| 释义 |
nephelo-
combining form of Gr. νεϕέλη, used in a few scientific terms, as ˌnepheloˈdometer (see quot.). nepheˈlognosy, a systematic practice of observing the clouds. nepheˈlolater (see quot.). nepheloˈlogical a., relative to clouds or cloudiness. nepheˈlology, the scientific study of clouds (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1892). nepheˈlometer, (a) an instrument to register the comparative cloudiness of the sky; (b) any of various instruments by which the turbidity of a suspension, culture, etc., can be measured or compared with a standard by means of the light scattered (at right angles) by it. nepheloˈmetric a., relating to the process of estimating the degree of cloudiness in a fluid (Syd. Soc. Lex.) or to nephelometry. nepheloˈmetrically adv., by nephelometry; nepheˈlometry Chem., the technique of quantitative analysis using a nephelometer. ˌnepheloˈrometer (see quot.). ˈnepheloˌsphere, a cloudy envelope surrounding a planet or other heavenly body.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1521/2 *Nephelodometer, an instrument for ascertaining the distances of the clouds.
1816Bentham Chrestom. Wks. 1843 VIII. 27/2 Of late years, *Nephelognosy..has become a candidate for existence.
1895Pop. Sci. Monthly Sept. 645 All men in all lands are *nephelolaters or cloud admirers.
1881Arctic Cruise Corwin 14 The *nephe[lo]logical state of the atmosphere.
1884Amer. Meteorol. Jrnl. I. 4 It bears about the same relations to the *nephelometer which we should have, that the sun-dial bears to the clock. 1895T. W. Richards in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. XXX. 385 Since the opalescence was so faint that one could only with difficulty see it at all under ordinary conditions, a piece of apparatus, which may be named a ‘nephelometer’ (νεϕελη, a cloud), was devised for detecting it. 1906McFarland & L'Engle in Medicine (Detroit) XII. 249/1 It occurred to us that uniformity in the number of bacteria..could be secured with reasonable accuracy by some means of measuring and standardizing the turbidity of the fluid containing them. We therefore devised a simple instrument, for which we suggest the name nephelometer.., by which it became easy to secure any desired degree of turbidity. 1936F. D. & C. T. Snell Colorimetric Methods of Anal. viii. 91 In the usual nephelometer the opaque tubes with clear glass bottoms used in colorimetry have been replaced with clear glass tubes with opaque bottoms. 1969Atmospheric Environment III. 561 The multi-wavelength adaptation of the integrating nephelometer makes possible the local measurement of the wavelength dependence of the extinction coefficient due to scatter of atmospheric air. 1974Times-Herald-Record (Middletown, N.Y.) 12 May, (caption) Researchers set up a light scattering instrument called an integrating nephelometer atop Mount Beacon. The tests were part of an air-pollution study.
1905Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XXVII. 485 The application of these observations to the *nephelometric analysis of a very dilute silver chloride solution is obvious. 1929P. A. Kober in J. H. Yoe Photometric Chem. Anal. II. vi. 71 Precipitants for the production of nephelometric suspensions are as varied as the substances precipitated. 1971P. R. Hesse Textbk. Soil Chem. Anal. xii. 314 The only difference between turbidimetric and nephelometric measurement of sulphate is in the measurement of the final turbidity.
1905Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XXVII. 507 When in a day or two the precipitate had settled and the mother-liquor had become clear the latter was examined *nephelometrically. 1971P. R. Hesse Textbk. Soil Chem. Anal. xvi. 423 Silver is extracted from soil by acid digestion and is classically determined nephelometrically as the chloride.
1876T. P. Blunt in Chem. News 7 Jan. 7/2 It would appear that the usefulness of colorimetry, and also of judgment by turbidity, which may provisionally be termed ‘*nephelometry’, might be widely extended. 1906Amer. Chem. Jrnl. XXXV. 113 In order to save the time of those attempting nephelometry, the precautions for several typical cases are here collected. 1929J. H. Yoe Photometric Chem. Anal. II. iii. 18 When colorimetry or nephelometry is used at all, in routine analytical work or in research problems, it is apt to be used almost continuously. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IX. 40/1 The advantage of nephelometry [over turbidimetry] is its greater sensitivity, accuracy, and precision in the determination of small amounts of turbidity.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1521/2 *Nephelorometer, an instrument for ascertaining the speed and direction of motion of the clouds.
1889Winchell World-life 543 It [water mist] gathers into a vaporous envelope, constituting a true atmosphere or *nephelosphere. |