| 释义 |
▪ I. panel, n.1|ˈpænəl|
Forms: 3– panel; also 4–6 panell, -e, (5 -yll, -ȝell, -ele, pannule, penelle), 5–8 pannal, 6 -ale, 6–7 -all, 6–8 -ell, 6–9 -el, (7 -elle, -iell).
[ME. a. OF. panel piece of cloth, saddle-cushion, piece (of anything), etc., mod.F. panneau = It. pannello, med.L. pannellus, dim. of pannus cloth: see pane n.1 (several senses of which are found also under panel). OF. had also panele f., piece, etc., which in ME. would run together with panel.]
I. A piece of cloth, and connected uses.
1. A piece of cloth placed under the saddle to protect the horse's back from being galled (obs.); now, the pad or stuffed lining of a saddle employed for this purpose.
a1300Cursor M. 14982 Broght þai noþer on hir bak Na sadel ne panel. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 473 Luke thou fil wele thi panele, And in thi sadel set the wele. 1483Cath. Angl. 267/2 A Panelle of a sadelle, panellus, subsellium. 1497Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 117 Cartsadell without panell. 1607Markham Caval. vi. (1617) 56 The pannells of his Saddle shall be made of strong linnen cloath. 1724De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 74, I cut a hole in the pannel of the saddle. 1835Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) XI. 621 Hunting saddles should have their pannels well beaten and brushed to prevent sore backs.
2. A kind of saddle: generally applied to a rough treeless pad; but formerly sometimes to an ass's wooden saddle.
[1390–1Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 46 Pro iij panellis nouis pro cursore domino, xxs. pr.] 1530Palsgr. 251/2 Pannell to ryde on, batz, panneau. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 36 A panel and wantey, packsaddle and ped. 1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Acitára de Silla, the pannell or the saddle tree, Stragulum ligneum. 1597Bp. Hall Sat. iv. ii. 26 So rides he mounted on the market-day, Upon a straw-stufft pannel all the way. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 215 Our Asses had pannels in stead of saddles..and ropes laid crosse the pannels, and knotted at the ends in stead of stirrups. 1742Jarvis Quix. i. iv. xliii. (1885) 243 Sancho Panza, stretched on his ass's pannel and buried in sleep. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 419 Weight of Horse Appointments..5th Dragoon Guards 1 Pair pannels 5 lb. 4½ oz.
†3. In more general sense: A small piece of anything. Obs.
(Common in OF. but of doubtful existence in Eng.)
1628Coke On Litt. ii. ii. §234. 158 b, A Pane is a part, and a Pannel a little part.
II. A small piece or slip of parchment, and related legal uses.
4. A slip or roll of parchment, esp. the slip on which the sheriff entered the names of jurors and which he affixed to the writ.
[c1307Writ to Sheriff of Somerset Chancery File, New Ser. 1 dorso, Responsum istius breuis est in Panello huic annexo.] c1440Promp. Parv. 381/1 Panele, pagella, panellus. 1562Act 5 Eliz. c. 22 §1 Vnlesse such person or persons so making any pelts, or buying such skinnes,..conuert the same into semits, pannels, or other their owne necessary vses. 1628Coke On Litt. ii. ii. §234. 158 b, A Jury is said to be im-pannelled when the Sheriff hath entred their names into the Pannel, or little piece of Parchment, in Pannello assisæ. 1670Blount Law Dict., Panel, a Schedule or Page; as a Panel of Parchment, or a Counterpane of an Indenture: But it is used more particularly for a Schedule or Roll containing the names of such Jurors, as the Sheriff returns, to pass upon any Trial. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process Sc. (ed. 2) 202 Which Panel must be in Parchment, intitled. The County ss. Nomina Jur. ad Triand. inter Dominum Regem, et ― Prisonar. ad Barram. Ibid., The Panel must have Margin-room, to mark their Appearances and Challenges. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 353 He returns the names of the jurors in a panel (a little pane, or oblong piece of parchment) annexed to the writ. 1875Stubbs Const. H. III. xx. 408 Under the name of ‘pannel’ the sheriff's return had been endorsed on or sewed to the writ.
5. a. A list of jurors, the jury itself.
[1292Britton i. xxii. §10 Pur uns remuer hors des panels et autres mettre. 1314–15Rolls of Parlt. I. 333/2 Ipsi panellum debitum de probis & legalibus hominibus retornarunt.] 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. iii. 315 Ne put hem in panel To don hem pliȝte here treuthe. 1444Rolls of Parlt. V. 127/1 The Coronours..have power to make the array of the enquest or panell for the triell of the same offencers. 1543–4Act 35 Hen. VIII, c. 6 §6 Persons so..impanelled..shalbe added to the former panell. 1682Enq. Elect. Sheriffs 24 The Pannel that brought in an Ignoramus upon the Bill against the Earl of Shaftsbury. 1730Fielding Rape upon Rape ii. i, I think half of that pannel are bailiff's followers. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) II. xii. 458 The sheriffs..had taken care to return a panel in whom they could confide. 1862Burton Bk. Hunter (1863) 136 A panel means twelve perplexed agriculturists, who..are starved till they are of one mind.
b. transf. A list of persons, or (quot. 1575) of beasts. spec. a list or group of people called upon to advise, judge, take part in a discussion or contest, etc.
1575Laneham Let. (1871) 16 A great sort of bandogs whear thear tyed in the vtter Coourt, and thyrteen bearz in the inner. Whoosoeuer made the pannell, thear wear inoow for a Queast, and one for challenge, and néed wear. 1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 242 If the following..Pannel be labell'd to the former Catalogue of that most August Assembly. 1888Standing Orders Ho. Comm. (1897) §49. 13 The Committee of Selection shall nominate a Chairmen's Panel to consist of not less than Four nor more than Six Members..the Chairmen's Panel shall appoint from among themselves the Chairman of each Standing Committee. 1934G. B. Shaw Too True to be Good 24 The formation of panels of tested persons eligible for the different grades in the governmental hierarchy. 1947Ann. Reg. 1946 53 The method of forming panels for juvenile courts. 1952W. J. H. Sprott Social Psychol. vi. 103 Another device for assessing the attitudes of special groups of people is to use panels of respondents who are prepared to give their views on expert or general questions. 1958New Statesman 1 Feb. 127/2 Perhaps..he believes the Brainstrusters really are equipped to pronounce themselves upon, virtually, anything... Radio and television have given a great impetus here. ‘Do the panel think that there is an after life?’ 1958Listener 4 Dec. 916/1 A small panel of experts who were also good broadcasters. 1959Times 28 Feb. 7/4 If one of those contests which require the competitor to list a number of items in order of popularity were to turn its attention to the months of the year, the panel of judges (each one an expert) would surely find February at the bottom of the poll. 1961Which? Sept. 231/2 The assessments were made by a panel of people experienced in listening to tape recorders. 1962Listener 1 Feb. 211/2 It was a panel of architects of many nationalities who sketched out the main design. 1966Ibid. 4 Aug. 168/1, I thought the panel skirted the subject. Why the BBC did not have a child psychologist on it I cannot guess. 1967C. L. Wrenn Word & Symbol 11 The committee of scholars who translated the New English Bible New Testament..sought..to weld the whole into agreeable and dignified English with the aid of a ‘literary panel’. 1973N.Y. Law Jrnl. 31 Aug. 1/6 In reversing and remanding the case to the Southern District, the Second Circuit panel assigned it to Judge Constance Baker Motley. 1975Irish Times 10 May 3/4 They named a panel of players from which the Ballybofey line-out will be chosen tomorrow. 1976Horse & Hound 3 Dec. 54/3 He introduced a panel of experts for an open forum and considerable discussion ensued. 1977Sunday Express 30 Jan. 31/5 It is customary for the touring side to see the full panel of Test umpires in action in the games outside the Tests.
c. The official list of doctors in a district who accepted patients under the National Health Insurance Act of 1913 (since superseded by the National Health Service Act of 1946). on the panel, (a) of doctors, registered as accepting patients thus; (b) of patients, under the care of a ‘panel doctor’; also in extended use.
1913Punch 30 July 101/1 The proposed Laureate was a medical man and not on a panel. 1914Times 12 Feb. 6/5 Of these [doctors] 1500 are already on the panel for the county. 1914T. Smith Everybody's Guide Insurance Acts (ed. 3) 124 Which practitioners are collectively to be known as ‘the panel’. 1957R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy i. 21 Almost every worker has been on the ‘panel’ at the local doctor's. 1964G. L. Cohen What's Wrong with Hospitals? i. 22 Working people still talk about ‘going on the Panel’ when they're off sick, and don't see why they should use another term. 1974Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 29 Mar. 19/2 The average GP has 2,460 people on his panel. 1975P. G. Winslow Death of Angel v. 117 It's the National Health... If only the government had left things alone, like they always was, with the Panel. 1976‘J. Bell’ Trouble in Hunter Ward i. 6 There were thousands of Health Service patients who put themselves upon their doctor's panel because they could no longer, after the war, afford to be private patients.
6. Scots Law.
a. In the phrase on or upon the panel = upon (his, one's) trial. Also, in later use, in the panel, etc.
The original sense of panel here is conjectural. It seems most probable that (on the analogy of sense 4) it meant a slip of parchment, containing the indictment, or the name or names of the persons indicted. To be on the panel would thus be to be indicted, and so on one's trial. It would also be easy to use the term elliptically for the name or names, and so, the person or persons, on the panel, as in b, where note that the word is collective. In later times, ‘the panel’ has been sometimes understood as a place, viz. ‘the bar of the court’ (so Jamieson), or the dock. Cf. the phrases in the panel, to put or bring into the panel, to enter the panel.
1557Books of Adjournal (High Court of Justic.) 8 Apr., The personis upone the pannell askit instrumentis. 1560Rolland Crt. Venus iii. 128 Thay callit the criminall, With ane twme scheith set him on the Pannall. 1582Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. III. 502 Few complenaris hes offerit thame to persew the personis enterit on pannell. 1660Dickson Exp. Job x. Writ. 1845 I. 5 God has put the man on the pannel, and is entered in a contest, and will condemn us. a1700in Kirkton's Hist. Ch. Scot. (1817) 384 Mr. James Mitchel was upon the pannell at the criminal court for shutting at the Archbishop of St Andrews. 1714Thomson in Cloud of Witnesses (1730) 134, I was brought and set in the Pannel, with the Murderers, and they read over my Indictment. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 16 The Day of Compearance being come, the Prisoner is sent for, and enters the Pannal (from this the Prisoner is called Pannel).
b. The person or persons indicted, the accused. (The pl. form in quot. 1801 is a ‘foreigner's’ error.)
1555Bks. of Adjournal 7 Dec., The pannell protestit for the panis contenit in the actis of parliament. 1562Ibid. 13 May, Intrandi as secund pannale, the laird of Wester Ogill, etc. 1695Ibid. 18 Nov., Ordains that for hereafter the pannalls advocats in all their wryten debates title the defenders by the name of pannall, as has bein always in use before the Justice Court, and not by the name of defender. 1708J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. ii. ii. vi. (1737) 386, 15..are chosen to be the Assize upon the Pannal (or Prisoner at the Bar). 1795Scots Mag. LVII. 479/1 He saw no marks of insanity about the pannel, who always behaved with great propriety. 1801Sporting Mag. XVII. 30 Mr. Clark, Counsel for the pannels, made no objection. 1883A. Edersheim Life Jesus (ed. 6) II. 169 On the assumption of their being the judges, and He the panel.
III. A distinct piece or portion of some surface, etc., usually contained in a frame or border.
(This appears to be the underlying idea in this group, but the arrangement is tentative and provisional.)
†7. The general sense of ‘compartment’ or ‘section’ appears to be exemplified in the following:
c1440Jacob's Well 273 Þis ground of equyte is ij. panellys. In þe to panel equyte acordyth resoun wyth wyll, and þe oþer panel equite acordyth wyll wyth resoun. Eyther of þise ij. panys is iiij. fote brode.
8. A section or compartment of a fence or railing; a hurdle. Cf. pane n.1 3.
1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xxiv, In the said forest..to be made palebordes called penelles. Ibid. ii. xxx, To make fyue penellys of palysses to be sette vp. 1530Palsgr. 251/2 Panell of a wall, pan de mur. 1658Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 138 A reed-hedge handsomely bound in pannels. 1882Gard. Chron. XVII. 809/2 Each panel is composed of three vertical parallel posts, two longitudinal rails..and two boards attached to the posts between the rails. 1890‘R. Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 226 A panel of fencing is not quite nine feet in length.
9. a. A distinct compartment of a wainscot, door, shutter, side of a carriage, etc., consisting usually of a thinner piece of board or other material, normally rectangular, set in the general framework.
1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iii. iii. 89 This fellow wil but ioyne you together, as they ioyne Wainscot, then one of you wil proue a shrunke pannell, and like greene timber, warpe, warpe. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 100/1 Pannell, little cleft Boards, about 2 foot high, and 16 or 20 inches broad, of these Wainscot is made. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 109 Bevil away the outer edges of the Pannels. 1784Cowper Task i. 282 Rural carvers..with knives deface The pannels. 1825Cobbett Rur. Rides 411 A stage-coach came up to the door, with ‘Bath and London’ upon its panels. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 136 Panel, a square or pane of thin board, framed in a thicker one called a stile... Such are the partitions by which the officers' cabins are formed. 1866Geo. Eliot F. Holt xxxviii, She had..seen herself..in the crystal panel that reflected a long drawing-room. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. 720/2 A panel wider than its height is a lying-panel... If its height be greater than its width, a standing panel.
b. In architecture and other constructive arts: A compartment of a surface either sunk below or raised above the general level, and set in a moulding or other border, as in a frame, sometimes of different colour or material.
1693Tigon (title) A New Book of Drawings, containing Several Sortes of Iron Worke as Gates,..Staircases, Pannelles, etc. 1715Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) II. 27 A large pannel occupying the whole Architrave and Frize to place the Inscription upon. 1842–76Gwilt Archit. (ed. 7) 960 The tower of St. Peter Mancroft, at Norwich, is a good specimen of flint building with stone panels. 1874J. T. Micklethwaite Mod. Par. Churches 214, I can see no reason why the panels should not be formed of some of the concretes which we are now able to procure.
c. Bookbinding. (a) A compartment of the external cover of a book enclosed in a border or frame. (b) Also, the space between the raised bands on the back of a book.
1875Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 425 ‘Raised bands’ are formed of strips of pasteboard or parchment at regular intervals across the back of the book, leaving a space termed ‘panels’ between them. 1880J. W. Zaehnsdorf Bookbinding 129 Panel mitred in gold, with title and small corners... Small tail panel with date. 1903Studio Aug. 175 A solid leather outer binding with an inlaid..panel in the centre to contain coats-of-arms..amid a framework of gold tooling.
d. (a) A piece of stuff of different kind or colour, laid or inserted lengthwise in the skirt of a woman's dress; also, the portion of the original material enclosed between two such pieces. (b) A panel-shaped piece of embroidery or appliqué work for insertion in any drapery.
1889John Bull 2 Mar. 149/3 The skirt, of grey silk, had broad panels of dark grey velvet, on which a design of feathers was embroidered in silver. 1899W. G. P. Townsend Embroidery iv. 43 Design for an appliqué panel,..Worked in the Windermere linens, in blues and green. Ibid., Design for..a long panel for the back of a settee. 1903Westm. Gaz. 19 Feb. 4/2 On the skirt these [flatly stitched inverted box pleats] are set about five or six inches apart, except in the front, where a wider space is left to give a panel effect—a space amounting to about twelve inches.
e. fig. Something resembling a panel in shape and relation to the surrounding space.
1902A. E. W. Mason Four Feathers xviii. 174 Through the open window the moon threw a broad panel of silver light upon the floor of the room.
f. A section of a tapestry or other ornamental work, usu. one surrounded by a decorative border. Also, a tapestry regarded as a whole.
1856O. Jones Gram. Ornament xvi, The painter began to usurp the office of the scribe... We have the first stage..where a geometrical arrangement is obtained with conventional ornament enclosing gold panels, on which are painted groups of flowers. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 405/1 Other tapestries..are fantastic with schemes of abstract ornament into which are introduced as subsidiary details figure subjects set in panels and medallions. 1918G. L. Hunter Decorative Textiles xii. 243 Tapestry screen panels woven in New York. 1923F. de Zulueta Embroideries M. Stuart & E. Talbot 10 This again is a green velvet curtain, measuring 7½ × 6 feet and mounting twenty-four needle-work panels. Ibid. 15 If the centre⁓piece is not enough, there is the octagonal panel immediately above it. 1946H. Léjard French Tapestry 24 The tapestry panels intended for the decoration of the same room soon came to be composed on related themes. 1953E. Fisher Swedish Embroidery 38 The stimulating colours of this unique hanging panel can be seen in the colour reproductions. 1964D. DuBon Tapestries S.H. Kress Coll. at Philad. Mus. of Art: Hist. Constantine 20 The sarcophagus is framed by an oval wreath of ribbon within an oval panel, bound laurel leaves with a shell form at the top and bottom. Ibid. 21 The ornament surrounding the central panels on all of the over-doors is similar. 1965P. Hentgès tr. Biryukova's Hermitage, Leningrad: Gothic & Renaiss. Tapestries Pl. 33 The left-hand panel shows the betrothal of Mary and Joseph. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XVII. 1055/1 A tapestry set is a group of individual panels related by subject, style, and workmanship and intended to be hung together.
g. One of the shaped sections of a parachute.
1930O. H. Kneen Everyman's Bk. Flying xii. 223 Two men straighten out the twelve ‘panels’ of silk. 1938Flight 25 Aug. 168c/1 The canopy, which is 24ft. in diameter, is made up of 24 triangular gores cut from high-quality silk. Each gore is composed of four panels, the stitching of which forms a zig-zag pattern round the complete canopy. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VII. 740/2 The canopy is given extraordinary strength by fabrication from up to 28 separate panels, or gores, each made up of smaller sections.
10.
†a. A window-pane. Obs.
b. A compartment in a stained glass window, containing a separate subject. Also transf.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Hence also Panels, or panes of glass, are compartments or pieces of glass of various forms, square, hexagonal, etc. 1873–5Jas. Fowler in Yks. Arch. Jrnl. III. 199 The arrangement is a succession of panels, each containing a subject. 1891J. T. Fowler Ibid. XI. 499 This panel certainly does not belong to the window. 1898C. H. Turner in J. Hastings Dict. Bible I. 421/1 This picture is cut up, as it were, into six panels, each labelled with a general summary of progress. 1927A. H. McNeile Introd. New Testament 79 He [sc. St. Luke] cuts the history into ‘panels’.
11. Coal-mining.
a. A piece of coal left uncut in a mine.
b. A compartment or division of a mine separated from the rest by thick masses or ribs of coal.
1747Hooson Miner's Dict., Pannell, a small Piece of Wholes that is left uncut, either to support some Weight from falling, or else..left, because it is..not worth the cutting. Ibid. K iij, Huttrill [is] any hard Pannel in a Vein or Pipe..bound up and crossil'd by mixt Stuff, as Chirts, hard Tufts, Caukes, or Kevills. 1847E. Cresy Encycl. Civ. Eng. I. 695 Panel work..is performed by dividing the entire mine into panels, separated by walls of coal from 40 to 50 yards in thickness. 1882R. L. Galloway Hist. Coal Mining xv. 149 It occurred to Mr. Buddle [c 1810] that a great improvement..might be effected by dividing a colliery, in the course of the first working, into districts, or panels, surrounded on all sides by barriers of solid coal.
12. Gardening. A compartment of some design in carpet-bedding.
1805H. Repton Landscape Gard. 185 The pannel..may be removed in winter. 1892Gard. Chron. 27 Aug. 243/3 These need frequent thinning out and clipping into shape, so as to confine each colour to its own panel or boundary-line, so as to properly define and preserve the character of the several designs.
13. A compartment or division of a pavement.
1893Daily News 21 Sept. 5/3 A ‘panel’ of karri wood has been laid opposite the West Strand Post Office, where the wear and tear is exceedingly heavy.
IV. A thin board, etc., such as might form a panel in sense 9.
14. a. A thin wooden board used as a surface for oil painting; also, a painting on such a board.
1709Prior Protogenes & Apelles 59 He [Apelles] gave the Pannel to the Maid. 1765H. Walpole Otranto ii. (1798) 32, I am not in love with a coloured panel. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing ii. 117 It was the custom of the first practitioners in this process, to cover the pannels of their pictures with grounds of thin plaster. 1859Gullick & Timbs Paint. 217 For small cabinet pictures, panels of well-seasoned mahogany are prepared. 1875Fortnum Majolica iii. 26 Were they even painted in oil on panel. 1956Hedström & Taylor tr. Bergström's Dutch Still-Life Painting 58 We may now compare Bosschaert's panel with two early works by other artists... The farther edge of the table is considerably more than half way up the panel.
b. A large size of photograph, of a height much greater than its width. Chiefly attrib.
1888Lady 25 Oct. 374/3 Some of the most delightful panel screens for photographs I ever set eyes on. Ibid., The two⁓fold screens with..sufficient space for panel portraits. 1891Pall Mall G. 14 May 6/1 The panel photo is..as much part of the ceremony of presentation as, in the courtly times of Sir Joshua Reynolds, a few sittings at his studio in Leicester-square were part of the business of a fashionable marriage.
c. A leaf or section of a folding screen or triptych, etc. Also fig.
1880E. Glaister Needlework vi. 62 Panel screens..are excellent subjects for fine embroidery. 1896F. Simmonds tr. Ricci's Correggio vii. 122 On the high altar of the oratory..there was once a triptych, the central panel of which represented Christ. 1936E. G. Troche Painting in Netherlands 26/2 Possibly half of a diptych, of which the panel with Our Lady is now lost. 1959P. & L. Murray Dict. Art & Artists 324 Usually the central panel [of a triptych] is twice the width of the wings, so that they can be folded over it to protect it. 1967N. Amphoux tr. Troyat's Tolstoy (1970) ii. viii. 223 In painting the third panel of his triptych he had, as in Boyhood, combined the story of his friends, the Islenyevs, with his own. 1970Oxf. Compan. Art 494/1 Panel painting was not developed fully until altars were furnished with painted retables.
15. A board used by a baker, tailor, etc.
1612in Naworth Househ. Bks. (Surtees) 42 A pannell for the baker. 1658J. Jones tr. Ovid's Ibis 120 Dominus Mechanick that leaps from the pannel to the pulpit.
16. A control panel or instrument panel.
1897E. Wilson Electr. Traction x. 219 The panel system of switchboards, whereby the various switches, complete for a given purpose, can be mounted on a panel of slate or marble and placed in line with those already installed. 1923, etc. [see control panel s.v. control n. 5]. 1926Wireless World 8 Dec. 760/3 A neat method of mounting a flash lamp bulb so that it may..illuminate the panel and tuning dials at night. 1929V. W. Pagé Ford Model ‘A’ Car ix. 314 Remove the four screws which hold the instrument panel in place and pull panel back. 1933, etc. [see instrument panel s.v. instrument n. 6]. 1940Railway Signalling & Communications xix. 353 Points within 350 yds. of the signal box are mechanically operated by levers and the signals by switches on the panel. 1941G. E. Irvin Aircraft Instruments xvii. 438 Large transport planes carrying two pilots require a dual set of instruments. This necessitates a large panel. 1964M. Allward Inside Jet Airliner v. 39 The main panels contain the indicators and controls for the hydraulic and electrical systems, engine and fuel functioning, anti-icing and air-conditioning. 1969T. C. Millington Hillman Imps x. 117 It is just possible to contrive a panel to mount two 2 in. gauges immediately above the speedometer. 1977D. Beaty Excellency i. 8 He..clambered gingerly inside the fuselage..ran his fingers round the dusty panel.
V. Unclassed senses.
17. (See quot.)
1853Stocqueler Milit. Encycl., Pannels, in artillery, are the carriages which carry mortars and their beds upon a march.
18. Mining. (See quot.)
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Panel,..in mining, a heap of ore dressed and ready for sale. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Panel. 1. A heap of dressed ore.
19. (See quot.)
1894Northumbld. Gloss., Panels, the several strata composing a bed of stratified rock: chiefly used with reference to the bands of a limestone, as ‘Blue limestone with strong panels’.
20. (See quot.) (A rendering of Fr. panneau, perh. never actually in Eng. use: cf. pane n.1 5.)
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Pannel in masonry, denotes one of the faces of a hewn stone.
VI.
21. attrib. and Comb., as panel-cupboard, panel-ledge, panel-maker, panel-opener, panel-painting, panel-picture, panel-sleeve; (sense 5 b) panel discussion, panel member; (sense 5 c) panel system; (sense 14 a) panel painter; panel-backed, panel-bodied, panel-lined adjs.; panel analysis Sociol., analysis of attitude changes using the panel technique (see below); panel-back a., applied to chairs with panelled backs (see quot. 1925); also absol. as n.; panel-beater, one whose occupation is beating out the metal panels of motor vehicles; hence panel beating; panel board (see quot. 1954); panel-den = panel-house; panel doctor, formerly, a doctor registered as accepting patients under the National Insurance Act of 1913; panel fence U.S., a fence constructed in panels or sections (see panel n.1 8); panel fire = panel heater; panel-furring, a furring to which the external panels of a railway-carriage are fastened; panel-game, (a) stealing in a panel-house (Cent. Dict. 1890); (b) a ‘quiz’ or similar game played before an audience by a small group of people; hence panel gamester; panel gauge (see quot. 1966); panel heater, an electrically-heated panel mounted on a wall; hence panel-heated adj., panel heating; panel-house, a brothel in which the walls have sliding panels for the purpose of robbery; panel patient, one who received medical treatment from a doctor under the Insurance Act of 1913; panel pin, a kind of thin nail, usu. having a tapered head, for securing panels; panel-plane, ‘a long stocked plane having a handle or toat’ (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875); panel-planer, (a) a machine for thinning the edges of panels so as to fit into the grooves in the stiles; (b) = panel-raiser; panel practitioner = panel doctor; panel-raiser, a machine for forming a raised panel on a board by working away the surrounding surface; panel-robbery, the business of a panel-thief; panel saw, a fine-toothed saw used for cutting out panels; panel show = panel-game (b); panel stamp, a stamp for decorating the panels in the cover of a book; hence panel-stamped adj.; panel-strip, a strip of wood or metal to cover the joint between a post and a panel or between two panels in a railway-carriage; panel study Sociol., an investigation of attitude changes using a constant set of people and comparing each individual's opinions at different points in time; panel technique Sociol., the technique used in panel studies; panel-thief, a thief in a panel-house; so panel-thieving n.; panel truck U.S., a small lorry or van with a closed body; panel-truss, a truss having timbers or bars arranged in rectangular divisions diagonally braced; panel van now Austral. = panel truck; panel wall, (a) a division between two panels in a coal mine; (b) a wall in a building that does not bear any structural weight; hence panel-walled adj.; panel warming, warming by means of panel heaters; panel-wheel, a wheel which cuts a groove with a flat bottom and sloping or bevelled sides. See also panel-work.
1968Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. XI. 371/1 *Panel analysis gives rise to the study of an aspect of social change that tends to be neglected in studies of aggregate trends. 1969J. J. Linz in Dogan & Rokkan Quantitative Ecol. Anal. Social Sci. v. 102 The possibility of using ecological units for a kind of panel analysis of aggregate data to explore problems of change over time.
1904P. Macquaid Hist. Eng. Furnit. ix. 223 The late *panel-back chair..dated 1691. 1925Penderel-Brodhurst & Layton Gloss. Eng. Furnit. 119 Panel-back or wainscot chair, a cumbrous high-seated oak chair with heavy legs, stretchers, and high wainscotted back, in use in Tudor and Jacobean times. 1975Oxf. Compan. Decorative Arts 360/2 The panel-back chair (which was also panelled beneath the arms and seat) was to establish for two centuries the standard pattern of the chair with back of square or rectangular shape. Ibid. 361/1 Richly upholstered chairs..were found with more refined types of panel-backs.
1908Daily Chron. 21 Feb. 10/7 (Advt.), *Panel beaters, used to hammering landaulette..panels in steel and aluminium. 1973J. Wainwright Devil you Don't 14 The mechanics and panel-beaters working Sunday, double-time. 1978Cornish Guardian 27 Apr. 6/1 (Advt.), Qualified mechanic and/or Panel Beater Sprayer required.
1968Gloss. Terms Mechanized & Hand Sheet Metal Work (B.S.I.) 15 *Panel beating, a method of roughly forming a hollow body, usually by hammer blows. 1972K. Bonfiglioli Don't point that Thing at Me iii. 21 Moishe Spinoza Barzilai is, as a matter of fact, Basil Wayne & Co., the great coach⁓builders of whom even you, ignorant readers, must have heard, although not point one per cent of you will ever afford his lovely panel-beating, still less his princely upholstery.
1932*Panel-board [see corner-block s.v. corner n.1 16]. 1954Paper Terminol. (Spalding & Hodge) 43 Panel boards, thick, tough, rigid boards made in various ways... Used in the manufacture of cars and in the building trade. 1972Gloss. Terms Timber (B.S.I.) 27 Panel⁓board, fibre building board generally made from wood fibres.
1835Court Mag. VI. 10/2 Mark the perfectly self-complacent air with which he sits in his quiet *pannel-bodied Tilbury.
1895C. Holland Jap. Wife (ed. 11) 63 She goes to a *panel cupboard, where we keep our..English biscuits.
1860*Panel-den [see panel-house].
1936*Panel discussion [see creative a. 1 d]. 1956W. H. Whyte Organization Man (1957) 55 It had started conventionally enough with a panel discussion in which I and two other men spoke. 1971Archivum Linguisticum II. 20 A recent investigation of recorded panel discussions has shown that the average length of a unit of intonation used by the ten Present-English speakers involved was 5·3 (institutional) words.
1913Punch 12 Feb. 127/2 To ask the Secretary of the Treasury if he could state the total population of the island of Canna, and who is the *panel doctor. 1932Kipling Limits & Renewals 300 A private party of thirty-two gentlemen and ladies,..all near enough neighbours in Shoreditch to use the same panel⁓doctor, poured into that man's consulting-room. 1957R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy iii. 63 Working-class people have had years of experience of waiting at labour⁓exchanges, at the panel doctor's and at hospitals.
1800W. Tatham Hist. & Pract. Ess. Tobacco 10 The worm or *pannel fence,..consists of malled rails. 1858J. A. Warder Hedges & Evergreens 113 A half-acre lot, with a seven foot panel-fence on one side and a hedge on the other. 1949W. Faulkner Knight's Gambit 154 They would ride past mile after mile of white-painted panel fence. 1951Southern Folklore Q. June 130 ‘Farm Fences’..pictures a panel fence adapted to rocky fields.
1934Archit. Rev. LXXV. 110/1 *Panel fires are less than five years old.
1844G. Wilkes Mysteries of Tombs 54/1, I forgot to mention..that Malinda Hoag was convicted..in robbing a countryman of $54 by the *panel game. 1857Porter's Spirit of Times 5 Dec. 213/3 Females are employed as decoy-ducks to induce the yokels from the rural districts into places of unquestionable character, where they are sure to be plundered of their money by the panel⁓game. 1928Panel game [see creep n. 1 e]. 1953Evening News 2 Jan. 5/3 The first edition of the new TV panel game ‘Down You Go’ was not an unqualified success. 1957P. Wildeblood Main Chance 55 A singularly witless panel-game in which the contestants, in turn, thought of somebody whom they would like to be and their fellow-panellists had to guess the name. 1971Morning Star 25 June 3/6 The new [radio] shows vary from current affairs, comedy, court dramas, Radio 4's answer to ‘World in Action’, and panel games. 1976Dumfries & Galloway Standard 25 Dec. 9/3 The weather has continued to play havoc with the football programme and to reduce the ‘Pools’ to something of a ‘panel game’.
1969Listener 6 Sept. 308 Gilbert Harding..brought a compelling viewability to everything he did, whether as *panel-gamester..or television cook and general pundit.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Panel-gage. 1966A. W. Lewis Gloss. Woodworking Terms 34 Panel gauge, marking gauge with a long stem and extra-wide stock for gauging the widths of wide boards.
1936Archit. Rev. LXXIX. 109/2 The library is *panel-heated, the criss-cross net-work of heating tubes being woven round the slots of the skylights.
1951Good Housek. Home Encycl. 11/1 An electric fire..in the form of a *panel heater mounted on the wall.
1928Domestic Engin. XLVIII. 101 (heading) The physical and physiological effects of *panel heating.
1848‘N. Buntline’ Mysteries & Miseries N.Y. iii. 44 This is a *panel-house and I have led a bad, bad life for many a year. 1860Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 3), Panel-house, or Panel-den, a house of prostitution and theft combined. 1948[see lush n.2 2]. 1967Parade (Austral.) Oct. 61/3 After that Katie Marks and her gang decided to branch out into the panel-house racket—a brothel equipped with sliding panels which allowed thieves to rifle clients' clothing.
1901Academy 5 Oct. 293/2 On the *panel-ledge stands an unframed sketch.
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Albardero, a *pannell maker, Clitellarius.
1938Public Opinion Q. Oct. 602 A small magazine..which is published expressly for *panel members. 1952Radio Times 15 Aug. 37/2 What makes What's My Line? so popular? The personalities of the panel members, certainly. 1975Listener 2 Jan. 21/3 What was spent on running the Arts Council? How many artists sat on your panels: who were they: who were the other panel-members?
1896Westm. Gaz. 24 Oct. 4/1 [A] collection of burglar's tools, including a fine brace and centre-bit, and a ‘patent *panel-opener’, shaped much like the common or domestic tin-opener, but on a larger scale.
1911Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 405/2 The earlier painters whether illuminators of MSS. or wall and *panel painters. 1937Burlington Mag. Feb. 77/2 The group of Upper Rhenish panel-painters. 1954M. Rickert Painting in Brit.: Middle Ages v. 120 The ability of Matthew Paris as a panel painter.
1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 157 Trucks do not want upholstering or glazing or *panel-painting.
1913Outlook 23 Aug. 247/1 Green tickets such as are used by ordinary *panel patients when temporarily from home. 1924J. Buchan Three Hostages i. 12 He would pay three visits a day to a panel patient, which shows the kind of fellow he was. 1950T. H. Marshall Citizenship & Social Class 57 The early health service added ‘panel patient’ to our vocabulary of social class. 1964A. Briggs in S. Nowell-Smith Edwardian England ii. 91 Other persons earning less than {pstlg}160 a year could insure themselves voluntarily and become ‘panel patients’. 1977Lancet 8 Oct. 776/1 He took on no panel patients.
1880Littledale Plain Reas. vii. 16 We should disprove the genuineness of a *panel picture declared to be four hundred years old, if we showed it to be painted on mahogany.
1951Good Housek. Home Encycl. 320/1 Secure the glass..with a small sprig or *panel pin. 1957Practical Wireless XXXIII. 542/1 Fix the panel to the base with panel pins or small screws. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 8 Mar. (Suppl.) 5/2 Take piece P and pin it to the frame with deep-drive panel pins, making sure hole S lines up with the drawer space.
1873J. Richards Wood-working Factories 182 To these standard planes may be added a *panel, plough, and right and left rebate planes.
1914Aberdeen Univ. Rev. Nov. 50 The *Panel practitioner being obliged to provide only what is termed ordinary medical treatment. 1922Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 384/2 Medical men who act as panel practitioners continued to recommend their panel patients to the hospitals in increasing numbers.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1602/1 A double-head *panel⁓raiser, working upon two edges of the board at once.
1882Harper's Mag. Feb. 400/1 Stories designed to teach our girls that theft, and arson, and *panel-robbery..are the noblest exploits in which they can engage.
1754South Carolina Gaz. 1 Jan. 2/2 Thomas Evance Has just imported..tenent, *pannel and compass Saws. 1812–16J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art I. 106 The pannel-saw..is used for cutting very thin boards in any direction which may be required. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 584 The panel-saw, either for cross-cutting, or cutting very thin boards longitudinally. 1964W. L. Goodman Hist. Woodworking Tools 151 The Hand, Panel, and Ripping Saws, ranging from 10 in. to 30 in.
1954G. Marx Let. 16 Aug. (1967) 93 The gibbering idiots on *panel shows, quiz shows, and other half hours of tripe. 1958M. Dickens Man Overboard vii. 99 That long-lipped ass from the panel show.
1884Daily News 27 Oct. 2/1 The sleeves are of a different material from the other portions... The brocade of which these long *panel sleeves are..made deserves description.
1893Portfolio XXIV. 55 John Reynes..often used a large *panel stamp, representing the instruments of the Passion treated as a coat-of-arms. 1961T. Landau Encycl. Librarianship (ed. 2) 52/2 Many elaborate panel stamps and roll stamps appear in the 14th and 15th centuries.
1952J. Carter ABC for Bk.-Collectors 130 *Panel-stamped, a term used by writers on book-binding to describe leather bindings of the 15th and 16th centuries decorated in blind with engraved blocks.
1958M. Argyle Relig. Behaviour iii. 22 *Panel studies in which the same subjects are repeatedly studied while their attitudes are changing. 1963T. & P. Morris Pentonville vii. 182 Panel studies by Fiedler and Bass..indicate that inmate attitudes undergo a kind of cyclical change. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. xiii. 165 Panel studies during election campaigns have shown that there are some individuals who are more likely to change their voting intention than others.
1913Act 3 & 4 Geo. V c. 37 §11 Medical treatment under the *panel system. 1926Encycl. Brit. II. 861 At the time of its initiation the panel system met with great opposition from the medical profession.
1938Public Opinion Q. Oct. 596 Instead of taking a new sample for each poll, repeated interviews with the same group of people have been tried. The experiences met with and the problems involved in such a *panel technique will be discussed here. 1949R. K. Merton Social Theory i. iii. 107 We may anticipate that the recent introduction of the panel technique—the repeated interviewing of the same group of informants—will in due course more sharply focus the attention of social psychologists upon the theory of attitude formation.
1844G. Wilkes Mysteries of Tombs 48/1 Oh, he's a *panel thief. 1860Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 3), Panel-thief, a thief, who..enters the room by a secret opening, and abstracts [the victim's] money, watch, etc. 1868M. H. Smith Sunshine & Shad. N. York 306 She was one of the most notorious panel-thieves in New York. 1947True Nov. 69/1 The two lawyers had in addition the business of every free-lance safecracker, forger,..and panel thief whose business was worth having.
1937*Panel truck [see bookmobile s.v. book n. 19]. 1966H. Kemelman Saturday Rabbi went Hungry v. 31 A light panel truck bearing the sign Jackson's Liquor Mart drove up. 1973Black World Jan. 58/1 The panel truck followed. 1976CB Mag. June 40/1 The Army Reserve Sergeant and afternoon soap opera buff suddenly switched on his headlights and churned onto the roadway in pursuit of a panel truck.
a1904N.E.D., *Panel-van. 1969Age (Melbourne) 24 May 60/11 (Advt.), Falcon panel van, 1962 mod[el]. 1977Western Morning News 1 Sept. 6/2 (Advt.), Volkswagen LT 31 Panel Van, white, petrol.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 976 Through the *panel walls roads and air-courses are driven. 1962Listener 11 Jan. 64/1 They have shown how sensitively the new and economical materials like concrete frames and panel walls can be handled.
1957J. Kerouac On Road (1958) i. xi. 64 We had our headquarters in the main building, just a wooden contraption with *panel-walled offices.
1934Times 19 Feb. 20/5 They have got the latest ideas in *panel warming, and the heat required in the type foundry is also supplied by gas.
1707–12Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 202 Those Walls which are built *Pannel-wise, with square Pillars at equal distance,..look much handsomer.
▪ II. † ˈpanel, n.2 Obs.
[Origin obscure: treated by some as a sense of prec.]
The fundament or lower part of the alimentary canal of a hawk.
c1575Perf. Bk. Kepinge Sparhawkes (1886) 7 Meates wch endew sonest and maketh the hardest panell are best. Ibid. 26 Tokens of Wormes. Strayning sodaynly on the fyste,..champpinge wt her beake, offeringe her beake ofte to the panell, mutes smotty [etc.]. 1611Cotgr., Brayeul, the parts, or feathers, about a hawkes fundament, called by our Faulconers the brayle in a short-wingd, and the pannell in a long-wingd, hauke. 1678Phillips (ed. 4), Pannel, in Faulconry, is the Pipe next to the Fundament of the Hawk, there she digesteth her meat from her body.
▪ III. panel, v.|ˈpænəl|
[f. panel n.1]
I.
1. trans. To empanel (a jury).
1451Paston Lett. I. 208 The Shereff wille panell gentylmen to aquyte the Lorde, and jowroures to a quyte his men. 1530Palsgr. 652/1, I panell a quest of men after the lawes of Englande. 1599Massinger, etc. Old Law v. i, The jury's panell'd, and the verdict given Ere he appears.
II.
2. Sc. Law. To bring to trial; to indict.
1576Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 567 That the cuntre men arreistit..may..certanelie knaw at quhat day to be pannellit. 1660Dickson Serm. Isa. xli. 14–15 Writ. 1845 I. 138 Thou art a rotten hypocrite, thou hast never pannelled thyself before God's tribunal for sin. 1721Wodrow Ch. Hist. iii. viii. (1830) IV. 124 Some country women were pannelled for being helpful to the wife of one of the persons alleged to have been concerned. 1814Scott Wav. lxvi, He..was soon to be panelled for his life.
III. †3. To furnish (a saddle) with a panel or pad. Obs. rare.
1508Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. IV. 135 For grathing of foure sadilles, new pannalit.
4. To put a panel on (a beast, esp. a mule or ass); to saddle with a panel.
1530Palsgr. 652/1 Panell my horse, I wyll ryde to market. 1742Jarvis Quix. i. iv. xlvii. (1885) 257 They ordered him to saddle Rozinante and pannel the ass. 1881A. J. Duffield Don Quix. I. 144 Don Quixote..ordered Sancho to saddle and pannel at once.
IV.
5. To fit or furnish (a room, wall, etc.) with panels; to adorn with panels.
1633Wilmslow Churchw. Acc. in Earwaker East Cheshire (1877) I. 108 Paid for pannelling the churche in the toppe. 17..Pennant (T.), A very handsome bridge, the battlements neatly pannelled with stone. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 192 Where the principal stairs were constructed of wood, it was customary to panel the soffit. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 73 We look into the saloon, which the cabinetmakers are panelling with satin-wood.
6. To fit or place as a panel in its frame.
1832Lytton Eugene A. i. v, A few old pictures were panelled in the open wainscot. 1858― What will he do? i. vi, Panelled in wood that had once been painted blue.
7. To ornament (a skirt or piece of drapery) with a panel or panels: see panel n.1 9 d. Also absol.
1901Westm. Gaz. 11 July 3/1 A lace flounce might border a skirt of net, or..the lace might panel a skirt of net. 1908Westm. Gaz. 14 Mar. 13/2 All the gauzy fabrics will panel well.
8. Telegr. To arrange (wires) in parallels.
1890in Cent. Dict.
▪ IV. panel
dial. form of parnel. |