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▪ I. orb, n.1|ɔːb|
[ad. L. orb-is ring, circle, round disc: cf. F. orbe (13th c. in Littré). In Eng. the general sense appears later than some of the special ones, e.g. 6, 7.]
I. A circle, and derived senses.
1. A circle, or anything of circular form, as a circular disc or wheel, or (less usually) a ring. Now rare or Obs. (exc. as in 9).
1590Shakes. Mids. N. ii. i. 9 And I serue the Fairy Queene, To dew her orbs vpon the green. 1658Cleveland Rustic Rampant Wks. (1687) 433 The Wheels, or Orbs, upon which Providence turns. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 254 The rockie Orb Of tenfold Adamant, his ample Shield. 1727–46Thomson Summer 901 Lo! the green serpent.. gathers up his train In orbs immense. 1812Woodhouse Astron. xxiii. 240 Day after day, the [moon's] crescent increases, till it is changed into a full orb. 1821Byron Sardan. iii. i. 91 The Bactrians..fighting inch by inch, and forming An orb around the palace.
2. Astrol. The space on the celestial sphere within which the influence of a planet, star, or ‘house’ is supposed to act.
1727–41Chambers Cycl., Orb, in astrology. An orb of light is a certain sphere or extent of light, which the astrologers allow a planet beyond its centre... The orb of Saturn's light they make to be 10 degrees; that of Jupiter 12°,..that of the Sun 17°,..that of the Moon 12° 30′. 1819J. Wilson Dict. Astrol. s.v., Stars of the first magnitude have 7° 30′ for their orbs.
†3. Astron. The plane of the orbit of a planet, etc.; also, the orbit or path. Also fig. Obs.
1726tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 7 The Orbs of the Planets (that is, the Planes of their Orbits) are inclin'd to the Ecliptic in the following Manner. 1732Pope Ess. Man ii. 21 Instruct the planets in what orbs to run. 1755B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sc. v. 23, I observe you have made the Orbs of the Planets circular, but the Orbit of a Comet..a very long Oval. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 605 Whenever we venture to move in an eccentric orb.
†4. A kind of fish, of a round form (= L. orbis, Pliny). Obs. rare.
1740R. Brookes Art of Angling ii. lxxviii. 200 The Orb..is taken in the Mouth of the River Nile.
†5. A cyclical period, a cycle.
1658J. Harrington Prerog. Pop. Govt. i. xii. (1700) 322 The eight years Orb of the Embassadors. 1667Milton P.L. v. 862 When fatal course Had circl'd his full Orbe. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. iv. 8 Mighty Years, begun From their first Orb, in radiant Circles run. 1742Young Nt. Th. ii. 208 Not on those terms..From old eternity's mysterious orb, Was Time cut off.
†6. Eccl. A division of the office of matins: see quot. Obs. rare.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 248 In matyns be communly iii orbes, otherwyse called iii nocturnes..euery orbe conteyneth iii psalmes, iii lessons, and iii responsories.
II. A sphere, and derived senses.
7. Old Astron. Each of the concentric hollow spheres supposed to surround the earth and carry the planets and stars with them in their revolution: see sphere. Obs. exc. Hist.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 188 Y⊇ planets..hath..an other [motion] by the mouyng of the fyrst orbe, which draweth them with him in his circle euery day. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 74 b, Set with starres of gold foyle, and the Orbes of the heavens by the crafte of colours in the roffe. a1628Sir J. Beaumont Dial. in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 153 As waters in a chrystall orbe contain'd Aboue the starry firmament, are chain'd To coole the fury of those raging flames Which eu'ry lower spheare by motion frames. a1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. iv. 152 In matters Astronomical..we find the old Hypothesis of the Heavenly System called since in question by Copernicus, Galilæus, and Kepler; the solidity of the Orbs detected to be untrue, by the plain discovery of Tycho Brahe and others. 1877Masson Introd. to Par. Lost in Milton's Poems (Globe Ed.) 27 The World or Mundane Universe, as Milton keeps it in his mind's eye..consisting within itself of ten Orbs or hollow Spheres in succession, wheeling one within the other, down to the stationary nest of our small Earth at the centre.
8. A sphere or globe (in general); anything of spherical or globular shape.
1597Shakes. Lover's Compl. 289 What a hell of witchcraft lies In the small orb of one particular tear! 1696Whiston Th. Earth ii. (1722) 76 All these..shall rise up, and make a confus'd cloudy Orb. 1736Gray Statius i. 15 Another orb upheaved his strong right hand. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 37 By the celestial sphere is meant the apparent concave orb which invests the earth. 1830Tennyson Isabel iii, Ambrosial orbs Of rich fruit-bunches.
9. a. Used as a general name for the heavenly bodies (sun, moon, planets, or stars); with reference either to their actual form (= globe), or their apparent form (= disc: cf. 1). Chiefly poet. or rhet.
1596Shakes. Merch. V. v. i. 60 There's not the smallest orbe which thou beholdst But in his motion like an Angell sings. 1667Milton P.L. vii. 361 Of Light by farr the greater part he took..and plac'd In the Suns Orb. 1712Addison Hymn, ‘The spacious Firmament on high’ iii, What tho' nor real Voice nor Sound Amid their radiant Orbs be found? 1757Gray Bard 136 Think'st thou yon sanguine cloud, Rais'd by thy breath, has quench'd the Orb of Day? 1838Thirlwall Greece II. xiii. 165 They worshipped the elements, the heavens, and the orbs of day and night. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxii. 2 Hesper his orb long-look'd for aloft 'gins slowly to kindle.
†b. spec. The earth, the world: cf. Lat. orbis (terrarum), Ger. Erdkreis. Obs.
1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. i. 43 Foolery sir, does walke about the Orbe like the Sun, it shines euery where. 1607― Cor. v. vi. 127 The man is Noble, and his Fame folds in This Orbe o' th' earth. [1667Milton P.L. ix. 82 Thus the Orb he [Satan] roam'd With narrow search; and with inspection deep Consider'd every Creature. ]
10. The globe of the eye, the eye-ball; the eye. poet. and rhet.
16..Drummond Sonn., Poems (1656) 64 And her bright Eyes (the Orbes which Beauty move). c1655Milton Sonn., To C. Skinner on his Blindness, These eys..thir seeing have forgot, Nor to thir idle orbs doth sight appear. 1719Young Revenge v. ii, But, O those eyes!.. Whence didst thou steal their burning orbs? 1822Lamb Elia Ser. i. Decay Beggars, Old blind Tobits..casting up their ruined orbs to catch a ray of pity. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiii. 56 Yet an eyeless orb is yearning ineffectually to thee.
11. The globe surmounted by a cross forming part of the regalia; also called mound, formerly globe, ball.
1702Lond. Gaz. No. 3804/1 The Duke of Somerset Lord President with the Orb. 1761Brit. Mag. II. 503 His majesty was then invested with the armill, the purple robe or imperial pall, and orb. 1838Office Coron. Q. Victoria in Maskell Mon. Rit. III. 115 Then the Orb with the Cross is brought from the Altar by the Dean of Westminster, and delivered into the Queen's Right Hand by the Archbishop. 1872O. Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms s.v., The mound or orb signifies the dominion, and the cross the faith of the king.
12. fig.
†a. A ‘sphere’ or region of action or activity; rank, station. (Often with immediate reference to sense 7.) Obs.
1609Tourneur Fun. Poem Sir F. Vere 183 In that mooving orbe of active warre His high command was the transcendant starre. 1644Jessop Angel of Eph. 27 Evangelists of an higher Orbe then..Bishops. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Rich. II, ccxxxiv, Richard is now in Orbe; or, if you will, In his Meridian Glorie. 1665Glanvill Scepsis Sci. xii. 66 Whenever we are within the Orb of its activity. a1713T. Ellwood Autobiog. (1714) 1 My Station, not being so Eminent..as others who have moved in higher Orbs. 1747Scheme Equip. Men of War 4 Objects, situated in a quite different Orb, and as far beyond the Sphere of our Capacities as the World in the Moon. 1757Foote Author Prol., Those, who adorn the orb of higher life.
b. (from 8 or 9.) An organized or collective whole: a rounded mass; a ‘world’.
1603Daniel Def. Rhime Wks. (1717) 14 For the Body of our Imagination being as an unform'd Chaos,..it be wrought into an Orb of Order and Form. 1606Warner Alb. Eng. xv. xcviii. (1612) 388 What are these but the mapped Orbs of all Hypocrisie? 1849Sears Regeneration i. vii. (1859) 57 He regards the race in its totality, as an organic whole, as making one orb of being. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xiii. (1878) 249 So is the great shining orb of witness-bearers made up of millions of lesser orbs.
13. attrib. and Comb., as orb-like adj.; orb-fish, an East Indian fish (Chætodon or Ephippius orbis) of a circular form; orb-weaver, a spider of the family Argiopidæ, which builds an orb-web; so orb-weaving a.; orb-web, a web formed of lines radiating from a central point, produced by a spider of the family Argiopidæ; also attrib.; so orb-webbed a.
1864Webster, *Orb-fish.
1886Proctor in Longm. Mag. VII. 269 We have in the sun an example of an orb in that particular stage of *orb-life.
1820Shelley Prom. Unb. iv. i. 210 An *orblike canopy. 1925T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. I. ii. xxxi. 367 Her eyes, which were now fixed on him in round orblike solemnity. 1935W. de la Mare Poems, 1919 to 1934 335 The white dews drip untrembling down, From bough to bough, orb-like, unblown.
1889H. C. McCook Amer. Spiders I. iii. 53 The round web of the *Orbweaver probably deserves the distinction of having given the popular name cobweb to the whole spinningwork of spiders. 1889Science 23 Aug. 136/2 The spinning habits of the great group of spiders known as orb-weavers. 1941W. S. Bristowe Comity of Spiders II. 244 Most orb-weavers renew their webs, other than the framework, daily.
1885H. C. McCook Tenants Old Farm 203 Cocoons spun by an *orbweaving spider.
1889― Amer. Spiders I. iii. 53, I define an *orbweb as a snare constructed of right lines radiating from a common centre. 1971Oxf. Bk. Invertebr. 150/1 Meta is a common orb-web spinner.
1958W. S. Bristowe World of Spiders xix. 256 A series of papers..is opening the door to clearer understanding of the unhesitating route pursued by the *orb-webbed spiders in the course of completing their webs.
▪ II. orb, n.2 Arch.
[Derivation: see below.]
An architectural term in use from 14th to 17th c., as to the meaning of which modern writers on architecture have expressed different opinions; the view now prevalent being that of: Blank or blind window; hence plain stone panel, blank panel.
Other inferred or suggested senses are: An arched window; a circular boss; a quatrefoil. The early instances follow in a; quots. from modern authors in b. Of the latter the full context should be consulted, esp. that of Willis 1844.
a. [1395in Rymer Fœdera VII. 795 (Tomb of Rich. II and queen) Et les ditz Masons serront Measons pur xii. Images..vi. a l'une coste, & vi. al'autre coste..& le remenaunt du dite Toumbe Serra fait ove orbes, accordantz & semblables as dites Measons pur Ymages. a1490Botoner (William of Worcester) Itin. (1778) 282 Et habet 4 storyes..In superiori historia tres orbæ in qualibet panella. Ibid. 283 In secunda et tercia historia sunt duæ orbæ in qualibet panella 4 panellarum. In inferiori historia [text has panella] sunt in duobus panellis in qualibet panella south et west fenestræ, in aliis duobus panellis ex parte boriali et orientali [text has occidentali] sunt duæ archæ. ]1500–1Acc. Louth Steeple in Archæol. X. 71 There is coming home stone to the broach 10 score foot and 5, and to the gallery within the steeple, 40 foot grofts and 10 orbs. 1512–13King's Coll. Contract in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 610 Fynyalles, ryfant gablettes, Batelmentes, orbys, or Crosse quaters,..and euery other thyng belongyng to the same. a1548Hall Chron. (1809) 639 A mightie buildyng of tymber wt towers set in carbles forced with arches buttand & al abilamentes embossed, & the lynterelles inhaunsed with pillers quadrant & the vautes in orbes with crobbes dependyng & monsters bearyng vp the pillers. 1669Sir C. Wren in Parentalia (1750) 304 (Salisbury Cathedral) The whole Church is vaulted with Chalk between Arches and Cross-springers only, after the ancienter Manner, without Orbs and Tracery, excepting under the Tower, where the Springers divide, and represent a wider Sort of Tracery.
b.1838Britton Dict. Archit. s.v. Orb, In William of Worcester's Itinerary, p. 282, the arched windows of St. Stephen's church, Bristol, are called orbæ... The two latter quotations [i.e. 1395 and 1512–13 above] induce the supposition that orbs were similar to what we now term quatrefoils. 1842Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss., Orb (Lat. Orbis), a knot of foliage or flowers placed at the intersection of the ribs of a Gothic ceiling or vault to conceal the mitres of the ribs. 1844Willis Archit. Nomencl. Mid. Ages 53, I shall proceed to shew that these panels were termed ‘orbs’. Ibid. 54 In all these examples the word [orb] plainly applies itself to a blank or blind window... The fact that stone pannelling was first called by a name that implies a blank window, would explain the history of its introduction into mediæval architecture. 1850Parker Gloss. Archit., Orb,..a blank window or panel. See Willis' Nomencl. 53. [edd. 1840–45 had explained Orbs as ‘plain circular bosses’.] Ibid. [referring to quot. 1395], The tomb has tabernacles at the sides, between which are placed blank panels (orbs) corresponding to them, as may be seen from the drawing of the tomb of Edward the Third (which is exactly similar). 1877Archit. Publ. Soc. Dict., Orb, a mediæval word for a blind window. Also the panels in Third Pointed wall-work; so called because they were as it were blank windows. 1886Willis & Clark Cambridge I. 56 The window in the south wall..is a genuine orb window. [Note] ‘Orb’ is a blank window or panel. [Note. In med.L. (quot. 1490) orba, in AngloFr. (q. 1395) orbe, as if for med.L. *orba fenestra blind window: cf. orbus luminis bereft of light, blind, Ovid Met. iii. 518, and F. orbe ‘blind, sightless,..hence also, darke, obscure, without light’ (Cotgr. 1611); mur orbe a blind or blank wall, ‘un mur qui n'a ni portes ni fenêtres’ (Laveaux 1828). The explanation ‘circular boss’, goes with a conjectured derivation from L. orbis circle, orb1; but this does not suit med.L. orba.] ▪ III. † orb, a. Obs.
[ad. L. orb-us without or bereaved of parents or children: thence F. orbe (13th c.) bereft of sight, blind.]
Bereaved, childless.
1607Bp. Andrewes Serm. (1856) 59 No father adopts, unless he be orbe, have no child. 1660G. Fleming Stemma Sacrum 21 Edward the Confessor, who dyed Orb or Childless.
▪ IV. orb, v.|ɔːb|
[f. orb n.1]
1. trans. To enclose in, or as in, an orb or circle; to surround, encircle, encompass with a rim or tire.
1645Quarles Sol. Recant. vii. 32 This span of frailty, plung'd, and orb'd about With floods of Bitternesse. 1673Milton Nativity Ode xv, Yea Truth, and Justice then Will down return to men, Orb'd in a Rain-bow. 1717Addison tr. Ovid Wks. 1753 I. 153 The wheels were orb'd with gold. 1847Tennyson Princess vi. 153 Remain Orb'd in your isolation.
†b. to orb out, to shut out as by an orb. Obs.
1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. IV, ccclxxi, The earth of misreport, Knitt vp a Bodie, t' interpose that hight Might Orbe him out.
2. To form or gather into an orb, disk, or globe; to make circular or globular; to round out.
1600Fairfax Tasso ix. xciv, To orb their scattered troops, and in firm rank retire. 1635Quarles Embl. iii. i. (1718) 129 And with her circling horns..orbs her silver face. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. V, lxxxii, Princes are still Secure, where they..by Sage fore-cast, orbe themselves about Impenetrable Spheres. 1820L. Hunt Indicator No. 22 (1822) I. 175 Orbing their blood-fed bellies in and out. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. xii. 264 Two large tears orbed themselves beneath the Professor's lids.
b. intr. To form itself into an orb.
1850Tennyson In Mem. xxiv, [Is it] that the past will always..orb into the perfect star We saw not, when we moved therein?
3. trans. To carry in its orb (see orb n.1 7); to cause to move in an orbit. rare.
1641Milton Ch. Govt. i. i, That our happinesse may orbe it selfe into a thousand vagancies of glory and delight, and with a kinde of eccentricall equation be as it were an invariable Planet of joy and felicity. 1863All Year Round VIII. 396 Orbing with motion slow or fleet Their small but perfect fires.
b. intr. To move in an orbit (or ? as a heavenly orb). rare.
1819Keats Otho iv. i. 79 O, thou golden Crown, Orbing along the serene firmament Of a wide empire, like a glowing moon. 1842Tennyson Two Voices 138 To carve out Free space for every human doubt, That the whole mind might orb about. |