| 释义 |
▪ I. pain, n.1|peɪn|
Forms: 3–6 peyne, 3–7 peine, 4–7 paine, payne, payn, 4– pain, (4–6 Sc. pane, 5–6 pein, peyn, pene, Sc. pan, 6 peane, pœne).
[ME. a. OF. peine (11th c. in Littré) = Pr., Sp., It. pena:—L. pœna penalty, punishment. Cf. also pine, an earlier form of the same word from L.]
1. a. Suffering or loss inflicted for a crime or offence; punishment; penalty; a fine. Obs. exc. in phr. pains and penalties, and as in b.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7742 Þer to he nom gret peine of hom. a1300Cursor M. 6691 If he liue a dai or tuin, Þe lauerd sal vnderli na pain. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 231 Crist þat payed a payne [pœnam solvit] for vs alle. 1433in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 295 He shal pay the same payne as afor is saide. 1482Paston Lett. III. 297 Wryttes of subpena..made upon gret peynys were delyvered to the seid William. 1577tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 45 Condemnation vnto death set as a peine upon our heades, because of the transgression. 1689Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 309 Which Ordinances..shall be observed inviolably..under paynes therein to be expressed. 1770Junius Lett. xxxvii. 189 note, The courtiers talked of..a bill of pains and penalties. 1859Mill Liberty i. 23 Compulsion, either in the direct form or in that of pains and penalties.
b. esp. in phr. on, upon, under († up, † of, † in) pain of: followed by the penalty or punishment incurred in case of not fulfilling the command or condition stated, as on pain of death; also, formerly, that which one is liable to pay or forfeit, as on pain of a hundred pounds, on pain of life, or the crime with which one is liable to be charged, as on pain of felony. Formerly sometimes with ellipsis of on, etc. (pain of = ‘on pain of’).
c1380Wyclif in Todd Three Treat. 133 Crist bad preche; & þei bidden leue in payne of prisonyng. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 849 Namoore vp on peyne of lesynge of youre heed. Ibid. 1685 No man ther fore vp peyne of los of lyf No maner shot..In to the lystes sende. 1389in Eng. Gilds (1870) 4 Of peyne of a pond wax to þe bretherhede. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 151 Ther dar noon officeer Peyne of his lyff do noon extorcioun. c1449Pecock Repr. (Rolls) I. 99 Vndir great payne of horrible death suffring. 1461Paston Lett. II. 58 A writte chargyng hym in peyne of c li to brynge me in to the Kynges Benche. 1472Presentm. Juries in Surtees Misc. (1888) 24 Opane of vjs. viijd. pt to be forfyt. 1529Rastell Pastyme, Hist. Pap. (1811) 55 That none shulde ley no violent hande upon a clerke, payne of cursynge. 1599B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, Doe it, on pœne of the dor. 1650Howell Giraffi's Rev. Naples i. 98 That every one upon paine of life shold return to their houses. 1652Ibid. ii. 19 That every one should open his Shop under pain of Rebellion. 1699Bentley Phal. 439 He order'd every man upon the pain of death to bring in all the money he had. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 92 To pass upon the Assize of C.D. each under the Pain of One hundred Merks. 1829Southey in For. Rev. & Cont. Misc. III. 30 They shall be commanded, on pain of perpetual bondage, to depart out of the said kingdoms. 1884Times (weekly ed.) 17 Oct. 14/1 A proclamation ordering the tribes to join him under pain of death.
†c. pain fort and dure: see peine.
†d. in pl. Judicial torture. Obs. rare.
1533Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) I. 361 They..wolde confesse sum grete matier if they might be examyned as they ought to be that is to sey by paynes.
2. a. A primary condition of sensation or consciousness, the opposite of pleasure; the sensation which one feels when hurt (in body or mind); suffering, distress. With a and pl., a single feeling of this nature. In early use esp. suffering inflicted as punishment. (Cf. sense 1.)
a1300Cursor M. 20618 O paine þow sal noght thol a dele. 1390Gower Conf. III. 345 Of every lust thende is a peine. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) v. i. (1859) 69 Now ben ended the peynes and tormentes. 1481Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 32 Reynert the foxe..saide to Isegrym, shorte my payne. 1598Chapman Blind Beggar Alexandria Plays 1873 I. 29 But every pleasure hath a payne they say. 1601Sir W. Cornwallis Ess., [His] furthest wish being but to bee out of his paine. 1756Burke Subl. & B. i. ii, Pain and pleasure are simple ideas incapable of definition. 1883A. Barratt Phys. Metempiric 152 The simple reaction, which physically is expressed as the Law of Self-conservation, psychically as the Principle of following Pleasure and avoiding Pain. 1892Westcott Gospel of Life 162 The most universal fact in life is pain.
†b. spec. The punishment or sufferings of hell (or of purgatory). Obs.
1340–70Alex. & Dind. 747 Ȝe schulle be punched and put in paine for euere. c1400Rowland & O. 1440 His saule wente vn-to payne. 1544Bale Chron. Sir J. Oldcastell in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 261 Euery man..is a pilgrym, eyther towardes blesse or els towardes payne. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 345 Whosoeuer dyed in that time, and gaue his goodes to further that voyage, he was cleane absolued from paine and from sinne. 1598R. Barckley Felic. Man (1631) 183 Ar now cast downe into paines lowest abysse.
c. to put out of (one's) pain, etc.: to put to death, dispatch (a wounded or suffering person or animal).
1572Forrest Theophilus 1233 in Anglia VII, God tooke him owte of this carcerall payne. 1596Spenser F.Q. v. xii. 23 He lightly reft his head to ease him of his paine. 1639Shirley Maid's Rev. v. iii, I would I were hanged, to be out of my pain! 1783Ainsworth Lat. Dict. (Morell) iv. s.v. Lysimachus, Lysimachus..at his request gave him a cup of poison to put him out of his pain. 1808Marchioness of Stafford 15 Sept. in C. K. Sharpe's Corr. (1888) I. 346 A Css. of Suthd...was half drowned..and after coming on shore, put out of pain by Andrew Davy, a fugitive.
3. a. In specifically physical sense: Bodily suffering; a distressing sensation as of soreness (usually in a particular part of the body).
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvii. 187 For peyne of the paume powere hem [the fingers] failleth To clucche or to clawe. 1486Bk. St. Albans C vij b, Hawkys that haue payne in theyr croupes. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. xi. 37 Loud he yelled for exceeding paine. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 64 Envy her self at last..The Pains of famisht Tantalus shall feel. 1722R. Wodrow Suff. Ch. Scot. (1837) II. ii. xiii. §5. 458/1 At the ninth [stroke in the torture of the boot] Mr. Mitchel fainted through the extremity of pain. 1841–71T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 438 In Man, the power of feeling pain indubitably is placed exclusively in the brain; and if communication be cut off between this organ and any part of the body, pain is no longer felt, whatever mutilations may be inflicted. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 433 The king was in great pain, and complained that he felt as if a fire was burning within him.
b. spec. (now always pl.) The sufferings or throes of childbirth; labour.
a1300Cursor M. 3488 (Cott.) In trauelling..Ful herd it was þair moder pain [Trin. Muchel was þe modir peyn]. 1388Wyclif John xvi. 21 But whanne sche hath borun a sone, now sche thenkith not on the peyne, for ioye, for a man is borun in to the world. 1539Bible (Great) 1 Sam. iv. 19 She bowed her selfe, and traueled, for her paynes cam vpon her. 1547Boorde Brev. Health ccxlii, Wel she may be named a woman, for as muche as she doth bere chyldren with wo and peyne. c1611Chapman Iliad iv. 509 Feeling suddenly the pains of child-birth. a1704T. Brown 1st Sat. Persius Wks. 1730 I. 53 Here some pert sot, with six months pain, brings forth A strange, mishapen, and ridiculous birth. 1797Southey Eng. Eclogues, Hannah 19 She bore unhusbanded a mother's pains. 1889J. M. Duncan Clin. Lect. on Dis. Women xi. (ed. 4) 68 Brought about..by the contractions of the uterus in ‘pains’.
†c. pl. A disease of the feet in horses. Obs.
c1440Promp. Parv. 390/2 Peynys, yvyl yn horsys fete. 1598Florio, Reste, a disease in a horse which we call the paines. 1610Markham Masterp. ii. lxxviii. 350 The paines is a certaine vlcerous scabbe growing in the pastornes of a horse, betwixt the fetlocke and the heele.
d. pain in the neck (colloq.) (also simply pain), an annoying or tiresome person or thing; also, in same sense (but vulg.), pain in the arse. Also, to give (someone) a pain (in the neck or arse), to be annoying or tiresome (to someone).
1908R. E. Knowles Web of Time xiv. 144 ‘There's naethin’ like the guid auld oatmeal.’ ‘You Scotch folks give me a pain,’ broke in David. 1912Maclean's Mag. Nov. 68/1 Bill, you give me a pain. 1924Wodehouse Leave it to Psmith ix. 188 He got there first, damn him! Wouldn't that give you a pain in the neck! 1933E. B. White Let. Mar. (1976) 112 All through the campaign I thought Mr. R. was something of a pain. 1934[see ass n.2 1 a]. 1937[see dinkum a.]. 1941W. A. Percy Lanterns on Levee 77, I was a sickly youngster..a frail problem child, a pain in the neck. 1951‘A. Garve’ Murder in Moscow x. 102 What do we really know of Mullett, except that he was a pain in the neck to every⁓body? 1958Spectator 7 Feb. 175/3 The Liu was almost as big a pain in the neck as the previous night's Preziosilla. 1967W. Soyinka Kongi's Harvest 14 Your uncle is a pain in the neck. 1970Times 7 Jan. 7/7 Anthony Quinn..plays a wise, noble, feckless, life-loving Greek dispenser of advice, lay preacher and general pain in the neck. 1972D. Ramsay Little Murder Music 8 Hey, Jack, how does his royal pain in the ass intend to take the Scherzo? 1972Times 13 Sept. 7/5 He represents about 1 per cent of the blokes... He is a pain. 1973‘E. McBain’ Hail to Chief i. 6 Homicide cops..were pains in the ass to detectives actually..trying to solve murder cases. 1975New Yorker 21 Apr. 103/3 She is a pain, and, unconsciously, the source of many of the troubles that follow. Ibid. 17 Nov. 125/1 Fiction, in whatever form, about real people is more often than not a pain, and sometimes downright pernicious. 1976A. White Long Silence xiv. 123 Lieutenant Otto Andersen..was a consistent pain in the arse to Colonel Birkenkamp, constantly reporting his men for slovenly dress. 1977Rolling Stone 7 Apr. 12/2 It was an increasing pain in the ass to do the same material each night.
4. a. In specifically psychical sense: Mental suffering, trouble, grief, sorrow.
1375Barbour Bruce ii. 517 [Thai] wald partenerys off thar paynys be. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 957 Syn I knowe of loues peyne. c1430Syr Tryam. 607 Hyt dothe the kyng mekylle payne When he thenkyth how sir Roger was slayne. c1560A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xxviii. 1 To luve vnluvit it is ane pane. 1656Cowley Misc., Gold, A Mighty pain to Love it is, And 'tis a pain that pain to miss, But of all pains the greatest pain It is to love, but love in vain. 1754Richardson Grandison IV. 51, I remember with pain the pain I gave to your generous heart. c1850Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 85 Their absence would cause me much pain.
†b. spec. Distress caused by fear of possible evil, anxiety; anxious desire or apprehension. Obs.
1668R. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 420, I am in a great deal of pain to know how my horses have performed the journey. 1758Ann. Reg. 113/2 The public was in great pain for the Admirals..left..in sight of six large French ships of war. 1789G. White Selborne (1875) 318 The foster mother [a cat] became jealous of her charge [young squirrels], and in pain for their safety.
†5. Trouble as taken for the accomplishment of something (= pains, sense 6); also, in early use, trouble in accomplishing something, difficulty. (F. peine.) Phrases. to do one's pain; to take pain; to lose one's pain. Obs. in sing.: see 6.
a1300Cursor M. 14480 Fra þat time forth þai did þair pain Þat he and lazar war bath slain. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 12174 Þo þat ascaped, hit was wyþ payn. 1375Barbour Bruce viii. 350 Quhen he saw he tynt his pane, He turnit his bridill, and to ga. c1410Hoccleve Mother of God 108 Now do your bysy peyne To wasshe away our cloudeful offense. 1476Paston Lett. III. 165, I have moche payne to gete so moche mony. 1481Caxton Myrr. iii. i. 131 Whiche may moche prouffyte to them that wyll doo payne to knowe them. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. vi. (1845) 25 Who wyll take payne to folowe the trace. 1513Douglas æneis i. Prol. 109 And ȝit, forsuith, I set my besy pane, As that I suld, to mak it braid and plane. 1533Bonner in St. Papers Hen. VIII, VII. 410 After that, with moost great peane and difficultie, I was arryved at Rie. 1603Owen Pembrokeshire viii. (1892) 62 The husbandman that spareth paine spareth thrifte. 1633P. Fletcher Purple Isl. x. xl, A thousand Knights woo'd her with busie pain. 1702Eng. Theophrast. 305 A man would not employ the least pain in the acquisition of sciences, if [etc.]. 1768Woman of Honor I. 23 Taking some pain to excuse the girl's carelessness.
6. a. pl. Trouble taken in accomplishing or attempting something; labour, toil, exertions, or efforts, accompanied with care and attention, to secure a good or satisfactory result. Most freq. in phr. to take pains, to be at (the) pains.
1528Tindale Wks. (Parker Soc.) I. 260 To make them think that they must take pains, and do some holy deeds. 1538Starkey England i. ii. 55 Apply themselfys to theyr laburys and paynys for the susteynyng of the hole body. 1589Nashe Pref. Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 8 They haue nought but..their paines for their sweate, and..their labour for their trauaile. 1608Chapman Byron's Conspir. Plays 1873 II. 229 What idle paines have you bestowd to see A poore old woman? 1708Swift Sacramental Test Wks. 1755 II. i. 121 The university was at the pains of publishing a Latin paper to justify themselves. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 176 A person born deaf, may, by time, and sufficient pains, be taught..to speak, and, by the motions of the lips, to understand what is said to him. 1808Scott Marm. i. xiii, Yet much he praised the pains he took, And well those pains did pay. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. Postscr. 292, I foresaw..that a class of readers..would suppose that I was at great pains to conceal exactly what I was at great pains to suggest. 1887Ruskin Præterita I. xii. 426 He..spared no pains on his daughter's education.
b. In this sense the pl. pains has been freq. construed as a sing. (Cf. means, news.)
1533Cranmer Let. to Boner in Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 269 Ye will be contented to take this pains. 1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 51 margin, The peines of teachyng is woorthie great wages. 1671tr. Erasm. Colloq. 230 Recompensing one pains with another. 1766Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. (1767) II. viii. 25 Why be at all this pains? 1884Sir J. C. Mathew in Law Rep. 13 Q. Bench Div. 488 He..took every pains to arrive at a proper conclusion.
c. for (one's) pains: in return or recompense for one's labour or trouble; now usually sarcastic or ironical, implying that the labour is misspent or futile, or that the return for it is the contrary of what was desired.
1538Bale Brefe Comedy in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 208 For your peynes ye haue appoynted by the emproure your stypende wages. 1598Shakes. Merry W. iii. iv. 103 Giue my sweet Nan this Ring: there's for thy paines. 1599Chapman Humorous Day's Mirth C iv, Now she stops..and rates him for his paines. 1650Overseers' Acc., Holy Cross, Canterb., Paid Goodwife Bayly for paines 0. 0. 8. 1713Addison Guard. No. 112. ⁋2 When I talk of practising to fly, silly people think me an owl for my pains. 1778F. Burney Evelina (1791) I. xxi. 99 If you hadn't come, you might have staid..and been a beggar for your pains. 1801M. Edgeworth Castle Rackrent Wks. 1832 I. 77, I had my journey for my pains. 1889Corbett Monk xi. 154 The old general, in a fit of exasperation, publicly gave him a sound thrashing for his pains.
7. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib., as pain-sensation, pain-sense, pain-sensibility;
b. instrumental, as pain-afflicted, pain-bought, pain-chastened, pain-dimmed, pain-distorted, pain-drawn, pain-racked, pain-shot, pain-stricken, pain-worn, pain-wrung adjs.;
c. objective, as pain-assuaging, pain-bearing, pain-dispelling, pain-giving, pain-inflicting, pain-killing, pain-producing, pain-relieving adjs.; pains-hating adj. [after painstaking: see 6];
d. pain-free a., free from pain; pain-killer, one who or that which does away with pain; spec. name of a medicine for alleviating pain; † pain-piss Obs., painful urination, strangury; pain point Physiol. = pain spot; pain-proof a., having immunity from pain.; pain spot Physiol., a small spot on the surface of the skin that is sensitive to pain; pain-threshold, the upper limit of tolerance to pain. See also painstaking, etc., painsworthy.
1645Quarles Sol. Recant. ii. 35 And like a *pain-afflicted stripling, play With some new Toy, to while thy grief away.
1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 49 b/1 *Payne⁓assuaging clisteryes, made of freshe milcke.
1870Bryant Iliad I. v. 153 Pæan with his *pain-dispelling balms Healed him.
1889Doyle Micah Clarke 149 The line of white *pain-drawn faces.
1628Gaule Pract. The. (1629) 176 Men neyther shrinke, nor shrike..when they perceiue their Bodies pierce-free, or *paine-free.
1889‘Mark Twain’ Connecticut Yankee xviii. 215 The executioner..was a good, pains-taking and *pain-giving official. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xxi. 306 Locke expressly makes the pleasure- or pain-giving quality to be the ultimate human criterion of anything's reality. 1934R. V. C. Bodley Japanese Omelette iv. 30 The geta..supposed to fit the sole of a Japanese foot..are, to my mind, the most paingiving form of footwear ever devised.
1864Pusey Lect. Daniel ix. 562 Indolent, conceited, soft, *pains-hating.
1803J. Kenny Society 52 And Sickness..Awhile forgets her *pain⁓inflicting task.
1853La Crosse (Wisconsin) Democrat 7 June 2/4 Ayer's Cherry Pectoral, Perry Davis' *Pain Killer. 1855I. C. Pray Mem. J. G. Bennett 200 The many pain-killers invented have diminished largely the amount of human suffering. 1863W. B. Cheadle Jrnl. Trip across Canada (1931) 102 Milton rubs his face with pain-killer. 1886N. Zealand Herald 28 May 5/1 His wife gave him some hot water and milk with a little pain⁓killer... Subsequently he died. 1898Daily News 1 Mar. 6/3 The late Sir James Y. Simpson, the inventor of chloroform, and great painkiller of his day. 1932J. Steinbeck Pastures of Heaven x. 236 Pat could hear the sizzle of mentholatum and painkiller gushing from containers and boiling into the fire. 1959[see benzocaine s.v. benzo-]. 1973‘R. MacLeod’ Burial in Portugal iii. 68 Finding the painkiller tablets, he swallowed a couple. 1977A. Morice Murder in Mimicry i. iv. 33 In those days you had to get by with ordinary painkillers which were about as effective as a slug of brandy to a man having his leg amputated.
1964J. J. Walsh Understanding Paraplegia iv. 24 In many cases, the so-called ‘harmless’ *pain-killing drugs are not sufficiently strong to stop the pain. 1974‘J. Graham’ Bloody Passage ix. 125 The pain-killing injection had helped.
1614Markham Cheap Husb. i. xxix. (1668) 55 Of the pain in the Kidneys, *pain⁓piss, or the Stone.
1897tr. T. Ribot's Psychol. of Emotions 27 Goldscheider..admits *pain-points (points sensible to pain), but not a specific organ for pain nor special nerves to transmit it. 1954S. Rothman Physiol. & Biochem. Skin v. 136/2 There is no doubt that itching is produced with great ease when the stimulus is weak and repetitive and when several pain points are stimulated simultaneously.
1903‘Mark Twain’ in North Amer. Rev. Jan. 3 No C[hristian] S[cience] family would consider itself..*pain-proof without an Annex.
1908Practitioner Dec. 850 The experiment was absolute proof of the *pain-relieving quality of congestion. 1935Discovery Aug. 226/2 One very fortunate property which such a generator appears to possess is its pain-relieving virtue. 1966Lancet 31 Dec. 1436/1 Digitalis, quinidine,..and pain-relieving drugs were given when indicated to both groups.
1897Trans. Amer. Pediatric Soc. IX. 68 Touch, temperature, and *pain sense are normally developed.
1911Beerbohm Zuleika D. iv. 44 He was gazing at the girl with *pain-shot eyes.
1888W. Stirling tr. Landois's Text-bk. Human Physiol. (ed. 3) xiv. 831 The *pain-spots can be isolated by means of a needle, or electrically. 1927Haldane & Huxley Animal Biol. v. 126 Stimulation of a single pain-spot will only cause movement after a long time or never. 1973C. P. Swanson Nat. Hist. Man viii. 237/2 (caption) Pain spots on normal hands of two individuals.
1857Geo. Eliot Scenes Clerical Life, Janet's Repent. xviii, The sight of the *pain-stricken face.
1902*Pain-threshold [see misery 8]. 1969‘I. Drummond’ Man with Tiny Head xvi. 182 Sandro guessed that his pain-threshold would be high and that he would give nothing away.
1834Tait's Mag. I. 134/2 Above the little *pain-worn thing The sailor's widow wept.
1838Eliza Cook Truth iii, When the oozing *pain-wrung moisture drips.
▪ II. pain, n.2
Forms: 4–6 payn, 5 payne, peyn, (8 pain).
[a. F. pain:—L. pānem bread.]
†1. Bread. (Frequent in Piers Ploughman.) Obs.
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. viii. 106 Þe prophete his payn eet in penaunce and wepyng. 1377Ibid. B. xiv. 76 Þorw plente of payn, & of pure sleuthe. 1393Ibid. C. x. 92 Ther is payn and peny-ale as for a pytaunce y-take. c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture 339 Þan take youre loof of light payne..and with the egge of þe knyfe nyghe your hand ye kett.
2. Cookery. Applied, usually with qualifying word, to various fancy dishes, mostly containing bread; as pain fondu [= dissolved], pain perdu [= lost], pain ragon, pain reguson; pain puff, a kind of puff or small pie with soft crust.
c1390Form of Cury No. 59 in Antiq. Culin. (1791) 13 Payn fondew. Take brede, and frye it in grece, other in oyle... Grynde it with raisons [etc.]. Ibid. No. 67. 14 Payn ragonn. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 42 Payn pur-dew. c1450Ibid. 68 This is the purviaunce made for Kinge Richard..the xxiii day of September [1387]... The thirde course... Payne puff. Ibid. 112 Peynreguson. Nym resons and do out ye stones, and bray it in a morter with pepir and gingiuer, and salt and wastel bred [etc.]. 14..Noble Bk. Cookry (Napier 1882) 46 To mak payn pardieu tak payn⁓mayne or freshe bred and paire away the cruste [etc.]. 1513Bk. Keruynge in Babees Bk. 271 For standarde, venyson roste,..pecocke with his tayle,..plouer, rabettes, grete byrdes, larkes, doucettes, paynpuffe. 1615Markham Eng. Housew. ii. 46 To make the best Panperdy, take a dozen egges [etc.]. 1706Phillips s.v., In Cookery, Pains signifie certain Messes proper for Side-dishes, so call'd as being made of Bread, stuff'd with several sorts of Farces and Ragoos. 1723[see cream n.2 7 b]. 1941W. A. Percy Lanterns on Levee 11 Oh, the poor little boys who never put a lump of butter into steaming butter-bread (spoon-bread is the same thing) or lolled their tongues over pain-perdu. 1961T. Henrot Belgium 189 Pain-perdu—rusk softened in warm, sweetened milk then browned in butter. 1972Guardian 28 Jan. 9/5 Pain Perdu or Gilded Crusts..are very popular with children.
▪ III. pain, v.|peɪn|
Forms: see pain n.1
[a. OF. pener, 3rd sing. pr. peine (10th c. in Littré) = Pr., Sp. penar, It. penare, med.L. pœnāre, f. L. pœna, F. peine, pain n.1 Cf. also pine v., OE. pínian.]
I.
†1.
a. trans. To inflict a penalty or punishment upon; to punish; to torture by way of punishment; to fine. Obs.
c1350Will. Palerne 2898 And putte hem in hire prisoun to peyne hem at hire wille. 1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xiv. x. E iij b/2 Many deme that the hylle Ethna is a place of payne and some soules ben paynyd therin. a1533Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Nn v, Thou haste iusticied the Iustyce, and none dare peyne the. 1601Holland Pliny I. 499 That whosoeuer..cut downe any trees growing in another mans ground, should be peined in the court for a trespasse don.
†b. To enjoin under penalty. Obs.
1607Henley-in-Arden Rolls (1890), Wee paine all the Alehowse keepers, that they and euery of them make holsome & good drinke bothe ale & Beare. 1620J. Wilkinson Of Courts Baron 148 If there was any thing pained at the last court to be done, and as yet is not done, you must enquire who hath made defalt therein.
II.
2. To inflict pain upon, cause to suffer; to hurt, distress. a. gen. or mentally: To inflict suffering upon, to afflict, give pain to; to grieve, to hurt the feelings of. Also absol. to cause suffering.
13..Cursor M. 23261 (Gött.) Bot a point es þaim paines [v.rr. pines, pinis] mar, Þan ellis all þair oþer fare. c1450tr. De Imitatione iii. xxxv. 105, I peynyng þe wiþ sorwes spare þe not. c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. lxix. x, Whome thou painest, more they paine. 1611Bible Joel ii. 6 Before their face the people shall be much pained. 1780A. Young Tour Irel. (Nat. Libr. Ed.) 85 There is not a single view but what pains one in the want of wood. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. Wks. II. 155 Transports that pain'd and joys that agonized. 1838Lytton Alice ii. ii, These gifts Caroline could not refuse, without paining her young friend.
b. To inflict bodily suffering upon, to torment; to cause bodily pain to, to hurt. (In quot. 1377, To put to physical inconvenience, incommode.)
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xii. 247 Riȝt as þe pennes of þe pecok peyneth hym in his fliȝte. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 614 Many a mannes guttes dide he peyne. 1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 11958 A body vp on a cross dystreyned, And, as me thouhtë, gretly peyned. 1530Palsgr. 651/2 It payneth me very sore to speke, I am so horse. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. ii. 33 Cold and heat me paines. c1624Chapman Batrachom. 11 So I lay Sleepless, and pain'd with headache. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xxx, But your arm, my lord,..Does it not pain you? a1864Hawthorne Amer. Note-Bks. (1879) I. 152 Pained with the toothache.
†3. intr. To suffer pain or distress; to suffer. (arch. in quot. 1885.)
c1315Shoreham 38 And seue ȝer thou scholdest, man, O dedlyche senne peyny. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xxii. 324 Þe croys..þat crist..for mankynde on peynede. c1440Promp. Parv. 390/2 Peynyn, or pynyn yn wo or sekenesse. a1536Calisto & Melib. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 81 Where is the patient that so is paining? 1591Daniel in Sidney's Astr. & Stella etc. Sonn. xi, So shalt thou cease to plague, and I to pain. 1885W. Pater Marius II. 213 Christ, paining in him, set forth a copy to the rest.
III. 4. a. refl. To take pains or trouble; to exert oneself or put forth efforts with care and attention; to endeavour, strive. Obs. or arch.
a1300Cursor M. 19027 Petir painid him ful gierne in cristis lai þat folc to lerne. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. vii. 42 Pledours sholde peynen hem To plede for swiche and helpe. 1481Caxton Godeffroy xxx. 64 The other that cam aftir peyned them moche for to goo more wysely. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 40 She her paynd with womanish art To hide her wound. 1614Raleigh Hist. World iv. iii. §9 Eumenes pained himselfe to carrie succour to his left wing. 1700Dryden Cock & Fox 669 While he pain'd himself to raise his note. 1870Lowell Study Wind. 217 Men still pain themselves to write Latin verses.
†b. intr. for refl. = prec. Obs.
c1440Partonope 2190 They peyned freshly to fyght bothe. 1484Caxton Fables of Alfonce vi, In vayne thou hast payned and laboured. a1529Skelton ‘Now synge we’ 68 Stand fast in faythe,..And payne to lyue in honeste.
c. pass. To be put to trouble or exertion; to be obliged to put forth effort. ? Obs.
1785Crabbe Newspaper 310 We..Are pain'd to keep our sickly works alive.
†5. trans. To take pains about, endeavour. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 28166 (Cott.) Quen I sagh my neghbur wele fare,..I paind oft at him vn-spede, bath in will and word and dede.
Add:[2.] c. intr. Of a limb or joint: to ache, be painful. colloq. and dial.
1934[see borrow v.1 2 b]. 1967W. Styron Confessions Nat Turner i. 21 I'd be mighty grateful if you could get them to ease off these chains. My shoulders pain something fierce. 1983R. K. Narayan Tiger for Malgudi 107 My knees are paining.
▪ IV. pain
variant of payen Obs., pagan. |