 39 The most striking case of this character which I have encountered is that of Mme. Guelt, in which *parapsychic gifts and tendencies were manifested in four generations of her family. 1930D. Ibberson tr. Oesterreich's Possession ii. vii. 267 Accounts of the parapsychic performances of the mediums are not susceptible of subsequent proof.
1918D. Wright in Boirac's Psychic Sci. p. v, Unless we choose to coin a special word for the purpose, such as ‘*parapsychical’, as suggested by Dr. Boirac. 1957Rhine & Pratt Parapsychol. i. 5 The observations and events dealt with in parapsychology—parapsychical phenomena—are associated in some central way with living organisms.
1893Syd. Soc. Lex., *Pararectal pouch, a name sometimes given to the peritoneal pouch on either side of the upper part of the rectum.
1966New Statesman 18 Feb. 229/2 These uncommitted people were unable to take up new religions, but they could adopt a set of *parareligious dogma if it was called scientific. 1974Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 31 May 7/6 What is usually involved in ‘black magic’ here is not really necromancy or witchcraft, but rather ‘anteria’, a para⁓religious form of African origin and related to Macumba in Brazil and voodoo in Haiti.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Parasagittal. 1925Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. XXXIX. 200 (caption) Parasagittal section near the median line, showing the tractus olfacto-tuberalis and its connections. 1929Brain & Strauss Recent Adv. Neurol. iv. 57 Parasagittal meningiomas..arise from the wall of the superior longitudinal sinus. 1969D. Sutton Textbk. Radiol. lix. 1051/2 Parasagittal tumours being in the midline, and often bilateral, are better shown by encephalography than angiography. 1975Nature 6 Mar. 48/2 Parasagittal crests relatively far apart and meeting posteriorly almost at posterior border of frontoparietal.
1893Syd. Soc. Lex., *Parasinoidal spaces, the spaces in the dura mater..which contain the Pacchionian bodies.
1909E. B. Wilson in Jrnl. Exper. Zool. VI. 84 Pyrrochoris shows a close similarity to Tomopteris... This comparison has convinced me that synapsis occurs at the same period in both—whether by *parasynapsis (side to side union) or telosynapsis (end to end union). [Note] I have for some years made use of these terms in my lectures on cytology. 1912,1925[see parasyndesis below]. 1932Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Genetics II. 319 Parasynapsis may be demonstrated..by observation of actual side-by-side association of homologous chromosomes or chromosome-segments at zygotene. 1956Biol. Abstr. XXX. ii. (Index), Parasynapsis. (See Chromosomes; Meiosis.)
1910Ann. Bot. XXIV. 727 Grégoire.., while agreeing with the *parasynaptic chromosome formation, put a different interpretation on to the ‘gamosomes’ and ‘zygosomes’ of Strasburger and Miyake. 1912Jrnl. Exper. Zool. XIII. 394 Bivalent segments, each consisting of two chromosomes in parasynaptic union. 1921Ann. Bot. XXXV. 386 Both the telosynaptic and the parasynaptic methods of synapsis may occur, the latter perhaps more largely in forms with long thready chromosomes and the former with short and stout chromosomes. 1929Jrnl. Genetics XXI. 46 In Prunus cerasus..the method of pairing is parasynaptic, judging from the occurrence of diplotene chiasmata and their occasional persistence to metaphase as interstitial exchanges.
1910Ann. Bot. XXIV. 752 Whether these univalent strands join with their homologous pairs telosynaptically or *parasynaptically, or by any other intermediate method between these two extremes, resolves itself merely into a question of non-essential detail. 1926Genetics XI. 274 It was thought that one could differentiate in a triploid between splitting and parasynaptic union of chromosome threads, because it seemed possible that the three threads might all unite parasynaptically.
1911Jrnl. Morphol. XXII. 754 The main difference between the views of *parasyndesis and metasyndesis lies in the interpretation of the longitudinal cleft of the gemini. 1912Jrnl. Exper. Zool. XIII. 392 Do they [sc. the chromatin-elements] conjugate side by side (parasynapsis, parasyndesis), end to end (telosynapsis, metasyndesis) or in both ways? 1925E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 3) vi. 508 Evidence has steadily accumulated to show that in a large class of cases synapsis involves a side-by-side union of the synaptic mates (parasynapsis or parasyndesis) instead of an end-to-end union..as was formerly supposed.
1911Jrnl. Morphol. XXII. 750 The chromosomes conjugate *parasyndetically. 1929Jrnl. Genetics XIX. 171 She found a continuous spireme composed of parasyndetically paired threads alternating with single ones.
1899Brit. Med. Jrnl. 25 Nov. 1483 Both tabes and general paralysis are *parasyphilitic affections.
1938Knopf & Ingerson Struct. Petrology viii. 110 Such a structure is a typical *paratectonic crystallization under conditions of differential displacement. 1956L. U. de Sitter Struct. Geol. i. 15 Paratectonic Regions contain curved folds, predominantly of concentric type without thickening of the strata in the hinges, accompanied by faulting which is secondary to the folding. 1969Mem. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XII. xxiv. 309/1 South of the fundamental Highland Boundary fault zone, inliers of the paratectonic Caledonides consist of Cambrian through Lower Devonian strata typified by simpler upright fold styles and a low degree of metamorphism. 1973Nature 5 Oct. 244/2 Thickening of crust in paratectonic orogeny when two continental plates collide.
1901G. E. Smith in Jrnl. Anat. & Physiol. XXXV. 434 The..‘*paraterminal body’ is a structure of great morphological interest and importance, the essential unity of which has not hitherto been recognised. 1935Gray's Anat. (ed. 26) 964 Immediately in front of the lamina terminalis and almost co-extensive with it, there is a narrow, triangular field of grey matter, which is termed the paraterminal gyrus (paraterminal body). 1951O. Larsell Anat. Nervous Syst. (ed. 2) xvii. 428 The septal or paraterminal area{ddd}includes the gray substance of the basal portion of the cerebral hemisphere extending from the region of the anterior commissure to the caudal end of the anterior olfactory nucleus.
1921A. L. Smith Handbk. Brit. Lichens 141/1 *Parathecium, layer surrounding the thecium (hymenium). 1973M. A. Letrouit-Galinou in Ahmadjian & Hale Lichens ii. 76 The parathecial apparatus..comprises (1) a parathecium, often cup-shaped, flaring, and composed of filaments which..are elongated and branched [etc.].
1895Jrnl. Physiol. XVIII. p. xxx, The tissue of the *para⁓thyroid gland does not at all resemble that of the thyroid in its adult form. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 314 Certain bodies known as accessory thyroids and parathyroids. 1925Jrnl. Biol. Chem. LXIII. 395 (heading) The extraction of a parathyroid hormone which will prevent or control parathyroid tetany and which regulates the level of blood calcium. 1948Martin & Hynes Clin. Endocrinol. v. 101 Four parathyroid glands are normally situated at the posterior extremities of the lateral lobes of the thyroid. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 1 Mar. 136/1 There are two parathyroids in the bird. 1968Times 10 Feb. 5/2 Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands, situated in the neck.
Ibid., *Parathyroidal and thyroidal tissue do not play an equivalent part in preventing the development of the symptoms which follow thyroidectomy.
1847Webster *Parotomous. 1857Mayne Expos. Lex., Paratomous, Mineral. applied to cleavage when its planes are parallel with those of the fundamental figure, or are inclined to the axis. 1963R. P. Dales Annelids viii. 162 In this genus [sc. Trypanosyllis] a series may be traced from T. coeliaca, in which simple paratomous stolonization occurs.
1930J. Stephenson Oligochaeta xiii. 522 It would seem that regeneration after separation is the more primitive form; regeneration before separation a more recent development; the first is called..architomy, the second *paratomy. 1963R. P. Dales Annelids viii. 161 The fragmentation of an individual into two or more parts may be referred to as ‘scissiparity’, either before (‘architomy’) or after (‘paratomy’) formation of heads on the parts which break away.
1908*Paratracheal [see metatracheal s.v. meta- 4]. 1933Tropical Woods XXXVI. 9 Paratracheal Parenchyma, aggregated wood parenchyma in assocation with the vessels or vascular tracheids. 1965K. Esau Plant Anat. (ed. 2) xi. 258 The phylogenetic sequence among the distributional types of wood parenchyma is from the diffuse arrangement to the other apotracheal and the paratracheal types.
1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 60/1 Any process of mis⁓nutrition or *paratrophia.
1857Mayne Expos. Lex., *Paratrophic.
1893Syd. Soc. Lex., Paratrophic, of or belonging to paratrophy. *Paratrophy, a malnutrition; also, hypertrophy.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 879 ‘*Paratyphlitis’ conveyed the same view of the position of the inflammatory changes. 1893Syd. Soc. Lex., Paravesical pouch, the peritoneal pouch on either side of the bladder.
1935J. C. White Autonomic Nervous Syst. iii. 19 There is a good deal of evidence that the *paraventricular nuclei [sic] preside over the sympathetic system. 1942F. A. Mettler Neuroanat. xiv. 321 More diffuse cells scattered about in the ventricular wall are collectively called the paraventricular nuclei..and represent what is left of a system which, in lower forms, interrelates the two thalami. 1945Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. LXXXIII. 11 Here [sc. laterally] the anterior paraventricular nucleus becomes a thin, vertical strip of cells. Ibid., Ventrally and dorsally the posterior paraventricular nucleus fades into the surrounding periventricular gray. 1972M. L. Barr Human Nervous Syst. xi. 190/2 The precursors of vasopressin and oxytocin appear in the cytoplasm of cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei as neurosecretory droplets or granules.
2. In Chemistry, para- is used to form:
a. Names of substances that are (or have been supposed to be) modifications of those to the names of which para- is prefixed, or that have been produced along with or instead of these, or, sometimes, that merely occur with them.
This nomenclature appears to have been first used by Berzelius in 1830 (cf. Poggendorf's Annalen XIX. 328, where he introduces acidum paraphosphoricum and paraphosphates, also acidum paratartaricum, a. parastannicum).
In some cases the para- derivatives are isomers or polymers of the simply-named substance, e.g. paraldehyde, paratoluene; but in others they are neither isomeric with nor closely related to them, e.g. naphthalene C10H8, paranaphthalene C14H10.
paraˈbenzene (paraˈbenzol) (C6H6)n, a hydrocarbon isomeric with benzene, occurring along with it in light coal oil. paraˈbuxine, an alkaloid, C24H48N2O, obtained from the bark of the box-tree. paracamˈphoric a., in p. acid, inactive camphoric acid. paraˈcarthamin, a red substance allied to carthamin, contained in the bark of Cornus sanguinea, dogwood. paraˈcasein, a phosphoprotein produced as a calcium compound in the form of a curd by the action of rennet on milk; hence paraˈcaseinate, a compound of paracasein with a metal. paraˈcellulose, a supposed modification of cellulose, occurring in the cellular tissue and pith of plants. paraˈcitric a., in p. acid = aconitic acid. paraˈconic a. [aconic], in p. acid, one of the isomeric acids of constitution C5H6O4. paˈraconine, an artificial variety of conine, C8H15N, differing from it in some of its chemical reactions and physical qualities. paraˈcresol, one of the toluol alcohols found in urine; hydroxyltoluene. para-eˈllagic a., in p. acid = rufigallic acid. paraˈfibrin, a supposed modification of fibrin occurring in certain morbid conditions (Syd. Soc. Lex.). paraforˈmaldehyde, a polymer of formic or methyl aldehyde; also called ˈparaform. parafuˈmaric a., in p. acid = maleic acid. paralˈbumin, a form of albumin found by Scherer in ovarian cysts. paramaˈleic a., in p. acid = fumaric acid. paraˈmalic a., in p. acid = Diglycollic acid, O.2 (CH2.COOH): see glycollic. parameˈconic a., in p. acid = comenic acid. parameniˈspermine, an alkaloid left as an insoluble residue after the extraction of menispermine, C18H12NO2, of which it is an isomer. paˈramic a., in p. acid, derived from paramide. ˈparamide = mellitimide. paraˈmorphia, paraˈmorphine = thebaine, C19H21NO3. paˈramylene = decene, C10H20. paˈramylum, -one, a carbohydrate closely allied to starch (amylum, amyl2) of formula (C6H10O5)n, found in starch-like granules in Euglena viridis, a flagellate infusorian. paraˈmyosin, a protein which forms the thick filaments of the contractile units of molluscan muscle; paramyoˈsinogen, a proteid occurring in muscle-plasma. paraˈnaphthalene = anthracene. paˈraniline, a polymer of aniline, C12H14N2, obtained in long white silky needles. paˈranthracene, a crystalline isomeric modification of anthracene: see quot. paraˈpectic a., in p. acid, C24H34O23, an uncrystallizable acid formed from pectic acid or pectin by long boiling, or by the action of pectose. paraˈpectin, a neutral substance, C32H46O31, derived, as a translucent jelly, from pectin by boiling and precipitating with alcohol. paraˈpeptone, a substance allied to syntonin, precipitated on neutralizing the action of gastric juice on egg-albumin. † paraphoˈsphoric a., in p. acid, Berzelius's name for pyrophosphoric acid; its salts are paraphosphates. paraˈpicoline, an oily base, C12H14N2, a polymer of picoline, and formed from it by the action of sodium. paraˈprotein [a. G. paraprotein (K. Apitz 1940, in Virchows Arch. CCCVI. 685)], any of various proteins found in the blood only in certain diseases (as myelomatosis); hence ˌparaproteiˈnæmia [ad. G. paraproteinämie (K. Apitz, loc. cit.), f. Gr. αἷµα blood], the presence of paraproteins in the blood; paˈrarabin, a modification of arabin, prepared from carrots or beet-root, not yielding sugar on treatment with dilute acids. ˌpararoˈsaniline [ad. G. pararosanilin (E. & O. Fischer 1878, in Ann. der Chem. CXCIV. 266)], a colourless, crystalline alcohol (H2NC6H4)3COH, which is used in making triphenylmethane dyes and whose red hydrochloride is used as a biological stain. paraˈsaccharose, an isomeric modification of saccharose or cane-sugar, C12H22O11, formed by a special fermentation of a solution of sugar-candy: see quot. paraˈsalicyl, the salicylide of benzoyl, C14H10O3; also called spirin. paraˈsorbic a., in parasorbic acid, an isomer of sorbic acid, C6H8O2, a volatile oily liquid obtained from mountain-ash berries. paraˈstannic a., in p. oxide, a name given by Berzelius to the calcined form of stannic oxide, which differs in some properties from the ordinary oxide. paratarˈtaric a., in p. acid (Berzelius, 1830) = racemic acid; paraˈtartramide = racemamide (see amide 2). paraˈtoluene, an isomer of toluene, C7H8, along with which it occurs in light coal-tar oil; also paraˈtoluol. paraˈxanthine, a substance, C15H17N9O4, having relations with the xanthine group, obtained by Salomon from urine. See also parabanic, paraldehyde, etc.
1866–72Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 340 *Parabenzene..has a faint alliaceous odour, less pleasant than that of pure benzene.
1857–62Miller Elem. Chem. (ed. 2) III. 654 note, Church found..a hydrocarbon isomeric with benzol which he terms *parabenzol.
1906*Paracasein [see caseinogen]. 1937A. L. & K. G. B. Winton Struct. Foods III. 184 Paracasein at 5° and 23°C. has 1·5 times as much base-combining power as casein. 1959Jenness & Patton Princ. Dairy Chem. x. 314 In view of the close similarity between the casein and paracasein, it is not surprising that the mechanism of the primary action of rennin has long remained obscure. 1961Paracasein [see caseinogen].
1907Chem. Abstr. I. 1740 Pure neutral sodium caseinate and sodium *paracaseinate solutions..are not precipitated by saturation with pure sodium chloride. 1937A. L. & K. G. B. Winton Struct. Foods III. 185 Rennet-casein..consists of calcium paracaseinate, formed from the calcium caseinate associated with dicalcium phosphate carried down mechanically.
1866–72Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 341 The utricular tissue forming the medullary rays of wood consists of *paracellulose. 1893Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Paracellulose..is characterized chemically by being insoluble in Millon's reagent, except after heating to 140° F. for several hours.
1913Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. June 508/1 We have succeeded..in producing a fusible phenol resin by heating..paradioxydiphenylmethan with 10 grams of *paraform. 1932I. D. Garard Introd. Org. Chem. vi. 79 Paraformaldehyde is made into candles and sold for fumigating purposes under the name of paraform. The heat of the burning candle converts the paraform into formaldehyde. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. V. 472/1 It [sc. formaldehyde] is also sold as the solid hydrated polymer known as paraformaldehyde or paraform.
1894Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXVI. i. 487 Methylal is readily obtained by this method from *paraformaldehyde and methylic alcohol. 1913J. Walker Org. Chem. for Students of Med. 40 Paraformaldehyde is largely used as a source of formaldehyde for the purpose of disinfecting rooms, clothing, etc. 1951Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. VI. 861 On heating, paraformaldehyde depolymerizes to yield a mixture of monomeric formaldehyde gas and water vapor.
1885Landois & Stirling Text-bk. Hum. Physiol. I. 502 According to Hammarsten, metalbumin is a mixture of *paralbumin and other proteid substance.
1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 880 *Paramenispermine has the same composition as menispermine.
Ibid. 873 *Paramide or Mellitimide is a white amorphous powder.
Ibid. 874 *Paramic acid.
1946C. E. Hall et al. in Biol. Bull. XC. 44 Since this protein can be identified by electron microscope observation and x-ray diffraction it merits a distinguishing name and is therefore designated as *paramyosin. 1963Jrnl. Molecular Biol. VII. 234 Light scattering, viscosity and sedimentation experiments on solutions of Venus mercenaria paramyosin show that the paramyosin molecule is a rod, 1330 Å long and 20 Å in diameter, and has a mass of 220,000 atomic mass units. 1972Biochemistry (Easton, Pa.) XI. 4532/1 The paramyosin molecules align to form a bipolar core of the thick filament which is covered by a surface layer of myosin.
1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 746 This substance was discovered by M. Dumas in 1832, in coal tar, and named by him *paranaphthalin, because from his experiments it appears in its composition to be perfectly identical with naphthalin. c1865Letheby in Circ. Sc. I. 107/1 Finally, a more solid material, named paranaphthaline, distils over.
1883Athenæum 15 Sept. 343/2 Dr. D. Tommasi..states that if anthracene is dissolved in benzol and exposed to the direct rays of the sun it becomes turbid and deposits crystals. This photogenic substance has been named *paranthracene.
1885Landois & Stirling Text-bk. Hum. Physiol. I. 331 Identical with Kühne's hemial⁓buminose and Meissner's *parapeptone.
1877Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 12) I. 327 Intermediate between orthophosphates and metaphosphates, there are at least three distinct classes of salts, the most important of which are the pyrophosphates or *paraphosphates.
1866–72― Dict. Chem. IV. 354 The salts of *parapicoline are for the most part uncrystallizable.
1949Chem. Abstr. XLIII. 9097 The *paraproteins have a different structural analysis than plasma protein. 1961Lancet 9 Sept. 603/2 Large errors may arise if the urinary protein consists of a paraprotein, such as Bence Jones'. 1972Jrnl. Immunol. CIX. 511/2 No feline paraproteins have been characterized physically or chemically.
1958Arch. Internal Med. CII. 618/1 This method to this day has been used clinically as a method of evaluating dysproteinemias and *paraproteinemias in disease states. 1972Clin. & Exper. Immunol. XI. 488 There were six patients whose disease was associated with an IgM paraproteinaemia..and another six without a paraproteinaemia.
1893Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Agar-agar, the Chinese vegetable jelly, is composed of *pararabin.
1879Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXXVI. 385 *Pararosaniline is the name applied by the authors to the colouring matter derived from paratoluidine. 1926J. Read Text-bk. Org. Chem. xi. 203 By replacing six hydrogen atoms in the molecule of the magenta dye, pararosaniline, with six methyl groups, a deep violet dye, known as ‘crystal violet’ is produced. 1971E. Gurr Synthetic Dyes 81 Fuschin basic..is, in fact a hybrid mixture of the chlorides of pararosaniline, rosaniline and new magenta.
1893Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., *Parasaccharose is more strongly dextro-rotatory than Saccharose.
1857–62Miller Elem. Chem. (ed. 2) III. 385 This new acid is identical with the *paratartaric or racemic acid.
1885Landois & Stirling Text-bk. Hum. Physiol. II. 539 The crystalline body *paraxanthin occurs in traces in the urine.
b. (More systematically) Names of isomeric benzene di-derivatives in which the two hydrogen-atoms replaced by another element or radical are symmetrically disposed in the benzene ring, being separated on each side by two other atoms; as 1 and 4 in the ring 1 2 36 5 4 ; e.g. paradichlorobenzene, C6ClHHClHH. So coumaric (1 : 2) and paracoumaric (1 : 4) acids, etc. See ortho- 2.
As these compound names are formed systematically, and are in number unlimited, it is not strictly necessary to give any list; cf. the following:
1876Jrnl. Chem. Soc. (1) 207 Few chemists employ the terms para-, meta-, ortho-, in any other sense than as denoting 1 : 4, 1 : 3, and 1 : 2 compounds respectively. 1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 270 We have called paradihydroxy⁓benzene [or quinol] one of the benzenes, and the prefix para- shows which one; there are two others, one of which is ortho-dihydroxybenzene, or catechol, and the other meta-dihydroxybenzene or resorcinol. There are thus three substances, catechol, resorcinol and quinol, all having the same composition C6H4(HO)2 and distinguished from each other by the prefixes ortho, meta, and para attached to dihydroxybenzene.
para-aminosaliˈcylic acid, a colourless crystalline compound, HOOC·C6H3(OH)(NH2), which is used (usually with isoniazid) in treating tuberculosis; ˌpara-dichlor(o)ˈbenzene, a colourless crystalline compound, C6H4Cl2, that has a low melting point and is used as a moth-proofing agent; paraniˈtraniline, a pale yellow crystalline compound, H2NC6H4NO2, used in making azo dyes; para-ˌphenyleneˈdiamine, a colourless, crystalline compound, C6H4(NH2)2, used as a photographic developer, for dyeing hair and fur, and for making safranine and sulphur dyes; paraˈxylene, an isomer of xylene that melts to a colourless liquid at room temperature and is now obtained from petroleum naphtha for use esp. as a source of terephthalic acid.
1946Lancet 5 Jan. 15/1 (heading) Para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis. 1954S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 12) x. 120 For the common ophthalmological infections, however, the most important compounds are the sulphonamides, the sulphones and para-amino-salicylic acid. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. I. 320/1 para-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS) was synthesized in 1901.
1876Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXIX. 81 By heating equal molecules of chlorobenzenesulphonic chloride and phosphorus pentachloride to 200°–220°, paradichlorobenzene, melting at 53°, and boiling at 172°–174°, is formed. 1938Forum & Century (N.Y.) Feb. 96/2 There is probably no better moth protection than para⁓dichlorbenzene crystals. 1965Zigrosser & Gaehde Guide to Collecting Orig. Prints vii. 113 Preventative measures [against microbiological infection of prints], however, can be taken by placing open containers of paradichlorobenzene crystals upon the storage shelves.
1872Watts Dict. Chem. VI. 198 A second series of bi-derivatives of benzene—the Para- series—is produced from dinitrobenzene. From this compound is obtained para-nitraniline, which may be converted into para-diazonitrobenzene, and from this may be prepared parachloronitrobenzene, parabromonitrobenzene, and para-iodo-nitrobenzene. These..may be converted by reducing agents into parachloraniline, parabromaniline, and para-iodaniline. 1918C. M. Whittaker Applic. Coal Tar Dyestuffs vi. 87 The first stable form of diazotized paranitraniline manufactured commercially was nitrosamine red. 1963A. J. Hall Textile Sci. iv. 181 A deep bright red shade developed in the fabric as the result of formation within the fibres of an insoluble pigment by coupling of the beta-naphthol with the diazotised para⁓nitraniline.
1873Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXVI. 167 Dinitrobenzene was reduced by means of tin and hydrochloric acid; the bromine was eliminated by the nascent hydrogen and paraphenylenediamine was formed. 1906Jrnl. Soc. Dyers & Colourists XXII. 77/1 Paraphenylenediamine is employed by furriers for dyeing pelts, and it has been used also as a hair dye. 1966L. F. A. Mason Photogr. Processing Chem. i. 25 Although these para⁓phenylenediamine derivatives are stable in acid solution or as salts in the solid state, the free bases..readily oxidise and are not very soluble.
1873Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXVI. 272 The author, by acting upon isoxylene and paraxylene with benzyl chloride, in presence of zinc, has obtained benzylisoxylene and benzylparaxylene. 1954R. W. Moncrieff Artificial Fibres (ed. 2) xxi. 265 Development of a method for making large quantities of para-xylene proved to be difficult and delayed the manufacture of Terylene in the United Kingdom, but in America the Standard Oil Co. have developed a method of making it from petroleum. 1969Para-xylene [see feedstock s.v. feed n. 7]. 1975W. G. Roberts Quest for Oil (rev. ed.) ix. 95 Very pure aromatic compounds such as paraxylene, which is used in synthetic fibre manufacture.
c. Names of minerals having a chemical composition the same as or similar to those to the names of which para- is prefixed, but a different crystal structure: paraˈbutlerite [f. butlerite (f. the name of Gordon Butler (1881–1961), U.S. geologist)], a basic hydrated sulphate of ferric iron, FeSo4(OH)·2H2O, found as orange orthorhombic crystals; parahopeite |-ˈhəʊpaɪt|, a hydrated zinc phosphate, Zn3(PO4 )2 ·4H2 O, found as colourless, transparent, triclinic crystals; paraˈlaurionite, a hydroxide and chloride of lead, Pb(OH)Cl, found as colourless, transparent, monoclinic crystals; parameˈlaconite, an oxide of copper, CuO, in which some of the bivalent copper (typically about a quarter) is replaced by monovalent copper and which is found as black tetragonal crystals; paraˈrammelsbergite, an arsenide of nickel, NiAs2, that occurs as white, opaque, tabular crystals that alter to erythrite when exposed; paratacamite |ˌpærætəˈkɑːmaɪt|, a secondary mineral that is a basic chloride of copper, Cu2(OH)3Cl, and is found as green to greenish black hexagonal crystals; paraˈtellurite, an oxide of tellurium, TeO2, found as soft, white or yellow tetragonal crystals with a waxy lustre; paraˈvauxite, a secondary mineral that is a hydrated basic phosphate of ferrous iron and aluminium FeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2.8H2O, and occurs as brittle, whitish or colourless, triclinic crystals, usu. in association with vauxite and wavellite; paraˈwollastonite, the monoclinic form of the calcium silicate, CaSiO3, of which wollastonite is the commoner triclinic form, both occurring as intergrowths with one another.
1938M. C. Bandy in Amer. Mineralogist XXIII. 742 Parabutlerite Fe(SO4)(OH).2H2O. A basic hydrate of iron of this same composition has already been described as the mineral butlerite and as an artificial compound in the system Fe2O3{b1}SO3{b1}H2{b1}H2O. 1968I. Kostov Mineral. 499 Metahohmannite, parabutlerite, and fibroferrite..occur as yellow crusts or reniform aggregates with fibrous texture, products of weathering of pyritic deposits.
1907Nature 12 Dec. 143/1 Another new species, named parahopeite, has the same chemical composition as hopeite, Zn3P2O8.4H2O, but is anorthic. 1908L. J. Spencer in Mineral. Mag. XV. 18 Parahopeite. This name I propose to give to a new species of hydrous zinc phosphate, identical with hopeite in chemical composition, but differing from both α-hopeite and β-hopeite in physical and crystallographic characters. 1955Mineral. Abstr. XII. 479 Preliminary note on the occurrence of parahopeite and tarbuttite..in the Kef Semmah mine [in Algeria]. 1974Mineral. Mag. XXXIX. 684 Several uncommon phosphate minerals including tarbuttite, parahopeite, scholzite, and collinsite occur in near⁓surface gossans in the Reaphook Hill zinc prospect [in South Australia].
1899G. F. H. Smith in Mineral. Mag. XII. 102 On some of the specimens [of lead slags from Laurium] a new mineral, paralaurionite, was found, which possesses the same chemical composition as laurionite. 1950Mineral. Mag. XXIX. 341 About 1942 paralaurionite was identified in a suite of minerals from the Mammoth mine, Tiger, Arizona.
1891G. A. Koenig in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 289 The tetragonal crystals are so unique in their appearance, that they should be accorded the rank of a very distinct species, and the name Paramelaconite is proposed for them. 1941Amer. Mineralogist XXVI. 659 The paramelaconite occurs as stout prismatic crystals up to 3 cm. in length. 1962Ibid. XLVII. 779 On a recent collecting trip to the Algomah mine [in Michigan] a few massive pieces of paramelaconite were found.
1939M. A. Peacock in Ibid. Dec. ii. 11 Recently described materials provisionally named rammelsbergite.., from Cobalt, Ontario, and Elk Lake, Ontario, give identical x-ray powder photographs unlike those of from Schneeberg and Eisleben... The Canadian mineral is thus a distinct species for which the name pararammelsbergite is proposed. 1967Canad. Mineralogist IX. 129 Pararammelsbergite has vacant arsenic lattice positions which are occupied in part by excess metal atoms. 1972Amer. Mineralogist LVII. 1 Pararammelsbergite (NiAs2) is orthorhombic.., space group Pbca, Z = 8.
1905Nature 13 Apr. 574/2 This new mineral, to which the name paratacamite was given [by Prior and Smith], has the same chemical composition as atacamite. 1950Mineral. Mag. XXIX. 280 It is paratacamite, not atacamite that occurs at the famous Cornish locality, Botallack mine, St. Just. 1960Switzer & Swanson in Amer. Mineralogist XLV. 1272 Orthorhombic TeO2 is found in nature as tellurite. The tetragonal form, well known as a chemical compound, has been found associated with tellurite and native tellurium at Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. The name paratellurite is proposed for the new mineral. 1973Chem. Abstr. 8 Oct. 489/2 In an acoustooptic light deflector, frequency modulated acoustic shear waves propagate in the [110] direction in paratellurite (TeO2).
1922S. G. Gordon in Science 14 July 50/1 Preliminary notes on vauxite and paravauxite. Among the mineral specimens collected on the Vaux-Academy Andean expedition of 1921 are two that have proved to be new. 1944Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia XCVI. 339 Vauxite, paravauxite, metavauxite, and childrenite are secondary phosphates, derived from solution of apatite by supergene waters, and deposited usually upon wavellite. 1968I. Kostov Mineral. 452 Paravauxite and gordonite have perfect {ob}010{cb} cleavage.
1935M. A. Peacock in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XXX. 525 It thus seems necessary to regard the triclinic modification as the normal one properly entitled to the name wollastonite; the name parawollastonite is, therefore, proposed for the rarer monoclinic modification. 1963W. A. Deer et al. Rock-forming Min. II. 172 The distinction between wollastonite and parawollastonite is based on the extinction angle β:y, which is 3°–5° in wollastonite and 0° in monoclinic parawollastonite. Ibid. 173 Parawollastonite, identified by single-crystal X-ray photographs, has been recorded from Monte Somma, Vesuvius,..from Crestmore, California.., and from Csiklova, Roumania.
3. Physics and Chem. Of, pertaining to, or designating the form of some homonuclear diatomic molecules in which (as in parahydrogen) the two nuclei have antiparallel spins (see also quot. 19402 s.v. ortho- 3); also used similarly with reference to the electronic spins of helium. Also as an independent word.
1927, etc. [see ortho- 3].
▪ II. para-2
a. F. para-, a. It. para-, imperative of vb. parare ‘to ward or defend, to cover from, to shield, to shroud, to shelter’ (Florio), orig. ‘to make ready, prepare’:—L. parāre; used with a n. object, in phrases which have themselves become ns., as para-sole lit. ‘defend or shelter from sun’, hence ‘a sun-shade’; so parafuoco fire-guard, fire-screen, paravento wind-screen, parapetto breast-guard, parapet. (Cf. analogous Fr. and Eng. compounds, as couvre-chef, couvre-feu, make-shift, spend-thrift, ward-robe.) Italian para- has been adopted in Fr., which has added parapluie rain-screen, umbrella, paracrotte mud-guard, parachute, parados, etc. Thence English has parapet, parados, parasol, parachute, with occasional humorous nonce-words, as parabore, defence from bores, and occasional uses of the alien (French) words, paragrandine [L. grandin-em hail], paragrêle [F. grêle hail] protection against hail, parapluie [F. pluie rain] umbrella, paratonnère [F. tonnère thunder] lightning-conductor, paravent [F. vent wind] defence against wind.
1844Ld. Brougham A. Lunel I. i. 26 And sigh for a Bore-net, a *para-bore, to protect me, like our musquito-curtains.
1842Francis Dict. Arts, *Paragrandine, an instrument, the object of which is to avert hailstones in the same manner as electric conductors avert the danger of lightning.
1886Cassell's Encycl. Dict., *Paragrêle.
1727–41Chambers Cycl., Parasol... The word is French.—That used against rains is sometimes called *parapluie. 1829C. A. Bowles Chapt. Churchyards II. 246 Escorted by Mr. Vernon on one side and his own valet, with a parapluie, on the other. 1866Mrs. H. Wood St. Martin's Eve xix. (1874) 234 She..displayed an enormous crimson parapluie, which she held between her face and the sun.
▪ III. para-3
comb. form of parachute n.a. With ns., denoting ‘dropped by parachute’, ‘trained or equipped for descending by parachute’, as para-bomb, para-cargo, para-commando, para-girl, para-marine, para-mine, para-nurse, para-pa(c)k (hence para-packed adj.), para-pooch, para-spy. Also paradoctor, paradrop n. and v., parafoil, paraglider, parakite, paramedic1, para-rescue, parascending vbl. n., paratroops n. pl., parawing. b. parabrake, a parachute which opens behind an aircraft and acts as a brake; parafrag bomb, a bomb dropped by parachute which bursts into fragments on hitting its target; parajump = jump n.1 1 c; so parajumping vbl. n.; parajute, a parachute made of jute; parapants, women's knickers made from parachute silk; paraplane, (see quot. 1942); parasheet, (see quot. 1951); paraski attrib., (a) designating a parachute trooper trained to ski from the point where he lands; (b) designating a sport in which skiers ski from a place to which they have dropped by parachute; paraskier, a paraski trooper; paraspotter, a person who watches for enemy parachute landings.
1943Time 18 Oct. 36/2 Parabombs burst above the ground, spray their fragments with telling effect.
1951Parabrake [see drogue 3]. 1954Britannica Bk. of Year 638/1 The verbal shorthand habitual to members of the armed forces produced such contractions as parabrake, a parachute used to slow down an aeroplane on landing. 1967N. E. Borden Jet-Engine Fund. 97 Military fighters release a parachute, called a parabrake, from their tail as soon as their wheels contact the runway.
1951R. Malkin Boxcars in Sky 172 As for military paracargo, however, the picture is entirely different.
1965Britannica Bk. of Year (U.S.) 869/2 Para commando, n., a parachute commando, as in the Congolese army. 1967Economist 30 Sept. 1180/1 The Israelis train Mr Mobutu's crack corps, the para-commandos. 1978Guardian Weekly 18 June 16/3 The bigger white community in Likasi..has told the Belgian Government it would leave en masse if the paracommandos go.
1944Tuscaloosa (Alabama) News 5 Oct. 1 This..Jap Sally plane went up in smoke a few seconds after this picture was taken—destroyed by parafrag bombs.
1972Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 16 May 1/7 Lucky paragirl Jackie Smith fell from 2400 ft. into the sea when her parachute failed to open during a weekend skydiving show—and lived. 1973Jewish Chron. 9 Feb. 15/2 The nearest your reporter came to hearing fighting words from Israel's paragirls.
1971Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 20 June 3/4 Most parajump clubs in Canada are affiliated with the Canada Sport Parachute Association. 1977R.A.F. News 30 Mar.–12 Apr. 3/3 The {pstlg}16 fee (lower than that charged by similar, civilian para-jump clubs) covers the cost of membership. Ibid. 3/4 A halt had been called to any para-jumping that week-end.
1956W. Slim Defeat into Victory 225 In a month we had a parajute that was eighty-five per cent as efficient and reliable as the most elaborate parachute. It was made entirely of jute. 1973J. Lucas Big Umbrella x. 108 The parajutes were not intended for man-carrying, but about 100,000 of them were used for supply-dropping in the Burma campaign. Ibid. 107 The ‘parajute’..had no large vent in the apex, but several smaller ones all over, and it was only about one-seventh less efficient than the standard silk parachute.
1944Veterans' Weekly (Lincoln, Nebraska) 15 Dec. 2 Oliver N. Magee, paramarine, son of War Dad and Mrs..Magee [etc.]. 1969TV Times (Austral.) 22 Jan. 27 He is aided by the tough leader of a group of paramarines.
1944in Amer. Speech (1945) XX. 221 Nazi para-mines nearly blocked supply lines.
1942A. M. Low Parachutes p. x, A paranurse is..a nurse dropped by parachute.
1946B.B.C. War Report 234 Suddenly the pilot called our attention to the parapacks coming out from the aircraft in front of us. Ibid., There go the parapacks from the formation ahead of us—yellow, brown, red, drifting down gently, dropping their containers. 1950in Amer. Speech (1956) XXXI. 62 A resupply mission was flown in the afternoon—with a drop of parapaks and other supplies simulated. 1954N.Y. Times Mag. 6 June 79/2 Captain Schweiter slapped the switch controlling the parapacks (belly bundles), bellowed: ‘Follow me,’ and jumped.
1945Birmingham (Alabama) News 27 Mar. 1/5 Allied Airborne troops and parapacked supplies are shown as they plummeted down five miles beyond the Rhine.
1944Time 10 Apr. 12/3 Parapants. In Manhattan, Mrs. Virginia Bell Jack received from her Thunderbolt-pilot husband in England a pair of real silk (German parachute) panties.
1942A. M. Low Parachutes 111 In Russia, some years ago, a young engineer, B. Pavlov, invented what he called a ‘paraplane’ which consisted essentially of two wings made of heavy linen stretched over a duralumin frame⁓work. These were strapped to the back of the parachutist and enabled him to glide before opening his parachute. 1974Sport Parachutist June 18/1 Ten paraplane jumpers who are all..experienced paraplane flyers.
1944N.Y. Times 26 Apr. 5/6 St. Bernard Qualifies as ‘Parapooch’ for Army. Major [sc. a St. Bernard dog] has made seven high altitude jumps with a regular size parachute.
1951W. D. Brown Parachutes 315 Parasheet, a parachute constructed from one piece of fabric (or from several pieces with their warps parallel) in the form of a regular polygon, with the rigging lines attached to the apexes of the polygon. 1973J. Lucas Big Umbrella x. 110 Para⁓sheets, which acted like parachutes but were formed of strips of fabric rather than gores, were used for these [sc. slow-falling parachute flares]. Ibid., A pair of para⁓sheets were used for each flare to increase stability.
1942Christian Science Monitor 26 Mar. 3 Para-ski troopers of the 503rd Parachute Battalion. 1974Sport Parachutist June 26 (heading) German Para-Ski Championships.
1942Christian Science Monitor 26 Mar. 3 ‘Let 'Er Buck’ Is War Cry of Para-Skiers. 1976National Observer (U.S.) 13 Mar. 6/3 Para-skiers make 3,000-foot parachute jumps from a hovering helicopter and attempt to land precisely on a four-inch disk, then they race against the clock down a giant slalom course.
1943Daily Express 10 Sept. 1/5 (headline) Para-spies dropped in Germany.
1940in Amer. Speech (1944) XIX. 12/2, Britain has 400,000 paraspotters ready to fight parachutists. |