| 释义 |
nihilism|ˈnaɪhɪlɪz(ə)m, ˈnɪ-|
[f. L. nihil nothing + -ism. Cf. F. nihilisme, Sp. nihilismo, It. nichilismo, G. nihilismus, Russ. nigilizm.]
1. Negative doctrines in religion or morals; total rejection of current religious beliefs or moral principles.
a1817T. Dwight Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) III. 238 Hence the transition is easy to mere Nihilism, and a total disregard of all moral obligation. 1854Bucknill Crim. Lunacy 8 In Germany, rationalism ending in absolute nihilism has led to results of the same nature. 1881Blackie Lay Serm. iii. (1886) 118 The hollow vacuities and negative absurdities of Atheism or Nihilism.
2. Philos.
a. An extreme form of scepticism, involving the denial of all existence.
1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xvi. (1859) I. 294 Of positive or dogmatic Nihilism there is no example in modern philosophy. 1842― Diss. in Reid's Wks. I. 129/2 Is the acknowledged result of the Fichtean dogmatism less a nihilism than the scepticism of Hume? 1857Max Müller Chips (1880) I. xi. 284 Buddhism..cannot be freed from the charge of Nihilism. 1887Pater Imag. Portraits 128 Actually proud at times of his curious, well-reasoned nihilism. 1909A. M. Ludovici tr. Nietzsche's Will to Power I. 5 Nihilism, i.e., the absolute repudiation of worth, purpose desirability. Ibid. 16 The extremest form of Nihilism would mean that all belief—all assumption of truth—is false: because no real world is at hand. 1964P. Roubiczek Existentialism vii. 125 Thus it is no cause for surprise that Sartre lands himself in complete nihilism. 1972M. Natanson in L. Embree Life-World & Consciousness 302 Value-free science as it has been interpreted by many contemporary social scientists does endorse a kind of cultural nihilism.
b. Nothingness, non-existence.
1856R. A. Vaughan Mystics (1860) II. vii. ii. 15 [To] lose, in utter Nihilism, all sense of any existence separate from the Divine Substance. 1866Athenæum No. 2006. 454/3 To aim at nihilism as the supreme good.
c. Psychol. In some forms of severe mental illness, the belief that the outside world, the patient's self, or parts of either, have ceased to function or to exist.
1889Jrnl. Mental Sci. XXXIV. 137 Though not a mental affection in the strict sense of the word, nihilism is a psychical factor very liable to devolve into insanity. 1927Henderson & Gillespie Text.-bk. Psychiatry viii. 160 The most characteristic involutional qualities lie in the content of the psychosis, especially in the apprehension, hypochondriasis and nihilism. 1957E. Mayer in P. A. Schilpp Philos. K. Jaspers xi. 451 Jaspers vividly describes nihilism as a symptom of mental illness or..as a manifestation of ultimate situations in which a human being can find himself in depressions and schizophrenias. 1965J. Pollitt Depression & its Treatment iii. 33 The most extreme form of hypochondriacal delusion, referred to as ‘nihilism’.
3. The doctrines or principles of the Russian Nihilists.
1868G. Duff Glance over Eur. 42 The Russian Tories..have been assisted..by the spread among the half-educated of absurd and anti-social notions, to which the name of Nihilism has been given. 1882Macm. Mag. XLV. 407 Nihilism in Russia is an explosive compound, generated by the contact of the Sclav character with Western ideas.
transf.1880Fraser's Mag. May 65 Atheism is, in many respects, the Nihilism of the intellect and conscience.
4. Theol. Nihilianism.
1882–3Schaff Encycl. Rel. Knowl. II. 1656 Nihilism..denotes in theology the view that the human nature of Christ had..no true subsistence. |