| 释义 |
mutual, a. and n.|ˈmjuːtjuːəl|
Also 6 mutuel.
[a. F. mutuel (from 14th c.) = Sp. mutual, f. L. mūtu-us borrowed, reciprocal:—prehistoric *moitwo-, f. root *moi- to change. Cf. Gr. (Sicilian) µοῖτον ἀντὶ µοίτου, tit for tat; also L. mūtāre (see mutation).
OF. had mutu = Sp. mútuo, Pg., It. mutuo.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of relations, sentiments, actions: Possessed, entertained, or performed by each (of two persons, things, classes, etc.) towards or with regard to the other; reciprocal. spec. in mutual aid, mutual deterrence.
1477Norton Ord. Alch. Introd., in Ashm. (1652) 5 In mutuall love. 1539Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) II. 303 His highnes wold be glad..to entre a liege for mutual ayde on bothe sydes in cace of nede to be given. a1614D. Dyke Myst. Self-deceiving (ed. 8) 71 When wee imbrace one another, there is a mutuall hold on both sides. 1681Visct. Stair Inst. Law Scot. i. iii. §9. 26 Though frequently such Obligations in mutual Contracts, are conceived by way of provision or condition. 1709Shaftesbury Charac. (1711) I. ii. 113 'Tis in War that mutual Succour is most given, mutual Danger run, and common Affection most exerted. 1729Act 2 Geo. II, c. 22 §13 Where there are mutual Debts between the Plaintiff and Defendant. 1816Wheaton Cases Supr. Crt. U.S. I. 279 The Mutual Assurance Society v. Watts' Executor. 1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 667 There is no contract, whether mutual or unilateral, which is binding without a consensus in idem placitum, expressed or implied. Ibid., In the case of mutual and onerous entails, the prohibitions are effectual against the creditors of the entailer. 1848Wharton Law Lex., Mutual Testament, a will made by two persons who leave their effects reciprocally to the survivor. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. i. I. 84 Between him and his subjects there could be nothing of the nature of mutual contract. 1871B. Stewart Heat §43 The tendency of heat in crystals is to increase the mutual distance of the molecules. 1881Jowett Thucyd. I. 174 Mutual fear is the only solid basis of alliance. 1894H. Drummond Ascent Man 303 Organisms which give mutual aid survive and people the world with their kind. 1912J. S. Huxley Individual in Animal Kingdom v. 135 Mutual aid (though it implies mutual dependence) establishes minimum waste. Ibid. vi. 154 The ideals of active harmony and mutual aid as the best means to power and progress. 1927― Religion without Revelation i. 49 Permanent facts of human existence—..suffering, mutual aid, comradeship, physical and moral growth. 1943New Statesman 20 Nov. 326 Lease lend, now officially named ‘Mutual Aid’, is giving rise to a great deal of discussion in the United States. 1955Ann. Reg. 1954 149 Canada had previously made 400 Sabres available to the R.A.F. as part of the mutual aid programme. 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. Jan. 16/1 In the non-Communist world a new formula is gaining more and more popularity—‘mutual deterrence’ by the consideration of the opponent's retaliatory power. 1966Schwarz & Hadik Strategic Terminology 61 Mutual deterrence, situation obtaining between nuclear powers when each is deterred from attacking the other (i.e., launching a first strike) because the damage expected to result from the victim's retaliation (second strike) would be unacceptable.
b. Qualifying personal designations of relationship, friendship, or hostility, to indicate that the relation or sentiment is mutual.
a1562G. Cavendish Wolsey (1893) 221 Yt is..the especyall cause of all my travell into this contrie..to spend my lyfe with you as a very father, and a mutuall brother. 1639H. Glapthorne Argalus iv. Wks. 1874 I. 53 But Amphialus, Since we are mutuall friends,..I'le make thee my full Executour. 1719Abp. King in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. IV. 315 Common friends are not allowed to be common friends, but all obliged to declare themselves mutual enemies. 1813Shelley Q. Mab iii. 172 For kings And subjects, mutual foes, for ever play A losing game into each other's hands.
c. mutual admiration society: a satirical designation for a coterie of persons who are accused of over-estimating each other's merits. Also mutual admiration gang.
1851Thoreau Jrnl. 27 Feb. in Early Spring in Massachusetts (1881) 16 It is the hip-hip-hurrah and mutual admiration society style. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. i, All generous companies of artists, authors, philanthropists, men of science, are, or ought to be, Societies of Mutual Admiration. Ibid., Who can tell what we owe to the Mutual Admiration Society of which Shakspeare, and Ben Jonson, and Beaumont and Fletcher were members? 1880L. Stephen Pope 50 That body was not more free than other mutual admiration societies from the desire to impose its own prejudices on the public. 1920G. B. Shaw How to become Musical Critic (1960) 313 A ridiculous little mutual-admiration gang of snobs. 1953G. Hough Romantic Poets v. 160 Keats would have been better off at this stage..without so many ladies, or with ladies of a different kind; and some of the familiar sonnets suggest a small and rather silly mutual admiration society. 1969G. Battiscombe Queen Alexandra x. 139 Seldom can there have been a more devoted family: the unkind might even have called them a mutual admiration society.
¶d. quasi-ellipt. Pertaining to or characterized by some (implied) mutual action or relation.
mutual terms, mutual principles: used to describe a business arrangement between two parties, in which exchange of services takes the place of money payments. mutual fund U.S., a unit trust; also attrib.; hence mutual funding.
1848Thackeray Van. Fair v, He was admitted into Dr. Swishtail's academy upon what are called ‘mutual-principles’—that is to say, the expenses of his board and schooling were defrayed by his father in goods, not money. 1880Encycl. Brit. XIII. 173/2 These bodies [life assurance companies] have been of three kinds—(1) the purely mutual offices, in which the assured themselves constitute the society; (2) proprietary offices..; and (3) the mixed offices. 1950J. C. Clendenin Introd. to Investments 600 (Index) Mutual funds (see Open-end companies). 1958Spectator 18 July 108/1 In the United States, total investment in Mutual Funds (the American term for unit trusts) stands at over {pstlg}3,000 million. 1962S. Strand Marketing Dict. 472 Mutual Funds Market, the daily buying and selling transactions of the shares of mutual funds. Companies selling mutual funds are listed on the financial pages of newspapers. 1969Times 30 Apr. 28/3 As a Mutual Society all our profits must go to our policyholders. Ibid. 5 May (Suppl.) p. vi/3 The average turnover of mutual fund portfolios rose..to 43 per cent. 1972Daily Tel. 4 Nov. 28/4 By lending those funds on mortgage, the [building] societies, which are mutual and non profit-making, pass on the benefit of the short-term cost of money to long-term borrowers. 1973Times 18 May 29/2 Expanding industries such as insurance or mutual funding.
e. Electr. Applied to quantities and properties that depend equally and symmetrically on two circuits or circuit elements and represent an effect on either of a certain kind of change in the other; esp. mutual inductance (see inductance), mutual induction.
1865J. C. Maxwell in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CLV. 507 To find the coefficient (M) of mutual induction between two circular linear conductors in parallel planes. 1886, etc. [see inductance]. 1896F. Bedell Princ. Transformer iii. 37 The relation between two circuits is strictly a mutual one, the coefficient of mutual induction having the same value with either circuit as primary or secondary. 1931Moyer & Wostrel Radio Handbk. vii. 395 In most circuits, the coupling between the input and output circuits is adjusted by changing the mutual reactance. 1959B. J. Ley et al. Linear Circuit Anal. iii. 150 The coefficients Y11, Y22,.., Ynn of the principal diagonal terms were called self-admittances and the off-diagonal coefficients Yhk (h ≠ k) were called the mutual admittances... To find the mutual admittance Y12 we examine the term Y12(jω)V2 in the first equation of Eqs. (3–69). This term represents the phasor current leaving node 1 when nodes 1, 3,.., n are grounded and node 2 has a phasor voltage V2. 1969A. M. Howatson Princ. Appl. Electr. v. 100 The impedance Z12 is, physically, the voltage produced in mesh 1 due to unit current flowing in mesh 2. It is called the open-circuit transfer impedance or mutual impedance of mesh 2 to mesh 1, and because Z12 = Z21 it is also that from mesh 1 to mesh 2.
f. Electronics. mutual conductance, the ratio of the change in the anode current of a valve to the change of grid voltage causing it, the anode voltage being held constant; so mutual characteristic, a characteristic curve representing the variation of anode current with grid voltage at constant anode voltage.
1918L. A. Hazeltine in Proc. IRE VI. 64 The effectiveness of the audion as a relay depends primarily on the slope of the characteristic curve. This slope, being the quotient of a current by a voltage associated therewith, is of the dimensions of a conductance and may be called the mutual conductance of the grid towards the plate. 1933K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. viii. 195 The mutual characteristic, or transfer characteristic of the tube, shows the effect of the grid voltage upon the plate current. 1942Electronic Engin. XIV. 734/1 The alternating potential is applied to control the electron stream at a point where the electron velocity is low, thereby producing a positive feed⁓back which increases the effective mutual conductance of the valve. 1962D. F. Shaw Introd. Electronics xi. 212 The value of gm is low when Ia is very small but after an initial curvature the mutual characteristics are almost linear and parallel. 1963B. Fozard Instrumentation Nuclear Reactors x. 116 At middle frequencies where the undesirable effects of the various capacitances are negligible the gain is gmR where gm is the mutual conductance of the valve and R is the effective anode load resistance.
2. Respective; belonging to each respectively.
In some of the examples there is a mixture of sense 1, the notion being that of a reciprocal relation between each of the persons and what belongs to the other.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm., Par. Acts 37 b. Euen so the lorde prepared, in theyr mutuall vision, eache one for other [Saul & Ananias]. 1652Loveday tr. Calprenede's Cassandra iii. 207 The tears that were shed on both sides in the remembrance of their mutuall losses. 1755J. Shebbeare Lydia (1769) I. 44 Pressing each other to their bosoms in silence, they again unclasped their mutual arms. 1796Hist. Ned Evans II. 152 The time would not allow them to enter into minute details of their mutual adventures. 1818Hobhouse Hist. Illustr. (ed. 2) 59 Perhaps we shall find both the one and the other to have been more active despoilers than has been confessed by their mutual apologists. 1837Bedford in Life Southey (1850) VI. 353, I cannot believe the difference in your mutual years can create any strong line of demarcation between you.
†3. Of intercourse: Intimate. Obs.
1603Shakes. Meas. for M. i. ii. 158 But it chances The stealth of our most mutuall entertainment With Character too grosse, is writ on Juliet. 1659H. L'Estrange Alliance Div. Off. 292 The society and conversation could not be so mutual between them. 1749Fielding Tom Jones xvii. iii, Two families..between whom there has always existed so mutual an intercourse and good harmony.
4. Pertaining to both parties; common.
a. Of things, actions, sentiments.
Now regarded as incorrect.
1591Shakes. Two Gent. v. iv. 173 That done, our day of marriage shall be yours One Feast, one house, one mutuall happinesse. 1596― Merch. V. v. i. 77 If..any ayre of musicke touch their eares, You shall perceiue them make a mutuall stand. 1631R. Brathwait Eng. Gentlew. 125 Those daughters of Scedasus of Leuctra,..conceiuing a mutuall sorrow for their lost Virginity, became resolute actors in their owne Tragedy. 1797A. M. Bennett Beggar Girl (1813) II. 45 The major hinted at their mutual obligations to Mrs. Walsingham. 1802–12Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) V. 204 Under the mutual appellative self-regarding, both self-serving and self-disserving are comprized. 1820Byron Let. to Murray (1821) 9 Mr. Hobhouse was desirous that I should express our mutual opinion of Pope. 1831Scott Ct. Rob. xv, Their apartments were contiguous, but the communication between them was cut off for the night by the mutual door being locked and barred. 1882F. J. Furnivall in Digby Myst. (E.E.T.S.) Ded. 2 A reminder of the days when his [i.e. Shakspere's] triumphant art was the subject of our mutual work.
b. Qualifying a personal designation expressive of a relation.
Commonly censured as incorrect, but still often used in the collocations mutual friend, mutual acquaintance, on account of the ambiguity of common, which is the only adj. correctly expressing the intended meaning. Expressions like mutual father, mutual child, formerly not uncommon, would now sound strange.
1632Sir T. Hawkins tr. Mathieu's Unhappy Prosperitie 22 Hee turneth himselfe towards his wife, conjureth her by the love he had borne her,..and by their mutuall children, a little to humble her spirit. 1658G. Starkey Pyrotechny Ded., My good fortune first by the occasion of our mutual Friend, Dr. Robert Child. 1723Lady M. W. Montagu Lett., to C'tess Mar (1887) I. 346 Our mutual acquaintance are exceedingly dispersed. 1778Burke Corr. 24 Dec. (1844) II. 251 Our mutual friend, John Bourke. 1786A. M. Bennett Juvenile Indiscr. V. 86 The eldest I sent for home, to superintend my domestic affairs, before our mutual darling had compleated her education. 1802Noble Wanderers II. 199 Her sister Ismena had succeeded to their mutual father, Astamanes. 1825Scott Fam. Lett. 15 Oct., Our mutual friend Mr. Wright. 1867Geo. Eliot in Cross Life (1885) III. 20 Don't write unless you have a real desire to gossip with me a little about yourself and our mutual friends. 1883L. Oliphant Altiora Peto I. 93 We had no mutual relations to talk about.
†c. Having the specified character in common.
1794Godwin Cal. Williams 265 He talked of the injustice of which we were mutual victims, without bitterness.
†5. Responsive. Obs.
1657Cokaine Obstinate Lady iii. ii, Love is a passion not to be withstood, And, until hearts be mutual, never good. 1809Campbell Gertr. Wyom. i. x, When fate had reft his mutual heart:..and Gertrude climb'd a widow'd father's knee. 1816Byron Ch. Har. iii. xxiv, Who then could guess If ever more should meet those mutual eyes. 1850Mrs. Browning Poet's Vow iv. xii, The old nurse looked within her eyes, Whose mutual look was gone.
6. Comb. with the sense ‘mutually’, as mutual-dependent, mutual-kindling, mutual-melting adjs.
a1743Savage ‘Happy the Man’ iv, Who, melting on thy mutual-melting breast, Entranc'd enjoys love's whole luxurious charms, Is all a God. 1786Burns Lament ix, Love's luxurious pulse beat high,..To mark the mutual-kindling eye. 1895W. H. Hudson Spencer's Philos. 172 Thus remaining unintegrated into the great organization of mutual-dependent parts which constitutes society.
B. n.
a. = mutual friend.
b. = mutual fund (mutual a. 1 d).
1901Kipling Kim xii. 314 The wire came in about what our mutual friend said he had hidden... I meet our mutual at Delhi on the way back. 1971Financial Mail (Johannesburg) 26 Feb. 690/1 Some mutual fund men..are once again pressing the Registrar for permission to go ahead with those property mutuals. |