| 释义 |
palæo-, paleo-|ˌpæliːəʊ, ˌpeɪliːəʊ|
before a vowel usually palæ-, pale-, combining form of Gr. παλαιός ancient, used in various scientific words (often opposed to neo-); for the more important of these see their alphabetical places.
The spelling with æ is preferred in Great Britain; but pale- (used by Webster, 1828) is common in America. When the main stress is on a later syllable of the word, the secondary stress is etymologically paˌlæo-, e.g. paˌlæo-ˈlithic; but the influence of ˌpalæˈography, ˌpalæˈology, etc., has made ˌpalæo- common also in ˌpalæoˈlithic, etc.: cf. ornitho-.
palæethˈnology, palæo-, that branch of ethnology which treats of the most primitive races of men; so palæ(o)ethnoˈlogical a., pertaining to palæethnology; palæ(o)ethˈnologist, one versed in palæethnology; palæichthyan |-ˈɪkθɪən| Zool., a. belonging to the Palæichthyes [mod.L., f. Gr. ἰχθύς fish], a division of fishes comprising the elasmobranchs and ganoids; n. a member of this division; so palæichthyic |-ˈɪkθɪɪk| a.; palæ(o)ichthyology |-ɪkθɪˈɒlədʒɪ|, that branch of ichthyology or of palæontology which treats of extinct or fossil fishes; so palæ(o)ichthyoˈlogic, -al a., pertaining to palæichthyology; palæ(o)ichthyˈologist, one versed in palæichthyology; palæobaˈthymetry Geol., the bathymetric features of an area as they were at some period in the past; so ˌpalæobathyˈmetric a.; palæobiˈology, the biology of fossil plants and animals; hence ˌpalæobioˈlogic, -ical adjs., palæobiˈologist; palæoceanography, etc., varr. palæo-oceanography, etc., below; palæoˈchemistry, (the study of) the chemical features of something as they were in the geological past; hence palæoˈchemical a.; palæoˈcosmic a. [Gr. κόσµος world], of or pertaining to the first age of humanity upon the earth: see quot.; palæoˈcrinoid Zool., n. a crinoid of the division Palæocrinoidea, comprising the earlier extinct crinoids; a. belonging to or characteristic of this division of crinoids; ˈpalæocurrent Geol., a current, usu. of water, which existed at some period in the past, as inferred from the features of sedimentary rocks; ˌpalæoenˈvironment, an environment at a period in the past; hence ˌpalæoenvironˈmental a.; ˈpalæo-equator Geol., the equator as it was at some period in the past; hence ˌpalæo-equaˈtorial a.; ˈpalæofield Geol., (the strength of) the earth's magnetic field at a period in the geological past; paˈlæoˌgene |-dʒiːn| a. Geol. [Gr. -γενης: see -gen], a name proposed for a division of the Tertiary strata including the Eocene and Oligocene; palæogeˈnetic [genetic] a., characterized by the existence in the early embryo of a germ which normally disappears, but in certain cases undergoes development; as in palæogenetic atavism; palæoˈgeography Geol., (the study of) geographical features at periods in the geological past; hence palæogeˈographer; ˌpalæogeoˈgraphic, -ical adjs.; ˌpalæogeoˈgraphically adv.; palæogeˈology, (the study or reconstruction of) the geological features of an area in past ages; hence ˌpalæogeoˈlogic, -ical adjs., palæogeˈologist; ˌpalæogeomagˈnetic a. Geol., of or pertaining to the magnetic field of the earth in the geological past; ˌpalæogeoˈphysics n. pl., the study of the physical characteristics of the earth in past ages; hence ˌpalæogeoˈphysical a.; palæoˈgeotherm Geol. [geotherm f. geo- + -therm, after isotherm, etc.], a pattern of temperature variation which existed in the earth's crust at some time in the past; so ˌpalæogeoˈthermal a.; paˈlæoˌglyph |-glɪf| [after hieroglyph], an ancient graven character or inscription; ˈpalæoˌgravity Geol., the strength of the earth's gravity at some time in the past; palæoherpeˈtology [herpetology], the part of palæontology which deals with the extinct reptiles of earlier geological periods; so palæoherpeˈtologist, one versed in palæoherpetology; palæohyˈdrography Geol., (the study of) hydrographic features at periods in the geological past; ˈpalæoinˌtensity Geol., the intensity of a palæomagnetic field; palæoˈlatitude Geol., the latitude of a place at some period in the past; hence ˌpalæolatiˈtudinal a.; palæˈolatry [-latry], worship of, or excessive reverence for, what is ancient; palæolimˈnology, (the study of) the conditions and processes occurring in lakes in the geological past; hence ˌpalæolimnoˈlogical a., palæolimˈnologist; ˌpalæolithoˈlogic a. Geol., applied to a map showing the lithological features of an area at some period in the past; palæoˈlongitude Geol., the longitude of a place at some period in the past; palæomachic |-ˈmækɪk| a. nonce-wd. [Gr. µάχη battle], of or pertaining to ancient warfare; palæomeˈridian Geol., the meridian of a place at some period in the past; palæomeˈtallic a. nonce-wd. [after palæolithic], of or pertaining to the early part of the period characterized by a knowledge of metals, antecedent to the use of iron; of or pertaining to the Bronze Period; ˌpalæometeoˈrology, the study of atmospheric conditions at periods in the geological past; so ˌpalæometeoroˈlogical a., -meteoˈrologist; palæoneˈmertean, palæoneˈmertine Zool., a. belonging to the division Palæonemertea or Palæonemertini, comprising those nemertean worms which have the lowest or most primitive organization; n. a member of this division; palæoniscid |-əʊˈnɪsɪd| Zool., a. belonging to the family Palæoniscidæ of extinct lepidosteid fishes, typified by the genus Palæoniscus [mod.L., f. Gr. ὀνίσκος a sea-fish of the cod kind]; n. a fish of this family; see also palæoniscoid n. and a.; ˌpalæo-oceaˈnography (also palæoceanography), (the study of) the conditions and processes occurring in oceans in the geological past; hence ˌpalæ(o-)oceaˈnographer; ˌpalæ(o-)oceanoˈgraphic, -ical adjs.; palæopeˈdology Geol., (the study of) the features of soils in the geological past; hence ˌpalæopedoˈlogical a., palæopeˈdologist; palæophilist |-ˈɒfɪlɪst| nonce-wd. [Gr. -ϕιλος loving], a lover of antiquities, an antiquarian; ˌpalæophysiˈography Geol., (the study of) the physical and topographical features of the earth's surface in the geological past; hence ˌpalæophysiˈographer; ˌpalæophysioˈgraphic, -ˈgraphical adjs.; palæophysiˈology, the physiology of early races of mankind; ˈpalæoplain Geomorphol., a peneplain which existed at some period in the past and became overlain by other strata, being now buried or re-exposed; ˈpalæopole Geol., a magnetic pole of the earth at a period in the past; palæoˈpsychic a. rare, pertaining to the assumed (prehistoric) origins of behaviour patterns; so (also rare) ˌpalæopsyˈchology, -ist; ˈpalæoradius Geol., the radius of the earth or another planet at some time in the past; palæˈornithine a. Zool., belonging to or having the characters of the Palæornithinæ, a group of parrots typified by the genus Palæornis [mod.L., f. Gr. ὄρνις bird: a bird of this kind having been known to the ancient Greeks and Romans]; palæorniˈthology, that branch of palæontology or ornithology which treats of extinct or fossil birds; hence palæornithoˈlogical a., pertaining to palæornithology; palæosaˈlinity Geol., the salinity of the environment in which a sedimentary deposit was laid down; paˈlæosaur, a fossil saurian reptile of the genus Palæosaurus; palæoselachian |-sɪˈleɪkɪən| a., belonging to the division Palæoselachii of the Selachoidei [Gr. σέλαχος shark] or shark tribe of fishes; ˈpalæoslope Geol., the former or original slope of a region, or its direction; ˈpalæosol [-sol], a soil horizon which was formed as a soil in the geological past; hence palæoˈsolic a.; palæˈosophy [Gr. σοϕία wisdom], ancient learning; ˈpalæospecies Palæont., a species including a group of fossils from different geological formations that make up a chronological series; ˈpalæostructure Geol., the geological structure of an area at some period in the past; hence palæoˈstructural a.; palæotechnic |-ˈtɛknɪk| a. [Gr. τέχνη art], pertaining to primitive art; spec. (see quot. 1960); palæotecˈtonic Geol., of or pertaining to tectonic features or events of previous stages in the earth's history; ˈpalæotemperature, the average climatic temperature at a particular place and time in the past; palæotherˈmometry, the investigation of the temperature of climates and oceans in past ages; palæotoˈpography Geol., the topography of ancient landscapes, esp. as represented today by features that are buried or newly exhumed (cf. palæogeomorphology); hence ˌpalæotopoˈgraphic, -ˈgraphical adjs., ˌpalæotopoˈgraphically adv.; palæovolˈcanic a. Geol., applied to volcanic rocks of a period older than the Tertiary; ˈpalæowind Geol., a prevailing wind that existed at some period in the past; freq. attrib.; ˌpalæoˌzoogeˈography, the study of the distribution of fossil animal remains; hence ˌpalæoˌzoogeoˈgraphic a.
1881Günther in Encycl. Brit. XII. 676/1 Remnants of the *Palæichthyic fauna exist in the sturgeons and lampreys.
1880Nature XXI. 428 The *palæichthyological treasures of [Scotland] began to attract attention.
1890Cent. Dict., *Paleichthyologist. 1897Proc. Zool. Soc. 317 Sending his specimen again across the Atlantic for re-examination by British palæichthyologists.
1881Nature XXIII. 580 Sir P. Egerton, whose name will be ever associated with that of Agassiz in *palæichthyology.
1945Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XXIX. 428 Maps of fossil distribution, with evaluation of the habitat of the organisms, add evidence. Thus from the lithology and fauna, it is possible to construct *paleobathymetric maps. 1964H. W. Menard Marine Geol. Pacific vi. 138/1 Since most of the islands existed at about the same time.., a consistent paleobathymetric map can be drawn.
1959Jrnl. Paleont. XXXIII. 944/2 Critical comparative study is also called for of the characteristics of sedimentary rocks in areas where there is possibility of reconstructing a reasonably objective *paleobathymetry, as in the..Ventura Basin of California or other areas where the endemic fossils indicate a wide range of depth. 1971Nature 2 Apr. 319/1 The magnitude of the cretaceous-Tertiary hiatus in the deep sea is therefore a function of palaeobathymetry with deeper water sections exhibiting a greater unconformity.
1948Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LIX. 1337 (heading) *Paleobiologic implications of the measurement of paleotemperatures.
1961Webster, *Paleobiological. 1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation ix. 192 Two palaeobiological aspects of this subject should be noted. 1974Nature 15 Feb. 496/1 He [sc. D. M. S. Watson] joined Abel as one of the pioneers of palaeobiological thought.
1900Biol. Lect. Marine Biol. Lab. Woods Holl 1899 ix. 132 The method thus elaborated has been and is now in constant use by a number of *paleobiologists. 1975Nature 1 May 16/1 Because they have become excited by new biological concepts and wish to apply them to fossils, a number of young researchers would now prefer to call themselves palaeobiologists.
1893S. S. Buckman in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLIX. 482 The term ‘hemera’ will therefore enable us to record our facts correctly; and its chief use will be in what I may call ‘*palæo-biology’. 1943Mind LII. 127 One can hardly think of a scientific fact better and more impressively documented than the phylogenetic hierarchy, established as it is by the threefold evidence of embryology, comparative anatomy, and paleobiology. 1948Jrnl. Paleont. XXII. 265/1 Paleobiology is..mainly biological in objectives, but many of its techniques are unknown to biology. 1973P. Tasch (title) Paleobiology of the invertebrates: data retrieval from the fossil record.
1854Edin. New Philos. Jrnl. LVI. 9 The palæophysics are hardly studied, and even less the *palæochemistry. 1904Trans. Canad. Inst. VII. 535 (heading) The palæochemistry of the ocean in relation to animal and vegetable protoplasm. 1926Physiol. Rev. VI. 316 (heading) The paleochemistry of the body fluids and tissues. Ibid. 331 The high concentration of the salts, 2·852 per cent, in the serum of the lobster would appear to indicate that it is of neochemical rather than of paleochemical origin. 1942Proc. R. Irish Acad. XLVIII. B. 119 An enquiry into oceanic palæochemistry and its bearing on the electrolytes of blood and cells.
1875Dawson Nat. & Bible v. 155, I have suggested the terms *Palæocosmic and Neocosmic, and I would hold as of the first age such men as can be proved to have lived in time of greatest elevation of the European land in the Post⁓glacial period, and of the second those who came in as their successors in the Modern period. 1877― Orig. World xiii. 285. 1884 Leisure Hour Mar. 148/2 The second continental period was that of palæocosmic, or ‘palæolithic’ man.
1872Nicholson Palæont. 126 As a rule, also, the *Palæocrinoids have a calyx. 1885Athenæum 11 Apr. 475/3 The particular recent crinoid..which shows the most marked affinities with the palæocrinoids is not a stalked form, but one of the Comatulidæ, Thaumatocrinus. Ibid., It has an anal cone covered with plates—all palæocrinoid characters.
1955Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXVI. 1606 (heading) *Paleocurrents of Lake Superior Precambrian quartzites. 1971Nature 28 May 245/2 A W.N.W. to N. palaeocurrent component predominates in the channel sandstones with pedogenic modification..occurring on most proximal floodplain deposits.
1957R. J. Braidwood in Publ. National Research Council (U.S.) No. 565. 16/2 This field or axis of interrelated disciplines (perhaps ‘Pleistocene ecology’ or ‘*paleo-environment’ or ‘Quaternary geography’—I shall not attempt to name it!) would definitely include Man as an element in, and a factor acting upon, the environmental scene. 1970Nature 29 Aug. 944/2 The palaeoenvironment of the Neolithic occupation site. 1975Ibid. 20 Mar. 187/2 Reconstructions of palaeoenvironments often rely heavily on fossils, and thus engender circular arguments about the habitats occupied by different elements in the fauna.
1961Micropaleontology VII. 366/1 Preliminary results of analyses of these data, in terms of biotic diversity, show interesting parallels with independent evidence concerning *paleoenvironmental changes and floral evolution. 1974Nature 29 Mar. p. iv/3 (Advt.), An accompanying text describes each feature and discusses its..preservation and occurrence in sedimentary rocks, and significance for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. 1976Ibid. 20 May 223/1 These palaeoenvironmental similarities may be sufficient to explain the near identity of the two assemblages of micro⁓fossils.
1960Quaternary Res. (Tokyo) May 212 (heading) The *palaeoequator and its relation to the recent distributional area of Coriaria. 1962Nature 3 Nov. 427/2 The estimates of palæolatitudes are generally low, ranging from 59° S.–44° N., with 76 per cent of the values lying within 20° of the palæoequator. 1973Sci. Amer. Nov. 111/1 An eastward extrapolation of paleo-equator positions determined from deep-sea drilling, together with a westward extrapolation of crustal age.., enables us to estimate the location and age of a series of points where the East Pacific Ridge and earlier ‘paleo-equators’ once intersected.
1966Nature 15 Oct. 247 (heading) Summary of estimates of *palaeoequatorial [magnetic] intensity from igneous rocks in the temperature range 670° C to 500° C.
1882Ogilvie, *Palæoethnological..*Palæoethnologist. 1883American VI. 253 The views of the distinguished English palae-ethnologist.
1868Archæologia XLII. 103 Of great importance to the students of Italian *palæo⁓ethnology and archæology.
1968New Scientist 4 Apr. 16/1 Since the newly acquired moment is proportional to the known field, and the natural moment of the virgin rock is proportional to the ancient field, a simple equation allows the ‘*palaeofield’ to be calculated. 1975Nature 27 Feb. 685/2 The obvious ways of obtaining a palaeofield from a rock containing thermo⁓remanent magnetisation require that the rock be heated above its Curie point.
1882Geikie Text-bk. Geol. vi. iv. 836 Some writers, recognizing a broad distinction between older and younger Tertiary deposits, have proposed a classification into two main groups: 1st Eocene Older Tertiary or *Palaeogene. 1892Athenæum 25 June 829/2 Researches on the British paleogene Bryozoa, of which he recognized 30 species.
1886J. B. Sutton in Proc. Zool. Soc. 551 My object is to show that all examples of atavism belong to the *Palæogenetic group and that Neogenetic Atavism has no existence.
1911Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXII. 262 These results are of the greatest value to the *paleo⁓geographer. 1972Science 12 May 665/2 A scholar who, as a paleogeographer, is not narrowly specialized in archeology or geology.
1906Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XVII. 248 (heading) *Paleogeographic charts. 1971Nature 16 July 180/2 The evidence..was taken from two series of palaeogeographic maps showing the distribution of land and sea since the early Cambrian.
1882E. Hull Contrib. Physical Hist. Brit. Isles i. iii. 19 In endeavouring to prepare a series of maps representing the *palæo-geographical features of some region,..the requisite number of such maps and their proper order of succession..necessarily corresponds to those of the successive geological formations. Ibid. ii. i. 55 (heading) Palæo-geographical and geological maps of the British Isles. 1956L. J. Wills Concealed Coalfields 6 The palaeogeographical treatment is capable of throwing new light on the problem of where the workable coals may originally have been deposited. 1965B. E. Freeman tr. Vandel's Biospeleol. xvi. 274 A map of the distribution of the cavernicolous sphaeromids can easily be superimposed on the paleogeographical reconstruction of the Miocene epoch.
1934Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XVIII. 784 (heading) Future research in *paleogeographically favorable zones. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles xi. 265 Permian outcrops in Ireland, though not extensive, are palaeogeographically important.
1881R. Etheridge in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XXXVII. 228 Could we strip off all the Secondary and Tertiary rocks, and reveal or expose the extension of the older or Palæozoic series towards Germany on the east, and France on the south, then the vexed question of the old physical geology and geography (*palæogeography) of Britain and the relation and correlation of our area with that of Europe would be revealed. 1946Nature 20 July 89/2 Grabau's widely ranging interests in stratigraphy, palæogeography, palæontology and sedimentation..were synthesized into a whole in his ‘Principles of Stratigraphy’ (1913). 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles i. 3 Changes in the distribution of land and sea, of the physiography of the land, and of climate have taken place and their study is called palaeogeography. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xx. 292/1 The direction of these currents can be established by studying the sedimentary structures the rocks contain; and this may assist in the determination of the palaeogeography of the times when sedimentation occurred.
1933Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XVII. 1113 (caption) *Paleogeologic map of United States at beginning of Lower Cretaceous or Comanche time, representing areal geology of surface upon which Cretaceous sediments were deposited. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IX. 519/1 Paleogeologic maps, showing the pattern of rocks on the surface at a past time, aid in the interpretation of landforms.
1882Sci. Trans. R. Dublin Soc. I. 257 (heading) *Palæo-geological and geographical maps of the British Islands and the adjoining parts of the continent of Europe.
1940Geogr. Jrnl. XCV. 208 The island re-emerged during the Tertiary from an ancient, drowned landmass named Palaeonotis, postulated by palaeogeologists..as having extended from Asia as far as New Caledonia.
1933Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XVII. 1129 Northeastern Texas..is an excellent example of the application of *paleogeology to the problem of the accumulation of oil and gas. 1959P. C. Badgley Struct. Methods Exploration Geologist v. 128 Figure 138 indicates the paleogeology immediately below the pre-Cretaceous erosion surface. 1960A. I. Levorsen Paleogeologic Maps i. 2 Paleogeology ignores all subsequent sedimentation, volcanism, and deformation, and requires that the geologist consider the geology as it was when it was being formed.
1962Jrnl. Geophysical Res. LXVII. 3461/2 Since different parts of formations became magnetized at different times, secular variation of the *paleogeomagnetic field must have produced a certain amount of scatter of the directions of magnetization. 1977Sci. Amer. Dec. 42/1 The maps are computer-generated by rotation around the varying north paleogeomagnetic poles, the amount of rotation controlled by sea-floor magnetic measurements.
1965Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. CCLVIII. 1 Because no other *palaeogeophysical record is comparable in scope, palaeomagnetic surveys in the different continents have led to important conclusions about the Earth's evolution. 1970Nature 18 July 227/1 Palaeogeophysical studies to determine whether present day processes were equally valid in past geological time.
1959Geophysical Abstr. No. 175. 374 ‘*Paleogeophysics’ includes all methods which can lead to an understanding of former physical conditions and processes in the earth during its evolution; it is a part of paleogeography. 1970S. K. Runcorn Palaeogeophysics iii. 17 The newest branch of palaeogeophysics is the record presumed to have been found in fossils of the biological rhythms of marine fauna. In the oceans it seems a priori reasonable to suppose that these biological clocks set themselves by the exactly periodic variations in their physical environment, which seem only to be the solar day, the synodical month and the tropical year.
1975Nature 3 Apr. 406/2 The *palaeogeotherms which existed in the upper mantle immediately before incorporation and transport of the xenoliths by kimberlite eruptions have been derived from data from large numbers of individual xenoliths.
1970R. G. J. Strens in S. K. Runcorn Palaeogeophysics xl. 383 Apart from their usefulness in studying palaeogravity and *palaeogeothermal gradients, such geothermometers and geobarometers would be of inestimable value to petrologists. 1978Nature 18 May 221/1 Much debate has centred upon whether some palaeogeothermal gradients are perturbed or not.
1861F. Hall in Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal XXX. 7 Any the slightest conversancy with Sanskrit *paleoglyphs is incompatible with a decision so indulgent.
1970R. G. J. Strens in S. K. Runcorn Palaeogeophysics xl. 383 Prospects for measuring *palaeogravity with an accuracy sufficient to detect major variations (> 10%) over the last 3000 m. yr appear good. 1978Nature 12 Jan. 153/2 Hypotheses involving substantial changes in Earth radius over geological time can be tested by measuring palaeogravity at, or near, the Earth's surface.
1898Natural Science Dec. 435 [In opposition to] certain guesses of an eminent *palæoherpetologist.
1853Edin. New Philos. Jrnl. LV. 298 (heading) On the *palæohydrography and orography of the Earth's surface. 1933W. J. Arkell Jurassic Syst. Gt. Brit. xviii. 557 To do justice to the palæogeography of the Jurassic period..we should have to proceed systematically from the points of view of..palaeohydrography, palaeoceanography, palaeobiogeography, palaeoclimatology,..and many others. 1971Geol. Förening. Stockholm Forhandl. XCIII. 59 (heading) Foraminifera and the paleohydrography of the Arabian Sea.
1965Jrnl. Geomagnetism & Geoelectr. XVII. 417 (heading) Preliminary results of investigations made to study the use of Indian pottery to determine the *paleointensity of the geomagnetic field for United States 600–1400 a.d. 1974Nature 17 May 227/2 If the Moon were uniformly magnetised, it would need to have had a dipole moment of about 1023 gauss cm3 to give an ancient surface field of 2,000 gamma (γ) which is typical of several palaeointensity studies, although a much higher value has been reported.
1959Geophysical Jrnl. II. 307 Thus the shape of the areas of confidence so calculated depends on the *palaeo⁓latitude. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xiii. 174/2 The study of wind systems associated with arid deposits of different ages gives evidence of palaeo⁓latitudes and so has a bearing on continental drift.
1964Prof. Papers U.S. Geol. Survey No. 501-C. 109/1 (heading) *Paleolatitudinal distribution of ancient phosphorite. 1971Nature 1 Jan. 17/1 The geometrical reconstruction presented here..was obtained using a palaeomagnetic computer program which plotted continental outlines in their palaeolatitudinal position relative to a pole determined palaeomagnetically.
1887Athenæum 15 Oct. 498/2 A rare example of conscientious and loving typography, and what for want of a better word we must call *palæolatry.
1877Fraser's Mag. XV. 541 Even to those who look upon war as..now on its last legs, the reflections on military history will be an interesting study of those *palæomachic days.
1961Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Univ. B. XXVIII. 68 A *paleolimnological study of deep core-samples will indicate not only the developmental history of Lake Biwa-ko but the whole Pleistocene climatic history of the East Asiatic continent. 1973Nature 16 Mar. 184/1 This aspect of the palaeolimnological work is being pursued in greater detail by magnetic, chemical and botanical investigations of the most recent sediments in Lough Neagh.
1960Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCLVIII. A. 1 (heading) Wilmot Hyde Bradley. Geologist, geomorphologist, *paleolimnologist, paleontologist, administrator. 1970Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae A. 3. CV. 25 The two species Bosmina coregoni Baird and B. longirostris O. F. Müller..are of particular interest to limnologists and palaeolimnologists.
1942Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXL. 237 One particularly significant contribution of *paleolimnology to glacial geology may be the derivation of an absolute chronology on the basis of quantitative counts of micro⁓fossils. 1948Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LIX. 641, I have selected three distinctive features of the Green River formation to interpret in terms of the paleolimnology of the Eocene Green River lakes. These are the carbonate sediments and carbonate minerals, the oil shales, and the varved sediments. 1973Jrnl. Phycol. IX. 395/2 The algal senescence system may prove valuable in lacustrine paleolimnology as a simple but experimentally accessible analogy to the processes of chlorophyll degradation in the water column.
1945Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XXIX. 427 *Paleolithologic maps have lines, isoliths, connecting points of similar lithology and separating rocks of differing nature. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IX. 519/1 Paleolithologic maps showing bottom sediment patterns suggest whether rocks were laid in depths of strong wave action or in quieter water of deeps or broad shoals.
1964K. M. Creer in A. E. M. Nairn Probl. Palaeoclimatol. 274 Because of the assumed axial symmetry of the field, palaeomagnetic data cannot yield information about *palaeolongitude.
1961Nature 17 June 1097/2 Localities along the same *palæo-meridian. 1965Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. CCLVIII. 27 A palaeomagnetic survey of a suite of rocks representing at least 104y thus provides information from which may be determined: (1) the palaeomagnetic latitude..of the sites, and (2) the palaeomeridian direction.
1890Huxley in 19th Cent. Nov. 770 The copper and early bronze stage—the ‘*palæo-metallic’ stage, as it might be called.
1901Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LVII. 405 (heading) A *palaeometeorological explanation of some geological problems. 1962Rex & Goldberg in M. N. Hill Sea I. v. 295 Deep-sea deposits provide excellent source areas for paleometeorological investigations provided eolian materials can be recognised. 1964K. W. Butzer Environment & Archeol. xxii. 334 A great deal of more satisfactory paleoclimatic information must be available before this major barrier to paleometeorological study is removed.
1901Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LVII. 468 The *palæometeorologist must work with the best material he can obtain, content with the enunciation of general principles, and with the solution of some of the more simple problems.
1854Edin. New Philos. Jrnl. LVI. 9 We have got very few notions on *palæometeorology and palæotemperature or thermics. 1901Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LVII. 469 Among the services which palæometeorology may hereafter render to the geologist..may be that of assisting him to determine the chronological relations of geological zones in different regions where no direct evidence..may be attainable. 1954Sci. News XXXIII. 65 Paleoclimatology, the study of the climates of the past, is considerably more advanced than paleometeorology, the study of past weather.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 636 In the *Palæonemertean genera Carinella and Cephalothrix. Ibid. 638 Short longitudinal grooves present also in the Palæonemertean Polia.
1883H. Drummond in Life viii. (1899) 204 This is probably also a *palaeoniscid scale. 1890Athenæum 12 Apr. 473/2 A specimen of a mesozoic palæoniscid fish from New South Wales. 1900Nature 20 Sept. 507/1 Cheirolepis is a fully evolved palæoniscid, as shown by its oblique suspensorium.
1957Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXVII. ii. xxiv. 684 The development of the method of paleotemperature research..using the O16:O18 ratio in carbonates and other solid salts of oxyacids has provided the most powerful single tool yet invented in the equipment of the *paleo-oceanographer.
1945*Paleo-oceanographic [see palæoclimatologic a.]. 1968Science 29 Mar. 1461/1 The distribution of planktonic tests in fossil marine sediments are being used increasingly for paleo⁓oceanographic reconstructions. 1971Nature 13 Aug. 469/1 Oxygen isotope and palaeontological determination of planktonic foraminifers allow us to make several generalizations on the palaeoceanographic history of the Arctic Ocean back to Mid Pliocene.
1971Ibid. 30 Apr. 563/1 In the interesting *palaeoceanographical model proposed by Bandy, a thermal maximum is indicated in marine conditions during the same 9–8 m.y. periods.
1933*Palæoceanography [see palæohydrography above]. 1957Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXVII. II. xxiv. 684 (heading) Future of the study of paleo-oceanography. 1972Nature 17 Mar. 117/1 The gross geometric relationships of pelagic facies on a ridge system must be interpreted in the light of the spreading process itself before meaningful conclusions can be drawn about palaeoclimatology and palaeo-oceanography.
1927B. B. Polynov Contrib. Russ. Scientists to Paleopedology 1 It is yet scarcely possible to speak of *paleopedology, as of a scientific theory that has assumed a wholly definite shape. Ibid. 14 As one of the most interesting recent Ukrainian papers on pedology may be especially mentioned the paleopedological map of Ukraina, drawn by Makhov. 1943Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXLI. 197 A great deal more must be learned about the soil formation before paleopedologists will understand the true significance of the soil bones. Ibid. 199 Because of the nature of the pedogenic fossils it cannot be expected that paleopedology ever will be able to deal with much more than the general types of the ancient soil formation and the changes in the geographical pattern of the zones and regions in which these types prevailed during the different geological periods. Ibid. 200 The true paleopedological formations are rather rare. 1971G. Roeschmann in D. H. Yaalon Paleopedology 319 In future, paleopedologists and geologists will only obtain satisfactory results..if they work as a team. 1973N.Z. Jrnl. Geol. & Geophysics XVI. 723 Such paleopedological evidence may be employed to confirm and extend the chronology of the later part of the New Zealand Quaternary. Ibid. 735 This identification of these ancient episodes of erosion depends on the identification of tephra formations and paleosols and is a logical application of paleopedology to environmental reconstruction.
1822Blackw. Mag. XI. 694 The gusto with which our zealous *Palæophilist listens to the rattling sound of certain ancient leaves of the rare volumes.
1898J. E. Marr Princ. Stratigr. Geol. x. 121 The *palæo-physiographer..attempts to restore the physical conditions of greater thicknesses of deposit.
1950Bull. Illinois State Geol. Survey No. 73. iii. 23 (caption) *Paleophysiographic diagram of the bedrock topography of Illinois. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. ii. 31 (caption) A paleophysiographic diagram showing the major features of the preglacial topography of Illinois.
1898J. E. Marr Princ. Stratigr. Geol. x. 122 The utmost that the maker of *palæophysiographical maps can expect to indicate, when dealing with considerable thicknesses of strata, is an approximation to the mean position of the shore-lines of the period when these strata were deposited.
1882E. Hull Contrib. Physical Hist. Brit. Isles p. v, I had intended giving the title of ‘*Palæo-Physiography of the British Islands’ to this volume; but certain friends in whose judgment I have the most implicit confidence assured me that no one would have the slightest conception from such a title of the contents of my book. 1915C. Schuchert Text-bk. Geol. II. xx. 450 There is..another record that has so far been almost refused recognition in our time-tables. This is the time evaluation of topographic form at any given stage of development (the physiography of the present, the paleophysiography of the past).
1880tr. Geiger's Hist. Developm. Hum. Race 48 These questions..fall within the province of physiology, or if I am permitted to coin the term of *palæophysiology.
1900R. T. Hill in Topogr. Atlas U.S. Geol. Survey Folio 3. 5/3 Destructional plains are sometimes evolved from constructional plains; the latter, after elevation in long erosion, are reduced in old age to the former. On the other hand, constructional plains are usually established upon areas which were once destructional plains. Ancient buried destructional plains thus veneered by constructional formations might be appropriately termed *paleoplains. 1966Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists L. 2302/2 Farther west along the flank of the Canadian shield..a vast paleoplain..was covered by Lower Cretaceous (locally Upper Jurassic) sediments which include a high percentage of sandstone which could serve as reservoir.
1962Geofisica Pura e Appl. LIII. 52 (heading) Rock magnetism and the earth's *palaeopoles. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth xv. 212 The evidence favouring drift including geomagnetic data (palaeopole investigations).
1904G. S. Hall Adolescence II. xii. 194 The problem, whether there is any *paleopsychic race element, is as inevitable as it is unanswerable.
1916N.Y. Med. Jrnl. CIV. 1077/1 We wish to maintain the idea that there may be other types of fossils to be studied than those derived from plants and animals, namely thought fossils, and that to paleobotany and to paleozoology we may add a science of paleopsychology. The happiest ground of the *paleopsychologist is..in history, in literature, in..possibly diseases.
1960Geofisica Pura e Applicata XLV. 116 The *palaeo-radius corresponding to the time t. 1978Nature 26 Jan. 316/1 Observations of the surface of Mercury and Mars by spacecraft enable constraints to be placed on the palaeo-radius of these extraterrestrial bodies.
1960Oil & Gas Jrnl. 1 Feb. 154/1 A method for determining *paleo⁓salinities..would also be of considerable practical value in the search for various types of mineral deposits and petroleum.
1972Marine Geol. XII. 335 (heading) Pollen and *paleosalinity analyses from a Holocene tidal marsh sequence. Ibid. 337 A method for determining paleosalinity was proposed by Nelson (1967) which utilized the relative proportions of iron and calcium phosphate in argillaceous sediments.
1871H. Marshall For very Life II. vi. xi. 258 Ideas..are laid away in books, just as we find *palaeosaurs in the rocks.
1957Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXVIII. 469/1 Mapping of cross-bedding and other primary current structures has proved useful in reconstruction of regional *paleoslopes. 1965Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists XLIX. 341/1 Regional variation in stratigraphic position of the base of the landslide facies establishes the fact that the foot of the paleoslope migrated north-northwestwardly through time. 1975Read & Watson Introd. Geol. II. i. iv. 82 Remarkably constant palaeocurrent directions determined from current-bedding throughout the Athabasca formation indicate a palaeoslope towards the west or north-west.
1950Hunt & Sokoloff in Prof. Papers U.S. Geol. Survey No. 221. 109/1 An ancient soil, hereafter referred to as *paleosol, has been dated..as pre-Wisconsin in the Lake Bonneville and Denver basins. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. iv. 82 Paleosols may be found on buried landscapes, on exhumed portions of ancient landscapes, or upon features of the present topography which are relicts of previous geomorphic cycles. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 554/2 A lateritic crust is essentially a paleosol, and reflects a polycyclic regime, usually as a result of repeated alternation of hot, humid conditions developing laterite, with dry, evaporating conditions favoring crust development. 1975Nature 20 Mar. 189/1 Palaeoenvironmental indicators in the sediments include polygonal desiccation cracks, calcretes and other palaeosols.
1956Soil Sci. LXXXII. 441 Erosive stripping of the protective mantle of sediment in many places, however, resulted in the resurrection of the *paleosolic profile in toto, so that now the paleosol occurs within the continuum of soils on the modern surface. 1965R. V. Ruhe in Wright & Frey Quaternary of U.S. 759/2 These kinds of soil occur adjacent to each other and grade from one to another on the paleosolic surfaces of the older glacial tills.
1798W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. VI. 452 They [the Eddaic poems] will afford a favourite text for commentary to all the antiquaries who shall in future busy themselves with arctic *paleosophy. 1806― in Ann. Rev. IV. 559 The whole range of the original writers on northern paleosophy.
1954A. J. Cain Animal Species vii. 107 When good series are available, forms that seem to be good species at any one time may become indefinable since they are successive stages in a single evolutionary line... It is convenient to refer to such forms as *palaeospecies. 1956P. C. Sylvester-Bradley Species Concept in Palaeont. 2 A third concept is the result of projecting the biospecies into a third dimension, that of time. It is the concept..others have called the ‘palaeospecies’. 1964Nature 1 Aug. 451/1 A species in palæontology..is a fundamentally different kind of unit and has been called a chromospecies or palæospecies. 1974Ibid. 1 Nov. 85/2 Physical anthropologists have expanded the concept of variability in palaeospecies making it possible to lump greater ranges of morphological variation within a single species.
1966Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists L. 2323/1 To demonstrate a logical method of *paleostructural mapping by use of carefully selected isopachous intervals. 1972Internat. Geol. Rev. XIV. 1320/1 In any platform region, paleostructural reconstructions should be preceded by a comprehensive study of the conditions of occurrence and distinctive lithologic features of the rocks.
1937Jrnl. Geol. XLV. 51 A *paleo-structure map of southeastern Missouri at the end of Lamotte time. 1970Israel Jrnl. Earth-Sci. XIX. 141 Systematic study of the thickness of Senonian strata yields conflicting data regarding palaeostructure.
1904P. Geddes City Devel. xxv. 175/1 Must we not, therefore, call this earlier and crude mechanical civilisation which still predominates among us the ‘*Palæotechnic’ stage, and recognise that the formerly less prominent industrial peoples..are passing more quickly than we into the ‘Neotechnic’ stage? 1915― Cities in Evolution iv. 63 We may distinguish the earlier and ruder elements of the Industrial Age as Paleotechnic, the newer and still often incipient elements disengaging themselves from these as Neotechnic. 1934Paleotechnic [see eotechnic a.]. 1946Theology XLIX. 94 The report..praises the past but its vision for the future is lighted less by a doctrine of the creation than by paleotechnic ideology. 1960C. Winick Dict. Anthropol. 399/1 Paleotechnic, in the development of the techniques of western civilization, referring to the period in which mineral resources became prominent and coal power and iron were widely used. It flourished around 1750. The factory system, finance capital, and competition developed. 1973New Society 7 June 543/2 Its automated ticket system..makes London's machines seem paleotechnic by comparison.
1947Jrnl. Geol. LV. 311 (caption) *Paleotectonic maps of the Cordilleran region in late Paleozoic time. Cross-ruled area is the volcanic archipelago and orogenic belt. Horizontally ruled areas were uplifted and eroded during the period designated. 1957Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXVIII. 151/2 These studies have revealed a paleotectonic framework composed of a geosynclinal basis in central Idaho and a relatively more stable cratonic shelf in southwestern Montana. 1975Nature 10 July 117/1 The positions of Triassic seaways along the southern continental margin of the Tethys ‘geosyncline’ are defined by the effects of at least two main palaeotectonic events.
1854*Palæotemperature [see palæometeorology above]. 1948Science 5 Nov. 492/1 This particular application of the chemical differences in the processes of isotopes occurred to me a year and a half ago, and since that time my colleagues and I have been trying to solve the several difficult problems encountered in making such measurements of paleotemperatures. 1969Nature 4 Oct. 66/2 Recent palaeotemperature measurements obtained from Caribbean cores..suggest that the coldest part of the Weichselian was around 17000 years bp.
1957Chem. Abstr. LI. 12773 (heading) Determination of climatic conditions of some regions of the U.S.S.R. in the Upper Cretaceous period by the method of isotopic *paleothermometry. 1971Nature 13 Aug. 466/2 Reconstruction of the climatic and hydrologic history of ocean basins has been based on either oxygen isotope palaeo⁓thermometry or studies of foraminiferal assemblages preserved in deep sea sediments.
1943Jrnl. Sedimentary Petrology XIII. 111/1 Most *paleotopographic maps pass under the name of structural maps but there is a distinct difference. 1960M. S. Bishop Subsurface Mapping ix. 135 Oftentimes the gentle slopes of paleotopographic surfaces are indicative of much steeper dips on the underlying beds, especially if a major unconformity is being mapped.
1960Canad. Mining & Metallurg. Bull. LIII. 535/2 The oil has accumulated beneath the unconformity and the accompanying ‘caprock’ wherever the subcrop trend of a reservoir bed crosses a *paleotopographical ridge.
1966Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists L. 2296/1 These quantitative concepts are very useful in interpreting an area *paleotopographically; i.e., they keep the number of tributaries, lengths of streams, and channel slopes within specific limits according to geomorphological principles.
1943Jrnl. Sedimentary Petrology XIII. 108 The search for new deposits of petroleum is aided by the use of special paleogeographic maps... Other types of maps that may be used show salinity, thickness of sands, paleogeology and *paleotopography. 1970Jrnl. Geol. Soc. Australia XVII. 39 The palaeotopography of an east-west valley on the eastern flank of the Great Divide is reconstructed from a consideration of early Tertiary and Palaeozoic rocks.
1957Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LXVIII. 1870 (heading) *Paleo-wind directions in late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time on the Colorado Plateau as determined by cross-strata. 1964Sedimentology III. 52 The directional features of the dunes suggest that the paleowind pattern was similar to the present-day pattern around Bermuda. 1975Nature 3 Jan. 19/1 We recommend experimental and analytical study of these currents taking into account continental dispersion and palaeowinds.
1967Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. III. 201 *Palaeozoogeographic data are thought to be especially useful in establishing a timetable for continental drift. 1972Nature 7 Apr. 297/3 Succeeding chapters..examine..the palaeozoogeographic patterns in the fossil record.
1967Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. III. 210 Many ammonite species were able to disperse widely. While this renders them excellent for purposes of correlation it reduces their importance for *palaeozoogeography. 1975Nature 17 Apr. 556/3 Palaeozoogeography can only make sense as the evolution of organisms in space and time.
b. In anatomical terms designating parts of the brain which are considered to be of relatively ancient development phylogenetically, as palæencephalon, palæocerebellum, palæocortex, palæopallium, palæostriatum, palæothalamus. Cf. neo- 1 e. |