| 释义 |
▪ I. offence, offense, n.|əˈfɛns|
Forms: 5–6 offens, (Sc. 6 offenns), 4– offence, offense, (5 afence).
[Two forms: ME. offens, a. OF. offens injury, wrong, annoyance, misdeed, ad. L. offensu-s offence, annoyance, f. offens-, ppl. stem of offendĕre (see offend); and ME. offense, offence, a. F. offense (1295 in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. offensa a striking against, hurt, injury, wrong, disfavour, displeasure, f. offens-us, pa. pple. of offendĕre, analogous to ns. in -āta, -ade, -ée; cf. the two forms of defence. The spelling offence would regularly represent the former of these: cf. hence, pence; it has been extended to both. In U.S. the spelling offense is now usual.]
†1. In Biblical use: Striking the foot against; stumbling. lit. and fig. Obs. rare.
1382Wyclif Lev. xix. 14 Ne before the blynde thow shalt putte thing of offence. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 31 The Scripture calleth Christ himselfe the stone of offence. 1611Bible Isa. viii. 14.
2. A stumbling-block; a cause of spiritual or moral stumbling; an occasion of unbelief, doubt, or apostacy.
c1400Apol. Loll. 35 Þei are mad in þe house of Israel in to offens of wickednesse. 1526Tindale Gal. v. 11 Then had the offence which the cross geveth ceased. 1610Carleton Jurisd. 288 That monstrous and horrible offence, which is giuen by many, concluding from texts grossely vnderstood. 1736Butler Anal. ii. iii, To me there seems no difficulty at all in these precepts but what arises from their being offences, i.e. from their being liable to be perverted..to mislead the weak and enthusiastic. 1865Lightfoot Galatians (1874) 220/1 The offence of the Cross shall be my proudest boast.
3. a. The action of attacking or assailing; attack, assault. arms of offence, offensive weapons.
c1400Destr. Troy 13911 In offens of the freike..He drof at hym with þe dart. c1440Promp. Parv. 7/1 Afence, or offence, offensa. c1450Holland Howlat 602 Richt so did the ferd..Ȝaipe..to faynd his offens. 1598Barret Theor. Warres 131 Against batteries, assaults, and other offences of the enemy. a1677Barrow Serm. Ord. in Wks. Creator in Beauties Barrow (1846) 257 The woods..yield..shelter from offences of weather and sun. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. v. (1735) 176 Without Arms of Offense, without Houses or Fortifications. 1833H. Martineau Fr. Wines & Pol. iv. 56 Here are no weapons of offence. 1879Lubbock Addr. Pol. & Educ. vii. 145 If it would weaken our power of offence, it would..increase our strength for defence.
†b. Obstruction, opposition. Obs.
1600Hakluyt Voy. (1810) III. 83 The Sunne..without any offence or hinderance of the night, giveth his influence.
†4.
a. Hurt, harm, injury, damage. Obs.
c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 171 (199) Litel witen folk what is to ȝerne Þat they ne fynde in hire desire offence. c1386― Sompn. T. 350 The reuers shaltou se..That wyn ne dooth to folk no swich offence. 1411Rolls of Parlt. III. 650/2, I..dyd assemble thise persones..nought for to doo harme ne offence to yowe, My Lord the Roos. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxiv. 27 Thir folkis..Hes teichit ws quhat skaithis and offence That women dois with cullourit eloquence. 1582J. Hester Secr. Phiorav. ii. xxxii. 110 Woundes in the head where there is offence of the braine, are mortall. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. iv. iii. 201 'Tis better that the Enemie seeke vs, So shall he waste his meanes..Doing himselfe offence. 1655Sir T. Browne in Hartlib Ref. Commw. Bees 5 Which bare place..should be covered with a very thin hoop of iron..for there..it may receive offence. a1705Ray Creation (1714) 139 Without offence to his eyes.
b. Feeling of being hurt, painful or unpleasant sensation, pain. Obs.
c1400Rom. Rose 5677 Many a burthen..The whiche doth him lasse offense, For he suffrith in pacience. c1566J. Alday tr. Boaystuau's Theat. World D viij b, Not without great violent dolors and offence of his tender and delicate bodie. 1626Bacon Sylva §694 As the pains of the touch are greater than the offences of other senses; so likewise are the pleasures. 1674Playford Skill Mus. iii. 38 In few parts they leave an offence in the ear.
5. a. The act or fact of offending, wounding the feelings of, or displeasing another; usually viewed as it affects the person offended; hence, b. Offended or wounded feeling; displeasure, annoyance, or resentment caused (voluntarily or involuntarily) to a person. c. Phrases: to give offence to, to offend, displease; to take offence, to be offended, to feel resentment, to take umbrage; without offence, without giving, or taking offence. Colloq. phr. no offence: do not take offence; no offence is meant or taken.
c1386Chaucer Man of Law's T. 1040 Hym ne moeued outher conscience Or Ire or talent or som kynnes affray Enuye or pride or passion or offence. c1425Lydg. Assembly of Gods 653 Scysme, Rancour, Debate, and Offense. 1604Shakes. Oth. ii. iii. 52 As full of Quarrell, and offence As my yong Mistris dogge. 1606― Ant. & Cl. iv. xv. 45 Let me rayle so hye, That the false Huswife Fortune, breake her Wheele, Prouok'd by my offence.
b.c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. pr. iv. 57 (Camb. MS.) For no peril þat myhte befallen the by offense of the kyng Theodoryke. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 99 b, Whiche through their impudent marchandise, gave occasion of offence. 1580J. Stubbs in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 42 To have incurred hir Majesties greate offence and judiciall sentence of transgressing the Lawe. 1666Pepys Diary 7 Oct., I ..did only answer, that I was sorry for his Highness' offence. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. 7 It was the opinion of many of the ancients, that Epicurus introduced a deity into his philosophy..purely that he might not incurr the offence of the magistrate. 1771Wesley Wks. (1872) VI. 82 This is particularly observable in the case of offence; I mean, anger at any of our brethren.
c.1390Gower Conf. I. 111 The kinges brother in presence Was thilke time, and gret offence He tok therof. 1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 9 Other poore byrdes may not without offence seke theyr praye. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. ii. v. 99 Take no offence, that I would not offend you. 1663Gerbier Counsel 108 Let them have somewhat that is called meum without offence. 1712Addison Spect. No. 267 ⁋8 Pleasing the most delicate Reader, without giving Offence to the most scrupulous. 1859Tennyson Elaine 112 Many a bard, without offence, Has link'd our names together in his lay. 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xii. (1878) 234 As I never took offence, the offence I gave was easily got rid of. 1882A. W. Ward Dickens iii. 53 Unfortunately, offence is usually taken where offence is meant. 1829G. Griffin Collegians II. xvii. 37 ‘Is poor Dalton really dead?’ ‘He is, sir. I have already said it.’ ‘No offence my boy. I only asked, because if he be..it is a sign that he never will die again.’ 1833H. Martineau Manchester Strike iii. 25 There was no offence in such a comparison. 1855Mrs. Gaskell North & S. II. iii. 32 I'd rather think yo' a fool than a knave. No offence, I hope, sir. 1973R. Busby Pattern of Violence ii. 24 Be better when I'm out of this piss hole—no offence, gents.
†d. The condition of being regarded with displeasure; disfavour, disgrace. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 221 Man..fel..out of homlynesse into offence [L. offensam] and wreþþe. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iv. ii. 75, I am now so farre in offence with my Niece, that I cannot pursue with any safety this sport.
†6.
a. The fact of being annoying, unpleasant, or repulsive; offensiveness.
b. Something that causes annoyance or disgust; an offensive object, quality, feature, or state of things; a nuisance. Obs.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 48 This litel schort dyte..lat it be noon offence To your womanly mercifulle pyte. 1596Harington Metam. Ajax (1814) 51 They quickly found not only offence but infection to grow out of great concours of people. 1601Shakes. All's Well ii. iii. 270 Meethink'st thou art a generall offence, and euery man shold beate thee. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 263 There was not the least offence of bruitishnesse to be observed in the..Ape.
7. a. A breach of law, duty, propriety, or etiquette; a transgression, sin, wrong, misdemeanour, or misdeed; a fault. Phr. to commit († do, make) an offence. Const. against.
1382Wyclif Phil. i. 10 That ȝe be clene and withoute offence in the day of Crist. 1423Jas. I Kingis Q. xxxviii, Quhat haue I gilt to him or doon offense, That I am thrall? 1433Rolls of Parlt. IV. 479/1 Any affray in offence of the Kynges pees. c1470Henry Wallace viii. 1223 Wallace to sic did neuir gret owtrage, Bot gyff till him thai maid a gret offens. 1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Pr., Litany, Remember not lorde, our offences, nor the offences of our forefathers. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iii. ii. 15 What offence hath this man made you, Sir? 1604― Twel. N. iii. iv. 345 If this yong Gentleman Haue done offence, I take the fault on me. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvii. 156 Only Children, and Mad⁓men are Excused from offences against the Law Naturall. 1771Junius Lett. lxiv. 327 The penalties imposed..bear no proportion to the nature of the offence. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 95 We have not seen him commit any offence against thee. 1845Jebb Gen. Law in Encycl. Metrop. II. 711/1 Hitherto our attention has been exclusively devoted to offences against the rights of others. 1875Whitney Life Lang. ix. 155 A host of inaccuracies, offenses against the correctness of speech.
b. spec. in Law: see quot. 1848.
1780Bentham Princ. Legisl. xix. §1 An offence is an act prohibited, or, (what comes to the same thing) an act of which the contrary is commanded by the law. 1797Tomlins Law Dict., Offences are capital or not: capital, those for which the offender shall lose his life: not capital, when an offender may forfeit his lands and goods, be fined, or suffer corporal punishment, or both. 1847Act 10 & 11 Vict. c. 82 (Juvenile Offenders' Act) §1 Every Person..charged with having committed..any Offence which now is or hereafter shall or may be by Law deemed or declared to be Simple Larceny, or punishable as Simple Larceny, and whose Age..shall not..exceed the Age of Fourteen Years. Ibid. §4 For the more effectual Prosecution of Offences punishable upon summary Conviction by virtue of this Act. 1848Wharton Law Lex., Offence, crime; act of wickedness. It is used as a genus, comprehending every crime and misdemeanor; or as a species signifying a crime not indictable, but punishable summarily, or by the forfeiture of a penalty. 1854Act 17 & 18 Vict. c. 86 §2 Whenever..any Person under the Age of Sixteen Years shall be convicted of any Offence punishable by Law, either upon an Indictment or on Summary Conviction before a Police Magistrate.
†8. A fault, a blemish. Obs. rare.
1567J. Maplet Gr. Forest 11 b, Rust therefore is nothing else but a defaulte and an offence in the..impurenesse of any substaunce.
9. (See quot. 1961.) N. Amer.
1928G. H. Ruth Babe Ruth's Own Bk. Baseball ii. 19 A game of baseball is like a battle... It's a battle of defense against offense and the best organization wins. 1961J. S. Salak Dict. Amer. Sports 303 Offense, the team, or a player of the team, on the attack, being at bat (as in baseball) or in possession of the ball (as in football). 1969Internat. Herald Tribune 6 Nov. 13/4 The Leafs, with Dave Keon and Murray Oliver leading the offense.., whipped Oakland 5–2. 1970Toronto Daily Star 24 Sept. 18/4 Knechtel can play offence if somebody gets hurt. 1974State (Columbia, S. Carolina) 3 Mar. 3-D/4 The Bears had to look elsewhere for their offense, and it came in the person of Pat Edwards, who led the charge with 16. 1976Washington Post 19 Apr. D1/6 The chief defect of the Washington Bullets has been made painfully obvious in their last two playoff games with the Cleveland Cavaliers—the team is suffering from a sick offense.
▪ II. † oˈffence, oˈffense, v. Obs.
[a. OF. offenser, offencer (15th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. L. offensāre, frequentative of offendĕre.]
= offend v.
1512Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 48 By thee have we over grevously offenced God. 1549Compl. Scot. xiv. 118 Ane seruand that offensit his maister. 1570Buchanan Admonit. Wks. (1892) 35 Punissing sic ar gilty in offenceing. 1614Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue vi. 345 Every Nation, whom Thine Arms offenc't. |