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pantheon|pænˈθiːən, ˈpænθiːən|
Also 4 panteon(e, 6 panthan, -ean, (panthee).
[a. L. panthēon, -theon, a. Gr. πάνθειον a temple consecrated to all the gods (f. παν- all + θεῖος of or sacred to a god, θεός a god). Cf. F. panthéon.
The ME., early mod. Eng., and recent pronunc. (e.g. in Cowley and Bailey's Dict.) is ˈpantheon; Johnson has panˈthēon, which was the more prevalent in England c 1900.]
1. A temple or sacred building dedicated to all the gods, or where images or other memorials of all the deities of a nation are collected; spec. (with capital initial) that at Rome which was originally built by Agrippa c 25 b.c., and being on a circular plan has also been called the Rotunda; since a.d. 609 it has served as a Christian church, being known as Santa Maria Rotonda.
13..All Saints 37 in Herrig Archiv LXXIX. 435 That temple was callyd panteone..Panteone is to sey in greke: ‘Of all godis & deuellus eke’. c1350All Saints 37 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 143 Panteon þai calde þe name; ‘Þe hows of goddes’, þat menes þe same. 1549Coverdale etc. Erasm. Par. Rev. xvi. 25 The firste plage is fallen vpon all ydols and false goddes whiche they had set and packed together in one tempel of Pantheon, that is to saye all goddes. [1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. ii. xx. 57 The proportion of the Panthee of Rome.] 1586E. Hoby Pol. Disc. Truth xxx. 140 The Romanes allowed the seruice of all gods, hauing for that ende builded a Temple to all gods called Pantheon. 1588Shakes. Tit. A. i. i. 242 Lauinia will I make my Empresse..And in the Sacred Panthan her espouse. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 135 Marcus Agrippa..built this Church, and dedicated it to Jupiter..and to Ceres, and to all the gods, whereupon it was called Pantheon. 1727–Bailey, Pan'theon. 1740Dyer Ruins of Rome Poems (1761) 28 Yon venerable dome, Which virtuous Latium, with erroneous aim, Rais'd to her various deities, and nam'd Pantheon. 1860Hawthorne Marb. Faun I. (1883) 516 The world has nothing else like the Pantheon.
b. fig. ‘Temple’ or ‘shrine of all the gods’.
1596Nashe Saffron-Walden Wks. (Grosart) III. 155 Of this John Thorius..I will speake.., his Church another Pantheon or Templum omnium deorum, the absolutest Oracle of all sound deuinitie. 1639Fuller Holy War (1640) 4 Poland, the Pantheon of all religions. 1663Cowley On bk. present. itself to Univ. Libr. Oxf. 1 Hail, Learning's Pantheon! Hail the sacred Ark, Where all the World of Science does embarque! 1882Athenæum 30 Dec. 878/1 Scherer..has room in his literary pantheon for every legitimate form of art. 1899Earl Rosebery Sp. Cromwell 14 Nov., Everyone, I think..has, in their heart of hearts a Pantheon of their historical demigods..a shrine in which they consecrate the memories of the deaths of the noblest and bravest men.
c. transf. A building resembling or compared to the Pantheon at Rome; now, especially, a building serving to honour the illustrious dead of a nation, who are either buried there or have memorials erected to them in it.
The latter use had app. its origin in the church of St. Geneviève in Paris, which in some respects resembles the Pantheon at Rome, and which, both before the Revolution and since, has been used for this purpose, being so renamed at that period.
1713Ward's Simp. Cobler 12 It were..requisite, that the City should repair Pauls..for an English Pantheon, and bestow it upon the Sectaries, freely to assemble in. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The chapel of the Escurial, which is the burying place of the kings of Spain, is also a rotondo; and in imitation of that of Rome, is also called pantheon. 1801[see pantheonize below]. 1838Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) XVII. 76/2 The Pantheon, or church of St. Geneviève, is perhaps the most magnificent of the modern edifices in Paris... The west portico bears some resemblance to the Pantheon at Rome. 1855London as it is to-day 29 Westminster Abbey may not inaptly be called the pantheon of the glory of Britain. 1890Whitaker's Almanack 346/2 The French Chamber..decided to transfer the remains of Carnot, Marceau, and Baudin to the Pantheon.
2. A habitation of all the gods; the assemblage of all the gods; the deities of a people collectively.
1550Bale Image Both Ch. xvi. Sel. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 491 The blasphemous Pantheon of Rome once perishing, all other churches of the unfaithful must needs follow soon after in their course. 1806T. Maurice Fall of Mogul Introd. 15 To that superstitious race the universe is a vast pantheon, filled with intellectual beings of various classes and powers. 1853Maurice Proph. & Kings xxv. 435 However intricate the relations of the gods may seem to us in the Greek pantheon. 1862Beveridge Hist. India II. iv. ii. 22 The Hindoo pantheon now boasts of being able to muster 330,000,000 deities. 1878Maclear Celts ii. (1879) 22 Highest in the Celtic Pantheon was the golden-handed sun.
b. A name for a treatise on all the gods.
1698[A. Tooke] (title of transl.) The Pantheon, Representing the Fabulous Histories of the Heathen Gods and Most Illustrious Heroes..Written by Fra. Pomey. 1790(title) Bell's New Pantheon, or Historical Dictionary of Gods, Demi-Gods, Heroes, and Fabulous Personages of Antiquity. 1824Watt Bibliotheca Brit. I. s.v. Stephen Bateman, Golden Book of Heathen Gods... This work has been considered as one of the first attempts towards a Pantheon, or descriptions of the Heathen Gods.
c. A collection of wax-work models of the gods.
1711Spect. No. 46 Advt., Mr. Penkethman's Wonderful Invention call'd the Pantheon: or, the Temple of the Heathen Gods..The Figures..move their Heads [etc.].
3. Name of a large building in London (‘having a dome like the Pantheon’—Walpole, Let. to Mann 26 Apr. 1771), opened as a place of public entertainment in 1772: hence allusively.
1772Chron. in Ann. Reg. 69 Last night was opened..the much-talked-of receptacle of fashionable pleasure, The Pantheon, to a crouded company. 1774Foote Cozeners i. Wks. 1799 II. 146 Expences in attending plays, operas, masquerades, and pantheons. 1782Wesley Wks. (1872) XI. 158 We are making swift advances toward it [lewdness], by playhouses, masquerades, and pantheons.
4. attrib. = Of all the gods or heroes.
1767H. Walpole Let. to Mann 30 May, I shall make a solemn dedication of it in my pantheon Chapel.
Hence panˈtheonic a., of the nature of or resembling a pantheon; panˌtheoniˈzation, admission into the pantheon; panˈtheonize v. trans., to admit into the pantheon; to inter in the Pantheon.
1801Paris as it was II. xlviii. 137 Marat..was..pantheonized, that is, interred in the Pantheon. 1804Europ. Mag. XLV. 437/1 The insanity of the people in pantheonizing and dispantheonizing Marat and Mirabeau. 1865J. H. Ingraham Pillar of Fire (1872) 223 All these sacred figures decorated this pantheonic portico. 1883R. Brown Eridanus 4 The formal pantheonization of divinities. |