| 释义 |
obstruction|əbˈstrʌkʃən|
[ad. L. obstructiōn-em, n. of action f. obstruĕre to obstruct. Cf. F. obstruction (1540 in Godef. Compl.).]
The action of obstructing; that in which this is embodied.
1. The action of blocking up a way or passage with an obstacle or impediment; the rendering impassable; the condition of being so blocked; frequently in reference to passages, organs, or functions of the body: esp. the ill-condition produced by constipation of the bowels. cold obstruction (also fig.), stoppage or cessation of the vital functions; the condition of the body in death.
1533More Apol. xxii. Wks. 882/2 A diete as thinne as Galiene deuiseth for hym that hath an obstruccion in his liuer. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. iv. 22 This does make some obstruction in the blood: This crosse-gartering. 1603― Meas. for M. iii. i. 119 To die,..To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot, This sensible warme motion, to become A kneaded clod. 1791Gentl. Mag. 22/2 Where deafness proceeds from an obstruction of the auditory duct, by wax. 1813Byron Giaour iii, Where cold Obstruction's apathy Appals the gazing mourner's heart. 1844Dufton Deafness 75 The most efficient local means of treating..obstruction of the Eustachian tube. 1876Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. ii. 157 The cold obstruction of two centuries thaws, and the stream of speech..seeks out its old windings. 1877Roberts Handbk. Med. I. 30 Accumulations of fluid in the interior of hollow organs, as the result of obstruction at an orifice.
2. a. The action of hindering or rendering difficult the passage or progress of a person or thing; the fact of standing in the way; the shutting out of light by interposition.
1601Shakes. Twel. N. iv. ii. 43 Clo. Why it hath bay Windowes transparant as baricadoes,..and yet complainest thou of obstruction? 1755Young Centaur vi. Wks. 1757 IV. 269 Souls suffer no separation from obstruction of matter, or distance of place. 1841Elphinstone Hist. Ind. II. 413 He advanced without further obstruction to the capital.
b. spec. in Law.
1908Encycl. Laws Eng. (ed. 2) X. 116 Obstruction. This term is used in law mainly in two senses: (1) Interference with public or private rights or easements, particularly of light, way, navigation, or watercourse; (2) interference with officers of justice in the execution of their duty. 1910Daily Chron. 18 Sept. 1/7 The conviction of two men for obstructing the police. After the evidence of two witnesses denying the statements made by the policemen when the obstruction charge was being considered, [etc.]. 1933P. MacDonald Mystery of Dead Police v. 41 My car's outside Savarin's... There's a bobby by it. He wants me for obstruction.
c. spec. as an offence in various games.
1923H. E. Haslam How to play Hockey xiii. 81 Turning on the ball incurs a penalty on the score of obstruction. 1935Encycl. Sports 521/2 Charging and Obstruction... A player who is not running for the ball must not charge or obstruct an opponent not holding the ball. 1950Men's Hockey (‘Know the Game’ Series) 18/1 A penalty bully is awarded..[for] a bad case of obstruction in front of goal. 1953Association Football (‘Know the Game’ Series) 33/1 Should the obstruction take the form of a personal foul..then the foul is penalised by a direct free kick. 1969F.A. Guide to Laws of Game 197 Indirect free-kick for obstruction. 1974Rules of Game 163/2 A direct free kick..is awarded for the following intentional fouls..: charging from behind (unless the opponent is guilty of obstruction).
3. fig. The hindering or stopping of the course, performance, or doing of anything; spec. the persistent attempt to stop the progress of business in any meeting or legislative assembly, e.g. in the House of Commons.
1656Stanley Hist. Philos. iv. (1701) 144/1 To one who asked him what folly is, he said, the obstruction of Knowledge. 1674Temple Let. to Coventry Wks. 1731 II. 300, I am confident..that an Obstruction of the Peace will not arise from hence. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 78 The general obstruction of Trade, occasioned by the War. 1741Middleton Cicero I. v. 381 This obstruction given to Cicero's return. 1772Jacob's Law Dict. (ed. 9) s.v. Process, An obstruction of an arrest upon criminal process. 1845McCulloch Taxation i. i. (1852) 59 A project of this sort is liable to much obstruction from the difficulties in the way of fixing the primary or original valuation. 1879M. Arnold Ess., Irish Cathol. 99 The obstruction offered by the Irish members in Parliament is really an expression of this uncontrollable antipathy. 1880McCarthy Own Times IV. lix. 313 Its progress [the Ballot Bill of 1871] was delayed by that practice of talking against time which has more recently become famous under the name of obstruction. 1893Daily News 26 Jan. 5/2 Mr. Gladstone..defined obstruction as resisting the will of the House otherwise than by argument.
4. Anything that stops or blocks a way or passage; that which hinders or prevents passage or progress; an obstructing obstacle.
a. physical.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, iv. i. 65 To..purge th' obstructions, which begin to stop Our very Veines of Life. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 301 And remove the Obstruction. 1836W. Irving Astoria I. 162 The turbulence and rapidity of the current..gave the voyagers intimation that they were approaching the great obstructions of the river. 1850Chubb Locks & Keys 10 The forms of these moveable obstructions to the bolt, in locks of modern date, are of course various. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1705/1 The cow-catcher, or frame in front of an engine, to push obstructions from the rails.
b. immaterial.
1601Shakes. Twel. N. ii. v. 129 Why this [sentence] is euident to any formall capacitie. There is no obstruction in this. 1697W. Dampier Voy. 507 Their designs meeting with such delays and obstructions, they many of them grew weary of it. 1810R. Hall Wks. (1841) V. 182 Guilt is a legal obstruction to an approach to God. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. ix. (1877) 194 The great obstruction to generosity in our nature is jealousy.
5. attrib. and Comb., obstruction-guard, a bar, etc. fixed in front of a railway-engine to remove an obstruction from the rails; obstruction light Aeronaut. (see quot. 1960).
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 874 When once the obstruction symptoms have become definite. 1898Daily News 25 Mar. 3/5 A rail chair had been placed on the rails. The impact was so severe as to smash the obstruction guard in front of the engine. 1934Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXVIII. 728 The Air Ministry specified the number and type of obstruction lights which had to be fitted to each mast. 1960Guide Civil Land Aerodrome Lighting (B.S.I.) 9 Obstruction light, a light indicating the presence of an obstruction. |