| 释义 |
mutualism|ˈmjuːtjuːəlɪz(ə)m|
[f. mutual a. + -ism. Cf. F. mutuellisme (see 1 b).]
1. a. The doctrine that individual and collective well-being is attainable only by mutual dependence. Esp. in connection with the theory of non-profit credit and voluntary association for the exchange of services advocated by P. J. Proudhon (1809–65). b. [after F. mutuellisme.] The system of the association of ‘mutualists’ at Lyons.
1849C. Dana Proudhon (1896) 36 But how can they gain possession of this instrument [sc. capital]? By the organization of credit, on the principle of reciprocity or mutualism, if we may use a new word. Ibid. 40 Mutualism of credit, or credit at cost. 1863J. Weiss Life & Corr. Parker I. 106 A mutualism to secure culture and material welfare. 1873Morley Rousseau II. xii. 190 Those schemes of Mutualism, and all the other shapes of collective action for a common social good. 1892Schäffle Impossibility Soc. Democr. 17 Socialism, communism,..anarchism, mutualism [etc.]. 1929Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. XXXIV. 783 By ‘mutualism’ Proudhon meant a practice of voluntary association for strictly specified and limited purposes. 1968Internat. Encycl. Soc. Sci. XII. 606/1 Federalism, that is, mutualism transferred into the realm of politics, is the solution.
2. Biol. A condition of symbiosis in which two associated organisms contribute mutually to the well-being of each other. By some writers applied esp. to such a relationship that (a) is not necessary for the survival or reproduction of the organisms involved, or else (b) is necessary for one or both of the organisms. Also transf.
1876Beneden's Anim. Parasites 83 It is often very difficult to say where commensalism ends and mutualism begins. 1949W. C. Allee et al. Princ. Animal Ecol. xxxv. 711/1 Varying degrees of mutualism exist, from a slight benefit to a remarkable interdependence of both species in the partnership. 1953Parasitology XLII. 261 Symbiosis can be broadly divided into the three well-recognized categories: commensalism (where the host is for all practical purposes unaffected by the presence of the symbiote), parasitism (where the host is injured), and mutualism (where the host is benefited). 1956T. W. H. Cameron Parasites & Parasitism 231 Commensalism, in turn, grades into mutualism, which implies a certain benefit by the host from the presence of the invader, but the association is not an essential one. 1962J. D. Smyth Introd. Animal Parasitol. i. 6 An association in which both associates benefit has long been referred to as mutualism by some authors and symbiosis by others... Symbiosis could..broadly be used to include all the different kinds of relationship which exist in nature. By usage, however, it has come to be restricted to associations..in which the participating species are dependent on each other for existence... In cases of mutualism, on the other hand, the association is not obligatory to existence. 1962K. F. Lagler et al. Ichthyol. xiv. 436 [Among fishes] instances of mutualism (symbiosis) are not clearly known; this is the relationship in which neither of two species can reproduce or grow in the absence of the other. 1963C. J. McCall in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 420 The relationship is rather one of mutualism, in that it is latently eufunctional for both institutions. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens v. 70 Mutualism. This term describes a mutually beneficial relationship where one or both components may be dependent on the association for survival. 1970Nature 5 Sept. 1001/1 The commonest species, Remora remora, is an active cleaner, and the mutualistic relationship between fish and host is strong, but the mutualism is less strong in other species. |