| 释义 |
apparatus|æpəˈreɪtəs|
Pl. (rare) -atus, -atuses.
[a. L. apparātus, n. of state f. apparā-re, adparā-re to make ready for, f. ad to + parā-re to make ready. Cf. the anglicized apparate.]
†1. The work of preparing; preparation, preparatory arrangement, array. Obs.
1638Penit. Conf. ii. (1657) 10 An apparatus and necessary introduction thereunto. 1684T. Burnet Th. Earth III. 16 How easie had it been for him, without this apparatus, to have told them, etc. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. v. 112 The apprehension of but a vein to be opend is worse to some, than the apparatus to an execution is to others.
2. The things collectively in which this preparation consists, and by which its processes are maintained; equipments, material, mechanism, machinery; material appendages or arrangements.
a1628F. Greville Sidney (1652) 15 Where humor takes away this pomp and apparatus from King, Crown, and Scepter. 1767Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. II. viii. 16 The gaudy apparatus of female vanity. 1796Burke Regic. Peace ii. Wks. VIII. 221 The greatest skill conducting the greatest military apparatus has been employed. 1818Bentham Ch. of Eng. Introd. 50 Which of the two apparatus would your Graces..recommend? 1832H. Martineau Irel. iii. 56 Workhouses, or any part of the apparatus of a legal charity.
3. esp.
a. The mechanical requisites employed in scientific experiments or investigations.
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., The furniture or apparatus of an air-pump, microscope, etc. 1758Elaboratory 34 The apparatus for levigating testaceous, and other hard bodies. 1871G. H. Napheys Prev. & Cure Dis. ii. iii. 673 The many apparatuses designed to apply electricity.
b. The organs or means by which natural processes are carried on.
1718J. Chamberlayne Relig. Philos. I. vii. §4 That by all this Apparatus..the Voice might be thereby formed. 1736Butler Anal. i. i. 30 The whole apparatus of vision. 1833Chalmers Const. Man (1835) I. iii. 146 That defensive apparatus wherewith the embryo seed of plants is guarded.
c. Materials for the critical study of a document. In full critical apparatus: = next.
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., Glossaries, comments &c. are also frequently called Apparatus's. 1794Godwin Cal. Williams 305 The apparatus of my etymological enquiries. 1868Jrnl. Philol. I. No. 2. 66 His collation of the poem, with a description of the MS., a careful apparatus, and an interesting explanatory commentary. 1876Hermathena II. 389 Professor W. Ramsay compiled his text very carefully, with apparently all the requisite data and critical apparatus. 1879Q. Rev. Apr. 334 A thorough examination of the Old Testament by our modern critical apparatus of research.
†d. ‘Sometimes also used in chirurgery for the bandages, medicaments, and dressings of a part; or the several matters applied for the cure of a wound, ulcer, or the like.’ Chambers Cycl. 1727–51.
1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. viii. 278, I use all the Apparatus of Medicines to suppress [Hæmorrhage from Hæmorrhoids]. 1727–51Chambers Cycl., There is no judging of the quality of a hurt, till after taking off the first apparatus or covering.
4. = apparat; any (Communist) organization.
1935tr. in S. & B. Webb Soviet Communism I. App. vii. 369 Resolution of the Central Executive Committee..to do away with the shortcomings of organisation in the work and structure of the apparatus of the Narkomsovkhos of the USSR. 1946N.Y. Times 7 July 1/6 For the Soviet government ‘apparatus’, as the Russians use the word, is a political machine. 1949Manch. Guardian Weekly 7 July 14/4 To get a common friend to join a Communist apparatus. 1950Time 13 Feb. 13/2 He..had turned over the films to the Soviet spy apparatus. 1959E. H. Carr Socialism in One Country II. xix. 199 The rising power of the secretariat led to the emergence of a new and prominent feature in the party and Soviet landscape—the ‘apparatus’ and the ‘apparatus-man’, the body of obscure and anonymous officials who were the cogs of the..party machine. |