| 释义 |
non-ˈstandard, a.
[non- 3.]
Not standard; esp. of language that is not standard (see standard a. 3).
1924Simplified Practice Recommendation (U.S. Nat. Bureau Standards) XVI. 61 These tables include certain illustrative combinations of standard, and nonstandard, widths and thicknesses. 1927Reliable Poultry Jrnl. Feb. 33 Whatever may be said of the policy of showing the non-Standard colors, there can be no doubt..that a class of all Standard colored birds makes a much better impression on the lay visitor than a class of mixed shades of color. 1933L. Bloomfield Language iii. 48 ‘Bad’ or ‘vulgar’ or, as the linguist prefers to call it, non-standard English. 1962A. Battersby Guide to Stock Control viii. 77 Another multiplier of stock items is the non-standard product. 1971Engineering Apr. 117 Diameters can be altered slightly to produce non-standard sizes. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 107 It might well only give evidence of a socially determined Nonstandard English.
b. Math. Involving infinitesimals and infinities, as quantities which are not defined in the real number system but can be rigorously accommodated in a model which includes that system.
1961A. Robinson in Proc. K. Nederlandse Akad. v. Wetensch. A. LXIV. 432 (heading) Non-standard analysis. Ibid. 437 Let f(x, t) be a standard function defined in a standard set S1, and let g(x) = f(x, ω), where ω is non-standard, e.g. infinite or infinitesimal. 1966― Non-Standard Analysis p. vii, In the fall of 1960 it occurred to me that the concepts and methods of contemporary Mathematical Logic are capable of providing a suitable framework for the development of the Differential and Integral Calculus by means of infinitely small and infinitely large numbers. I first reported my ideas in a seminar talk at Princeton University (November 1960) and, later, in an address at the annual meeting of the Association for Symbolic Logic (January 1961) and in a paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam... The resulting subject was called by me Non-standard Analysis since it involves and was, in part, inspired by the so-called Non-standard models of Arithmetic whose existence was first pointed out by T. Skolem. 1972Sci. Amer. June 86/2 We define the instantaneous velocity not as the ratio of infinitesimal increments, as L'Hôpital did, but rather as the standard part of that ratio; then ds, dt and their ratio ds/dt are nonstandard real numbers. We have as before ds/dt = 32 + 16dt, but now we immediately conclude, rigorously and without any limiting argument, that v, the standard part of ds/dt, equals 32. |