| 释义 |
▪ I. † morph1 Obs. rare—1.
[Anglicized form of med.L. morphea: see morphew.]
= morphew.
1681Grew Musæum i. §vi. i. 131 A Wilk..being burnt..and mixed with old Oil..is an admirable Remedy against Baldness and Morph of long standing.
▪ II. morph2|mɔːf|
U.S. colloq. and slang shortening of morphine n. (see also quot. 1912).
1912Collier's 21 Sept. 20/2 White ‘dope fiends’, known in the vernacular of the police as ‘hops’, ‘cokes’, or ‘morphs’. 1914Jackson & Hellyer Vocab. Criminal Slang 60 M, or Morph,..used by morphine fiends. Sulphate of morphia. 1926J. Black You can't Win xii. 160 About a spoonful of water and some of their meager store of ‘morph’ were put in the tin box. 1956H. Gold Man who was not with It (1965) viii. 65 No morph, no! I had really kicked that one, and would do my own traveling from now on.
▪ III. morph3 Linguistics.|mɔːf|
[f. morpheme.]
a. = allomorph2.
b. A phoneme or series of phonemes forming a variant or a number of variants of a morpheme.
1947C. F. Hockett in Language XXIII. 322 Recurrent partials not composed of smaller ones (-way) are alternants or morphs... By definition, a morph has the same phonemic shape in all its occurrences... Morphs are not always composed of continuous uninterrupted stretches of phonemes, but they are always composed of phonemes. Every utterance is composed entirely of morphs. 1948P. K. Benedict in Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. LXVIII. 185 This nomenclature has obvious advantages from a systematic point of view, and might well be extended to morphology, with the ‘morph’ as the descriptive unit, and the ‘allomorph’ as the member of a morpheme. 1952C. E. Bazell in E. P. Hamp et al. Readings in Linguistics II (1966) 274 The term morpheme..was used both for the narrower modern concept and for that of the morpheme-alternant or (in American usage) the morph. 1955Trans. Philol. Soc. 1954 69 Morphemes. Analytic classification here would obviously refer to morpheme-alternants (‘morphs’)... Synthetic classification of morphs is implied in the very procedure of defining their morphemic values. For it is on account of their membership in different substitution-classes (selections), that morphs are assigned their different morphemic values, or, as we say, considered to ‘represent different morphemes’. 1960Amer. Speech XXXV. 218 He [sc. Hoenigswald] believes sound change to be due to nothing but complete borrowing of morphs between only sub-phonemically differing dialects. 1962H. M. Hoenigswald in Householder & Saporta Problems in Lexicography 105 There can be no objection to an arrangement by morphs, that is by the phonemic shape of the allomorph or allomorphs making up the morpheme. 1964E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. vii. 147 Phonemes have been considered by some to be classes of sounds, morphemes as classes of morphs, and so on. 1965Language XLI. 420 The markers of case are almost always portmanteau morphs that are also involved in expressing other categories..of the noun phrase. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoretical Linguistics v. 184 The word bigger is analysable into two morphs... Each morph represents (or is the exponent of) a particular morpheme... Morphemes may be represented directly by phonological (or orthographical) segments with a particular ‘shape’ (that is, by morphs). 1972Hiberno-English Dialect Questionnaire 1 Some of the principal morphs found in polysyllables are..included in the questionnaire.
c. attrib. and Comb.
1947Language XXIII. 337 Intonational morphs..are found spread through such morphs or morph-sequences as yes, I know, no, maybe, [etc.]. 1953C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form ii. 22 The term [sc. morphophonemics] has also more recently been used for the study of morph-structure proper. Ibid. iv. 47 In many systems no morph-boundaries are found within syllables. 1962H. M. Hoenigswald in Householder & Saporta Problems in Lexicography 107 Is it reasonable..to consider the sentence intonations of English on a par with the segmental morph-morphemes? 1964E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. vi. 130 The P rules will operate to select the proper morph shapes and allophones. 1965Amer. Speech XL. 297 Orrm's use of double consonants, which is found only in morph-final position or in morph-final clusters, indicates plus juncture rather than shortness of the preceding vowel. 1972Archivum Linguisticum III. 49 There is a regular phonological rule in Nzema and Ahanta which voices certain morph-initial obstruents if they are preceded by a vowel or nasal consonant.
▪ IV. morph4|mɔːf|
[f. Gr. µορϕή form.]
A variant form of an animal produced by genetic differences, or (in later use) one of several forms exhibited by an animal in the course of its life cycle. Hence ˈmorphic a.; ˈmorphism = polymorphism 2.
1955J. S. Huxley in Heredity IX. 2, I propose to introduce the term morphism and its derivatives, morphic and morph. Ibid. 3, I restrict the term morphism to genetic polymorphism..in which (usually sharply distinct) genetic variants or morphs coexist in temporary or permanent balance within a single interbreeding population in a single spatial region, and in such frequencies that the rarer cannot be due solely to mutation, or to the spread of selectively neutral mutants. Ibid. 8 The cuckoo shows a general tendency to morphism..for it shows a plumage dimorphism, barred red and unbarred grey. Among adults, the red morph is confined to a minority, all females. 1955― in Proc. R. Soc. B. CXLIV. 215 A morphic balance-mechanism must be strong enough to prevent the break-up of the morphism through the disappearance of any morph under adverse selection in periods exceptionally unfavourable to it. 1963E. Mayr Animal Species & Evolution vii. 157 Natural selection may modify the dominance of such morphs. 1968R. D. Martin tr. Wickler's Mimicry in Plants & Animals i. 14 A leaf-beetle occurring as two separate morphs is shown. Ibid. vi. 61 Both sexes [of Ityraea nigrocincta] have two morphs, a green form and a yellow form. 1970Nature 26 Sept. 1368/1 In the autumn the parthenogenetic viviparous morphs of the aphid give birth to nymphs which develop into males and oviparous females. 1974Ibid. 22 Feb. 572/2 The frequencies of colour and banding morphs of the dead animals were compared with those prevailing in the population. 1975Jrnl. Zool. CLXXVII. 336 From considerations of morphism, modality and sex-limitation, a descriptive classification of nine categories is advanced to encompass all situations involving pattern polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in butterflies. |