| 释义 |
organic, a. and n.|ɔːˈgænɪk|
[ad. L. organic-us, a. Gr. ὀργανικός of or pertaining to an organ, instrumental, f. ὄργανον organ n.1; in L. in senses ‘mechanical’, and ‘pertaining to a musical instrument’. Cf. F. organique 14–15th c. in Anatomy.]
A. adj.
1. Serving as an organ, instrument, or means; acting as an instrument, of nature or art, to a certain end; instrumental. rare.
1517Watson Shyppe of Fooles i. i, Approche you vnto this doctryne and it reuolue in your myndes organyques. 1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. C j b, Which are the membres compostes, and wherfore are they called organykes & instrumentalles? 1644Milton Educ. Wks. (1851) 389 Those organic arts which enable men to discourse and write. 1645― Tetrach. Wks. (1851) 168 With that organic force that logic proffers us. 1667― P.L. ix. 530 He.. with Serpent Tongue Organic, or impulse of vocal Air, His fraudulent temptation thus began. 1883T. H. Green Proleg. Ethics §85 The animal system is not organic merely to feeling of the kind just spoken of as receptive, to impressions..conveyed by the nerves of the several senses.
†2.
a. Relating to an organ, instrument, or means. (Cf. organon 2.) Obs. rare.
1697tr. Burgersdicius his Logick i. i. 2 A System of Logical Precepts consists of two Parts, Thematick and Organick... [The latter] converses about the Organs themselves, with which the Understanding entreats of Themes.
b. Done by means of instruments; mechanical: = organical a. 2 b.
[1646Schooten (title) De organica conicarum sectionum in plano descriptione tractatus. 1704Newton Enumeratio Linearum vi. Theor. i, De Curvarum descriptione Organica.] 1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 297 This theorem is due to Newton, and was given by him under the title of The Organic Description of a conic.
†c. Of or pertaining to musical instruments; instrumental. Obs.
1811Busby Dict. Mus. (ed. 3), Organic, the epithet applied by the ancients to that part of practical music which concerned instrumental performance. 1825Danneley Encycl. Mus., Organic, according to the Greeks, that part of music which was executed upon instruments.
3. Phys. Of or pertaining to the bodily organs; vital; spec. in Path. of a disease, Producing or attended with alteration in the structure of an organ; structural (opp. to functional). So organic pulse (F. pouls organique), a pulse of such a character as to indicate organic disease.
1706Phillips, Organical or Organick, belonging to the Organs of the Body. a1711Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 212 Hymnotheo's Soul, which while he slept remain'd From its Organick Drudgery unchain'd. 1801Med. Jrnl. V. 441 If the powers of an agent should..induce a decided influence on the organic motions of life. 1809Ibid. XXI. 302 Great organic affections often excite the disease. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 546 He [M. Bordeu] describes..an overwhelming multiplicity of organic pulses. 1835T. S. Smith Philos. Health i. 15 The organic actions consist of the processes by which the existence of the living being is maintained. 1842Brande Dict. Sci., etc. 857/1 Tuberculated induration of the liver is an organic or structural disease of that viscus.
4. a. Having organs, or an organized physical structure; having the characteristics of, belonging to, derived from, or relating to, organized or living beings (animals or plants). (Opp. to inorganic.)
1778J. R. Forster (title) Observations made during a Voyage round the World..on 1. The Earth and its Strata..5. Organic Bodies, and 6. The Human Species. 1808Good (title) On the general Structure and Physiology of Plants, compared with those of Animals, and the mutual convertibility of their Organic Elements. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. i. (1814) 18 Organic substances as soon as they are deprived of vitality begin to pass through a series of changes. 1813Bakewell Introd. Geol. Pref. (1815) 5 These rocks contain no organic remains. 1835Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. I. iii. 139 The animal derives this nutriment from organic matter, the vegetable from inorganic. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 206 The Muscular tissue of Organic Life..exists under two forms; that of fibres and that of cells. 1862Huxley Lect. Orig. Spec. i. 7 In speaking of the causes which lead to our present knowledge of organic nature, I have used it almost as an equivalent of the word ‘living’. 1878― Physiogr. xx. 337 The matter of the organic world.
b. Chem. (i) Applied to a class of compound substances which naturally exist as constituents of organized bodies (animals or plants), or are formed from compounds which so exist, as in organic acid, organic base, organic compound, organic molecule, organic radical; all these contain or are derived from hydrocarbon radicals, hence organic chemistry, that branch of chemistry which deals with organic substances, is the chemistry of the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
1827Faraday Chem. Manip. ii. 42 In the processes of organic analysis. 1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 2 By the mutual combination of these principles are formed the organic elements, which exist only in living beings, and are the exclusive product of organization... These organic elements are, gelatine, albumen, fibrin, fat, mucus, and certain other substances less generally distributed. 1849D. Campbell Inorg. Chem. 295 Sulphuric and several organic acids do not cause a precipitate, even in strong solutions. 1869Kirkes Physiol. (ed. 7) 16 The term organic has long ceased to imply a substance that is formed only by organized living tissues, and now signifies only matter with a certain degree of complexity of composition. 1871Roscoe Elem. Chem. 289 Organic Chemistry is defined as the chemistry of the carbon compounds. 1894Schorlemmer Rise & Devel. Organ. Chem. v. 88 We define, therefore, that part of our science which is commonly called organic chemistry as the Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
(ii) Of an element: contained in an organic compound.
1868Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXI. 87 Estimation of the carbon and nitrogen contained in the organic portion of the solid constituents (organic carbon and nitrogen). 1900[see nitrifying ppl. a.]. 1924L. Doncaster Introd. Study Cytol. (ed. 2) ii. 20 Practically the whole of the organic phosphorus in the nucleus is contained in..nucleic acid. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. xii. 735 There is no information available as to the fraction constituting the soluble or colloidal organic phosphorus of lake waters. 1972Limnol. & Oceanogr. XVII. 349/2 Dissolved organic carbon.., particulate organic carbon.., and particulate nitrogen..were measured to determine the distribution of organic matter.
†c. organic molecules: (a) Particles of matter supposed by Buffon to exist in living bodies, and to which he attributed the power of reproduction; † (b) ‘Spallanzani's term for the spermatozoa’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.).
1790Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 59 They acted by the ancient organised states in the shape of their old organisation, and not by the organick moleculæ of a disbanded people. 1815J. Scott Vis. Paris (ed. 2) 293 His theory of the Earth, now forgotten, and his organic molecules, on which he attempted to raise a system of materialism.
d. Of a fertilizer or manure: produced from natural substances, usually without the addition of chemicals.
1869S. R. Hole Bk. about Roses vi. 76, I made anxious experiment of a multiplicity of manures—organic and inorganic, animal and vegetable. 1942Organic Farming & Gardening I. 3/2 Compost fertilizer is a purely organic material as distinguished from mineral fertilizers (chemicals). 1952C. E. L. Phillips Small Garden iii. 18 Compared with the chemical fertilizers, the organic ones are slow in action but enduring in effect. Ibid. 19 Of other forms of organic manure, the following are valuable. 1960Times 27 Feb. 9/2 A good organic-based general fertilizer. 1975D. Green Food & Drink from your Garden v. 38 There is probably something in the theory that vegetables have their quality improved by the use of organic fertilizers.
e. organic soil: (see quot. 1928).
1928Bull. Amer. Soil Survey Assoc. IX. 33 Organic soils, soils composed mainly of organic material; the organic content being sufficient to dominate the soil characteristics. 1943Millar & Turk Fund. Soil Sci. ii. 63 Deposits of organic soils are of common occurrence in the northern border states of Minnesota eastward. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII. 423/1 Organic soils such as peats and mucks may contain as much as 95% carbonaceous material.
f. Of farming or gardening: growing plants without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc., adding only organic fertilizers to the soil.
1942J. I. Rodale in Organic Farming & Gardening I. 3/1 What is claimed roughly for these organic methods of farming is that they increase the fertility of the soil, produce much better tasting crops,..reduce weeds, do away with the necessity of using poisonous sprays, improve the mechanical structure of the soil. 1948Sci. Monthly June 482/1 Considerable success is claimed in the humid tropics with ‘organic farming’ where labor is plentiful..and where fertilizers are very expensive or difficult to obtain. Ibid., The organic devotees are primarily interested in production. Ibid. 482/2 Great claims have been made for soil improvement by earthworms, usually as a special phase of ‘organic’ gardening. 1971Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 13 June 14/2 An organic gardener uses natural mineral and organic fertilizers to build his soil. 1973Country Life 6 Dec. 1986/4 Organic farming community. Six professional couples with children wish to purchase..large country residence with small-holding acreage. 1975Listener 14 Aug. 203/2 The great thing about organic farming is that you..build up life in the soil, using natural organic manures such as compost and farmyard manure.
g. Of food: produced without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
1972Daily Tel. 12 Feb. 6/7 The organic food market is booming. Ibid., ‘Ninety per cent of the ‘organic’ apple juice being sold in California is not made from organically grown apples,’ said a spokesman for one of the country's biggest organic food wholesalers. 1972R. Bloch Night-World (1974) xiv. 93 Past the organic-food hangouts for the health freaks. 1975Times 5 Sept. 14/8 Another great interest was the growing of food organically, which resulted in a number of books on organic food..in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
5. a. Belonging to or inherent in the organization or constitution (bodily or mental) of a living being; constitutional; fundamental. b. Belonging to the constitution of an organized whole; structural.
1796Burney Mem. Metastasio II. 415, I have, perhaps, a little indulged my organic indolence. 1844Emerson Lect., New Eng. Ref. Wks. (Bohn) I. 266 We believe that the defects of so many perverse and so many frivolous people..are organic. ― Yng. Amer. ibid. II. 306 There still remains an organic simplicity and liberty, which..redresses itself. 1880Disraeli Endym. xxii, The bow of Waldershare was a study. Its grace and ceremony must have been organic. 1884J. Tait Mind in Matter (1892) 58 The work of plausible writers in minimising organic difference is easy. 1895E. B. Titchener tr. Külpe's Outl. Psychol. i. ii. 140 By ‘organic sensations’ we mean the sensations adequately stimulated by changes in the condition of the bodily organs,—muscles, joints, etc. 1901W. James Let. 10 July (1920) II. 158 What I crave most is some wild American country. It is a curious organic-feeling need. 1933G. Murphy Gen. Psychol. viii. 124 From what has been said about hunger and thirst it seems reasonable to believe that these organic sensations depend partly upon the compounding of simple sense qualities.
c. Philol. Belonging to the etymological structure of a word; not secondary or fortuitous.
Mod. In these (ME. þise) final e is organic, in those (ME. þás, þôs) it is inorganic.
d. organic selection (see quot. 1942).
1896J. M. Baldwin in Amer. Naturalist XXX. 444 We may simply..apply the phrase, ‘Organic Selection’, to the organism's behavior in acquiring new modes or modifications of adaptive function. 1942J. S. Huxley Evolution vi. 304 We have here a beautiful special case of the principle of organic selection,..according to which modifications repeated for a number of generations may serve as the first step in evolutionary change. 1970T. Dobzhansky Genetics Evol. Process ix. 303 The term organic selection has been coined to describe the parallelism between racial genotypic and environmental phenotypic variability.
6. a. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by systematic connexion or coordination of parts in one whole; organized; systematic.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. I. xii. 237 The fairest part of the most beautiful body will appear deformed and monstrous, if dissevered from its place in the organic whole. 1847W. Smith tr. Fichte's Characteristics Present Age 94 What this organic unity of a work of Art..really is,—will be asked by no one to whom it is not already known. 1850Carlyle Latter-d. Pamph. vi. (1872) 210 [They] bound it up into organic masses. 1855G. Brimley Ess., Tennyson 54 After all that philosophical critics have talked of organic unity. 1870S. H. Hodgson Theory of Practice II. 166 Rome..was unequal to..incorporating into an organic whole the nations included in her empire. 1874W. Wallace tr. Hegel's Logic 19 The truths of philosophy are valueless, apart from their interdependence and organic union. 1880J. Caird Philos. Relig. x. 307 Consciousness is not a mere collection or aggregate of ‘faculties’ existing side by side,..but a membered or organic whole, every part of which exists only in and through its relation to the rest. 1923Psychol. Rev. XXX. 371 Thinking is not an isolated fact... It is the final step in an organic learning process. a1943R. G. Collingwood Idea of Hist. (1946) 123 Marx..conceived this unity not as an organic unity.
b. Organizing, constitutive. (Cf. F. loi organique.) rare.
1849Congress. Globe 30th Congress 1 Sess. App. 47 [The origin of a Territorial Government] is not from such people, but from the law of Congress, usually styled the ‘organic law’, establishing it. 1857in Bartlett Dict. Amer. (1860) 304 The powers of the corporation of Washington are only those which are conferred by the organic law, the charter. 1883G. T. Curtis Buchanan II. ix. 202 His official duty under the organic Act by which the Territory was organized. 1963M. Khadduri Mod. Libya vii. 184 Both the Tripolitanian and Fazzanese organic laws permit the amendment of any provision during the first session of the legislative assemblies by a simple majority of all the members.
c. Phr. organic composition of capital (Econ.): see esp. quot. 1887.
1887Moore & Aveling tr. Marx's Capital II. xxv. 625 The composition of capital is to be understood in a twofold sense. On the side of value, it is determined by the proportion in which it is divided into constant capital or value of the means of production, and variable capital or value of labour-power, the sum total of wages. On the side of material, as it functions in the process of production, all capital is divided into means of production and living labour-power... I call the former the value-composition, the latter the technical composition of capital. Between the two there is a strict correlation. To express this, I call the value-composition of capital, in so far as it is determined by its technical composition and mirrors the changes of the latter, the organic composition of capital. Wherever I refer to the composition of capital, without further qualification, its organic composition is always understood. 1937M. Dobb Pol. Econ. & Capitalism i. 14 The important simplifying assumption that the ratio of labour to capital employed in different lines of production was everywhere equal: what Marx termed equality in the ‘organic composition of capital’ or what later economists would have called uniformity of the ‘technical coefficients’. 1966J. Robinson Essay Marxian Econ. ii. 7 We can avoid ambiguity, without falsifying Marx's meaning, if we use symbols c, v and s only for rates per unit of time of depreciation and raw material lost, wages and profit, and speak of the organic composition of capital, not as c/v but as capital per man employed. 1972G. C. Harcourt Some Cambr. Controv. Theory Capital 8 The assumption..is akin to that of Marx.., namely, a uniform organic composition of capital for the processes..of each technique. 1974M. B. Brown Econ. of Imperialism iii. 54 With the increasing application of machinery to production the organic composition of capital would rise. 1975Chinese Econ. Studies VIII. iv. 84 Capital accumulation and capital concentration inevitably increase the organic composition of capital.
7. a. Resembling an organ (musical instrument), or the tones of an organ; organ-like.
1609Donne 1st Elegy Mistress Boulstred, He rounds the aire, and breakes the hymnique notes In birds, heaven's choristers, organique throats. 1818L. Hunt Foliage Pref. 31 The long organic music of Homer. 1832― Poems Pref. 29 Hear young Milton practising his organic numbers.
†b. Mediæval Mus. Pertaining to the organum: see organum1 2. Obs.
1782Burney Hist. Mus. II. ii. 138 In some French churches, where the organizing the plain chant at a close has ceased, the organic, or additional part, has frequently been retained in the melody instead of the original notes.
†8. organic vein: an old name for the jugular vein. Obs. Cf. organal a. 1.
[c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 149 Boþe on þe riȝt side and on þe lift side of þe caane of þe lungis þer ben ij. greete veynes þat ben clepid organice or ellis guydes.] 1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. xii. b/2 The Iugulare or organicke vayne.
B. n. An organic compound. Usu. pl.
1953R. E. Grim Clay Mineral. iv. 62 Studies of the methylation of certain organics during their adsorption by montmorillonite. 1970Nature 11 July 149/1 Small samples..of the meteorite..were ground with a small chisel previously heated to a dull red to remove organics. 1974Sci. Amer. May 75/1 The biological material in Dean's recipe..represents 2,000 times the amount of organics normally present in seawater.
Add:[A.] [6.] d. Archit. Designating any of various architectural styles in which the character of the buildings is more or less reminiscent of a natural organism, esp. as regards unity of design; spec., in the writings of Frank Lloyd Wright (1869–1959) and subsequently, applied to architecture which attempts to unify a building with its surroundings.
1908F. L. Wright in Archit. Rec. Mar. 165/2 The work shall grow more truly simple; more expressive with fewer lines, fewer forms;..more fluent, although more coherent; more organic. 1939― Organic Archit. p. vii/1 An Organic Architecture means more or less organic society. 1950E. H. Gombrich Story of Art xxvi. 404 He [sc. Frank Lloyd Wright] believes in what he calls ‘Organic Architecture’, by which he means that a house must grow out of the needs of the people and the character of the country, like a living organism. 1960Times Lit. Suppl. 4 Mar. 150/3 A well-photographed selection of post-war Italian buildings, with an introduction explaining the so-called ‘Resistance’, ‘Organic’ and ‘Neo-Liberty’ styles. 1978Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. 14/2 Frank Lloyd Wright, the internationally famed architect who preached the gospel of organic architecture. 1986Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 21 Sept. 47/2 They are examples of what architect Christine Valdasz calls her ‘organic architecture’.
e. Characterized by or designating continuous or ‘natural’ development in a manner suggestive of the growth of a living being.
1923Psychol. Rev. XXX. 371 Thinking is not an isolated fact... It is the final step in an organic learning process. 1940E. Wilson To Finland Station ii. xi. 195 It conceives revolutionary progress as an organic development out of the past, for which the reactionary forces have themselves in their way been preparing. 1967R. Simpson Essence of Bruckner i. 21 If the slow movement lacks that organic growth and cumulative sense that has become so familiar in the mature Bruckner adagio, it also has some lovely things in it. 1970H. Osborne Oxf. Compan. Art 796/1 In the language of 20th-c[entury] criticism ‘organic’ has become current almost always in a commendatory sense though with no clearly defined connotation, suggesting that a work of art is a living and harmonious whole rather than a contrived or unrelated patchwork of elements. 1987J. Uglow George Eliot ii. 34 Change, she insists, must be gradual, organic, natural and not imposed. |