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Orient, n. and a.|ˈɔərɪənt|
Also orient.
[a. F. orient (11th c. in Littré), ad. L. oriens, orient-em rising sun, east, n. use of oriens ‘rising’, pr. pple. of orī-rī to rise. Opposed, in senses A. 1, 2, B. 1, to Occident.]
A. n.
1. That region of the heavens in which the sun and other heavenly bodies rise, or the corresponding region of the world, or quarter of the compass; the east. Now poetic or rhet.
c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 636 And firy Phebus riseth vp so brighte That al the Orient laugheth of the lighte. 1390Gower Conf. II. 247 He shulde make his sacrifice..on knees down bent Thre sithes toward orient. 1420,1483[see Occident A. 1]. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxviii. (1845) 134 Seynge the cloudes rayed fayre and rede Of Phebus rysinge in the orient. 1578T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 349 The Mexicans..sawe flames of fire toward the Orient, where now Vera Cruz standeth. c1600Shakes. Sonn. vii, Lo! in the orient when the gracious light Lifts up his burning head. 1725Pope Odyss. viii. 2 All the ruddy Orient flames with day. 1847Tennyson Princ. iii. 2 Morn..Came furrowing all the orient into gold.
2. That part of the earth's surface situated to the east of some recognized point of reference; eastern countries, or the eastern part of a country; the East; usually, those countries immediately east of the Mediterranean or of Southern Europe, which to the Romans were ‘the East’, the countries of South-western Asia or of Asia generally (cf. oriental A. 3); occas., in mod. American use, Europe or the Eastern Hemisphere. Now poetic or literary.
13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 3 Perle plesaunte..Oute of oryent I hardyly saye, Ne proued I neuer her precios pere. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 324 They conquered manye regnes grete In the Orient. a1450Le Morte Arth. 2057 A fulle Ryche Aparaylmente..That wroght was in the oryente. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 296 Tua Saxone kingis of the Orient Of Ingland. 1552Lyndesay Monarche 4257 For Orient and Occident To thame were all obedient. 1612Brerewood Lang. & Relig. i. 9 The diocess of the orient..contained Syria, Palestine, Cilicia, and part of Mesopotamia and of Arabia. 1676Cudworth Disc. Lord's Supper ii. 15 Another sect..famous in the orient. 1849Clough Amours de Voy. v. 7 Sicily, Greece, will invite, and the Orient. 1864Lowell Fireside Trav. 40 Annual voyages to that vague Orient known as Down East. 1890Century Mag. 103/1 He was sent as consul to the Orient.
b. pearl of orient: = orient pearl, oriental pearl; a pearl from the Indian seas, as distinguished from those of less beauty found in European mussels; hence, a brilliant or precious pearl: see quot. 13.. above; cf. B. 2 and oriental A. 4.
a1440Sir Degrev. 650 A front endent With peyrl of orient. 1700Congreve Way of World i. ix, As dim by thee, as a dead whiting's eye by a pearl of orient.
3. Rising (of the sun, or the daylight); sunrise, dayspring, dawn; also fig. Now rare or Obs.
1582N. T. (Rhem.) Luke i. 78 In which the Orient from on high hath visited vs. a1649Drummond of Hawthornden James II Wks. (1711) 37 His life having set in the orient of his age and hopes. 1651C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. i. 28 In whose light the people should walke, and kings in the brightnesse of her Orient. 1842Mrs. Browning Grk. Chr. Poets (1863) 109 From the orient of the sun. 1850Neale Med. Hymns (1867) 171 Draw nigh Thou Orient, Who shalt cheer And comfort by Thine Advent here.
4. Short for ‘pearl of orient’ or ‘orient pearl’: see 2 b.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. i. ii. (1858) 5 A very Sea of Thought..wherein the toughest pearl-diver may dive..and return not only with sea-wreck but with true orients. 1840Browning Sordello iii. 258 What spoils an orient like some speck Of genuine white, turning its own white grey?
5. The colour or peculiar lustre of a pearl of the best quality: see quot. 1755. rare.
1755Gentl. Mag. XXV. 32 Orient, the fine naker or mother of pearle colour, which is seen on some shells. 1861Templebar Mag. III. 391 The British pearls are from the mussel, not the oyster; as are also the Bohemian, which are likewise deficient in brilliancy and ‘orient’.
6. Orient Express, the name of a train which ran (from 1883 to 1961) between Paris and Istanbul and other Balkan cities, via Vienna, and of its successors (see quots. 1961, 1977). Also attrib. in fig. sense, in allusion to its association with espionage and intrigue.
1883Times 2 Nov. 10/1 A small folded card,..the back giving the timetable of the journey up to Constantinople,..and the front, under the heading ‘Orient Express’, the direction ‘M.—is requested to take his seat, in carriage—, bed No.—’. 1904A. E. Housman Let. 23 Sept. (1971) 75, I can pay the sum they ask, but I very much object to, as Constantinople and the Orient Express are both pretty expensive. 1920Cornh. Mag. Jan. 23 From Paris onwards, my three days journey was happily in the diplomatic train, the one-time Orient Express. 1925C. Connolly Let. May in Romantic Friendship (1975) 81, I was thinking of..vanishing on the orient express. 1937E. Ambler Uncommon Danger i. 24 He could see a destination board on..one of the sleeping cars—Wien, Buda-Pesth, Belgrade, Sofia, Istanbul. The Orient Express looked warm and luxurious inside. 1960O. Manning Great Fortune i. 5 The day before had been spent on familiar territory, even if the Orient Express had kept to no schedule. 1961Guardian 29 May 11/3 The Orient Express is no more. After 78 years of existence the train..is today [May 28] on its last journey from the Gare de l'Est station here [Paris] to Bucharest. 1965Observer 16 May 9/1 Amateurish-sounding Orient Express techniques..are widely used... Master agent Lonsdale passed messages via drawing pins stuck..in a Lyons Corner House. 1977Daily Tel. 2 May 6 (Advt.), Thursday, 19th May, 1977, will mark the death of a legend... On that day..The Orient Express..will begin its final run... On 22nd May the great train comes to rest in Istanbul's Sirkeci Station. 1977Ibid. 19 May 10/8 The train, known since 1969 as the ‘Direct-Orient’, goes..to Belgrade, where first- and second-class coaches, including sleepers, separate. One section then heads for Athens and the other for Istanbul. After tonight there will be no through coaches to Athens or the Bosphorus... All that will be left..will be the Simplon Express from Paris Gare de Lyon to..Belgrade. The sole survivor of the original northern route, still wistfully and only symbolically labelled ‘Orient Express’, will run from the Gare de l'Est in Paris to Budapest and Bucharest.
B. adj.
1. Situated in or belonging to the east; eastern, oriental. Now poet.
a1450Knt. de la Tour xciv. 122 She came from the parties orientys. 1589R. Bruce Serm. (1843) 61 The Latine and Orient Kirks. 1629Milton Nativity 231 When the Sun..Pillows his chin upon an Orient wave. 1817Coleridge Zapolya iv. iii A richer dowry Than orient kings can give! 1827–44Willis Ermengarde 38 The Danube..seeks an orient sea!
2. Applied to pearls and precious stones of superior value and brilliancy, as coming anciently from the East; often a vague poetic epithet: Precious, excellent; brilliant, lustrous, sparkling.
c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxi. 97, ccc. precious stanes, grete and orient [Fr. ccc perles dorient]. Ibid., A ruby, fyne and gude and orient. 1494Fabyan Chron. v. cxvii. 93 He nowe shyneth as doth an orient stoone. 1555Eden Decades 39 Many of these perles were as bygge as hasell nuttes, and oriente (as we caule it), that is, lyke vnto them of the Easte partes. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. v. viii. 3 These Pearles, though not altogether so orient as they in India. a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) I. 306 It is possible that the Cornish diamonds..may be pure and orient. 1713Young Force Relig. ii. (1757) 62 When orient gems around her temples blazed. 1862Tyndall Mountaineer. ii. 12 The grass..was sown with orient pearls [i.e. dewdrops].
b. Hence, of other things: Brilliant, lustrous, shining, glowing, radiant, resplendent (also fig.); sometimes (after A. 3), Shining like the dawn, bright red. arch.
1430–40Lydg. Bochas i. i. (1554) 1 b, The rivers were so orient and so fine Like quicksilver upboyling on the pleyne. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 183 b, Whyte set by blacke, appereth more oryent whyte than yf it stode by it selfe. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. ix. 158 The floures [of rose campion]..be of an excellent shining or orient redde. a1600Hooker Eccl. Pol. viii. ii. §8 To make the countenance of truth more orient. 1650Fuller Pisgah iv. v. 99 A shrub, whose red berries, or grains, gave an orient tincture to cloth. 1667Milton P.L. i. 546 Ten thousand Banners..With Orient Colours waving. a1703Burkitt On N.T. (1818) 355 The several graces and virtues, which were so orient in the life of Christ. a1881Rossetti House of Life Introd. Sonnet, Its flowering crest impearled and orient.
3. Rising, as the sun or daylight; also fig.
1598Yong Diana 99 Behold a Nymph more faire then orient sunne. 1646J. Cooke Vind. Law 32 That spirit of Reformation which I see orient in that court. 1728Pope Dunc. iii. 74 Far eastward..from whence the Sun And orient Science at a birth begun. 1822Shelley Hellas 266 The orient moon of Islam. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. v, A many-tinted, radiant Aurora,..this fairest of Orient Light⁓bringers. |