| 释义 |
reproduction|riːprəˈdʌkʃən|
[f. reproduce, after production; cf. F. reproduction (1690).]
1. a. The action or process of forming, creating or bringing into existence again.
1659Pearson Creed (1839) 361 Things immaterial and incorruptible cannot be said to rise again; resurrection implying a reproduction. 1666Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. Wks. 1772 III. 61 The experiment recorded by our author about the reproduction of salt-petre. 1776Adam Smith W.N. ii. v. (1869) I. 368 No equal quantity of productive labour employed in manufactures can ever occasion so great a reproduction. 1845H. Rogers Ess. (1874) I. iii. 107 We shall as soon see the reproduction of an Aristotle as of a Demosthenes. 1845McCulloch Taxation Introd. (1852) 6 A system of taxation acting on capital..destroys alike the desire and the means of reproduction.
b. The process, on the part of certain animals, of reproducing parts of the organism which have been destroyed or removed. (Now freq. called regeneration to distinguish it from next.)
1727–38Chambers Cycl. s.v., The reproduction of several parts of lobsters, crabs, etc. makes one of the great curiosities in natural history. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. VIII. 172 We owe the first discovery of this power of reproduction in animals to Mr. Trembley, who first observed it in the polypus. 1840tr. Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 18 Organized beings have even the faculty of reproducing..certain of their parts of which they may have been deprived. This has been named the power of reproduction. 1884Mind July 415 The question of the Reproduction of Lost Parts is interesting from several points of view in biology.
c. The process of producing new individuals of the same species by some form of generation; the generative production of new animal or vegetable organisms by or from existing ones; also, power of reproducing in this way. Also attrib. as reproduction rate.
1782J. Wesley in Arminian Mag. Oct. 545 He [sc. Buffon] substitutes for the plain word Generation, a quaint word of his own, Reproduction, in order to level man not only with the beasts that perish, but with nettles or onions. 1785Smellie tr. Buffon's Nat. Hist. (1791) II. 16 And, without limiting our research to the generation of man, or of any particular animal, let us contemplate the general phænomena of reproduction. 1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 145 When we examine animals in the next grade, we find reproduction taking place by the concurrence of sexes. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 749 Much difference of opinion has arisen..as to the mode in which reproduction takes place in the different divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom. 1883Wallem Fish Supply Norway 10 (Fish. Exhib. Publ.), The reproduction of the cod is extraordinarily great. 1928, etc. Reproduction rate [see gross a. 6 a]. 1936Discovery Sept. 298/1 It is the net reproduction rate which measures whether the population is maintaining itself or not.
d. The action or process of bringing again before the mind in the same form.
1800R. Fellowes Chr. Philos. (ed. 3) 232 note, I suppose ideas to be..capable of excitement and reproduction. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) II. xx. 13 By reproduction..I strictly mean the process of recovering the absent thought from unconsciousness. 1884T. Sully Outlines Psychol. 477 Fear and anger have their rise in the mental reproduction of some organic pain.
e. The action or process of repeating in a copy. Also attrib.
1856Kay & Johnson Rep. Cases in Chancery II. 285 Having regard to the international treaties, the Plaintiff reserves his right of reproduction, which is a sufficiently apt word in this case. 1870W. A. Copinger Law of Copyright in Works of Lit. vi. 101 Copyright may be infringed..by reproduction under an abridged form. 1883Haldane Workshop Receipts Ser. ii. 181/1 Autographs for reproduction must be written with ink or pencil. 1890Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 247 For the photographer who is exclusively occupied with reproduction photography, this is fully satisfactory. 1923H. Crane Let. 21 June (1965) 137 He is offering..$25.00 for the original, and the reproduction rights without any payment. 1967Karch & Buber Offset Processes iv. 71 The cost of reproduction (photographable) proofs..brought about the obvious question.
f. Econ. In Marxist theory, the process by which given capital is maintained for further production by the conversion of part of its product into capital; simple reproduction, reproduction in which the amount of capital remains constant, any surplus value being consumed; enlarged, expanded (etc.) reproduction, reproduction in which the amount of capital is increased by conversion of part of the surplus value into additional means of production. Also attrib.
1887Moore & Aveling tr. Marx's Capital II. xxiii. 578 The conditions of production are also those of reproduction. Ibid. 579 If this revenue serve the capitalist only as a fund to provide for his consumption..then..simple reproduction will take place. Ibid. 582 The value of the capital advanced divided by the surplus-value annually consumed, gives the number of years, or reproduction periods [etc.]. 1939Rev. Econ. Stud. VII. 32 According to Marx's analysis, in the case of enlarged reproduction, if gross investment..is not larger than c1 + c2..there would be no net accumulation of capital at all. 1955M. Dobb Econ. Theory & Socialism xvi. 266 These examples were designed to show the relations which would need to hold for expanded reproduction (i.e. a process of annual net investment) to take place and continue of its own momentum. 1965B. Pearce tr. Preobrazhensky's New Economics 62 The consciously adopted economic policy of the State is quite often not a reaction to the difficulties encountered in practice in developing socialist reproduction. 1970B. Brewster tr. Althusser & Balibar's Reading Capital iii. iii. 266 The analysis of reproduction destroys the appearance..of a ‘free’ contract between the worker and the capitalist. 1975Chinese Econ. Studies VIII. iv. 79 In the course of reproduction, the scale of operation would not have expanded... This reproduction based on the original scale is called simple reproduction.
g. The process of reproducing sound; the degree of fidelity with which this is done.
1908Sears, Roebuck Catal. 195/2 The Type FH Harvard Disc Talking Machine... Perfectly uniform speed, essential to perfect reproduction, is obtained. 1924Radio Times 19 Dec. 619/2 (Advt.), Sound reproduction that is very near perfection. 1946Penguin Music Mag. Dec. 93 The standard of reproduction with which people appear to be content, even very musical people, is far from satisfactory. 1962Times 5 July 15/4 It would be foolish to assume that sound reproduction has reached a stage of ultimate perfection;..research is constantly in progress both on ways of improving reproduction from discs and on alternative means of reproduction. 1978Gramophone July 275/1 If headphones are what you want, you will not be disappointed. The reproduction of classical music or pop, piano, voices, orchestra—all are splendid.
2. a. A copy or counterpart; in recent use esp. a copy of a picture or other work of art by means of engraving or some other process. Also, in more recent use, an article of furniture, etc., in a style reproduced from an earlier period. Freq. attrib.
1807J. Barlow Columb. ii. 88 More perfect some, and some less perfect yield Their reproductions in this wondrous field. 1853J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. i. 23 The Huns were but reproductions of the ancient Scythians. 1892Photogr. Ann. II. 111 The hypothesis as to the nature of heliochromic reproductions. 1925C. Camp in Scribner's Mag. Sept. 318 People who call your best pieces reproductions when you know that they are not. 1925Scribner's Mag. Oct. 15 (Advt.), A reproduction whale-oil lamp which measures 18½ inches to the top of the bulb. 1964Times Rev. Industry Mar. 37/3 Sales [of furniture] are growing (unfortunately, almost entirely of ‘reproduction’ styles, which do not help our attempts to project an image of a new Britain). 1975M. Kenyon Mr Big xx. 190 Some reproduction Chippendale dining-chairs. 1977Whitaker's Almanack 1978 887/1 The footwear industry is based on Florence, reproduction furniture at Cascini and Poggibonsi. 1981J. B. Hilton Playground of Death vi. 71 There were one or two expensive reproduction pieces—a corner cupboard (for drinks) and a Jacobean footstool.
b. A representation in some form or by some means of the essential features of a thing.
1844Emerson Nature, Commodity Wks. (Bohn) II. 144 The useful arts are reproductions or new combinations by the wit of man, of the same natural benefactors. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. Pref. 22 The Bedouin tents are still the faithful reproduction of the outward life of the patriarchs. 1879Farrar St. Paul (1883) 71 St. Luke's dramatic reproduction of the vague murmurs of a throng.
3. Special Combs.: reproduction constant or factor Nuclear Physics = multiplication constant or factor; reproduction proof Printing, a printed proof for use as an original for further, photographic, reproduction.
1962Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 729/1 *Reproduction constant. This is an alternative, and less-frequently used, name for the multiplication factor..of a reactor.
1945H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes iv. 35 The whole success or failure of the uranium project depended on the multiplication factor k, sometimes called the *reproduction factor. 1947Science 10 Jan. 28/1 Usually, k is called the ‘reproduction factor’ of the system. A self⁓sustaining chain reaction evidently is possible only when k > 1. 1952Glasstone & Edlund Elem. Nucl. Reactor Theory iv. 79 A multiplication factor or reproduction factor, defined as the ratio of the number of neutrons of any one generation to the number of corresponding neutrons of the immediately preceding generation.
1948R. R. Karch Graphic Arts Procedures 370/1 (Index), *Reproduction proofs. 1949Melcher & Larrick Printing & Promotion Handbk. 246/2 Reproduction proofs must be perfect—if anything, more perfect than would be acceptable in finished copy, since every slightest flaw will be duplicated in the whole run. 1967Reproduction proof [see repro 1]. |