| 释义 |
▪ I. monument, n.|ˈmɒnjʊmənt|
Forms: 4–5 monyment, 4–6 monumente, 6–7 moniment, 3– monument.
[ad. L. monu-, moniment-um something that reminds, a memorial, monument, f. monēre to remind: see -ment. Cf. F. monument, Sp., Pg., It. monumento.]
†1. A sepulchre, place of sepulture. Obs.[The earliest recorded sense in Eng.; repr. a late L. development of the sense as in 5 b, which was adopted later. Cf. Welsh mynwent (a. L. monumentum), graveyard.] a1300Cursor M. 16904 Þe prince o preistes o þair lagh went to þat monument, And sperd it wit a mikel stan. 13..Evang. Nicod. 723 in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr. LIII. 404 He wand þat cors..And layd it in his monument. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 3403 The dore of the monument was stopped with a grete stone. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 228 All yt be in theyr monumentes, or graues, shall heare the voyce of the sone of god. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. iii. v. 203 In that dim Monument where Tybalt lies. 1611Bible Isa. lxv. 4 A people..Which remaine among the graues, and lodge in the monuments. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. ii. (1736) 31 The Saints we observe arose from Graves and Monuments. [Echoing Vulg. Matt. xxvii. 53.]
fig.c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 299 Wo be to you, pharisies,..þat ben but hud monumentis.
2. a. A written document, record; a legal instrument. (App. sometimes confused with muniment.)
c1440Promp. Parv. 342/2 Monyment, or charterys, or oþer lyke, munimentum. 1559Morwyng Evonym. 332 Leaninge to the moniments and sayings of Paulus ægineta. 1563Foxe (title) Acts and Monuments of these latter and perillous Dayes. 1631Gouge God's Arrows iii. §65. 303 Their rolles in which they recorded their monuments. 1685Stillingfl. Orig. Brit. i. 4 Gildas..sadly laments the want of any Domestick Monuments, to give him certain information. 1709Strype Ann. Ref. I. iv. 84 This discourse of Guest..I have transcribed from the original, and put in among the monuments in the end of the book. 1757Burke Abridgm. Eng. Hist. iii. ix. Wks. 1812 V. 727 All our monuments bear a strong evidence to this change [in the laws]. 1868M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 184 The critical study of the monuments of Roman and Feudal Law may justly claim no inconsiderable share in our endowments.
†b. A piece of information given in writing.
† monuments of letters (= Renaissance Latin monumenta litterarum): information furnished by documents.
1555Eden Decades 283 But when Demetrius was demaunded whether eyther by the monumentes of letters or by fame lefte theym of theyr predecessours they hadde any knowleage of the gothes. c1560R. Morice in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 24 Suche papers of monuments as I hadd in my custodie concernyng the furnyture of your Ecclesiasticall storye. 1650Stapylton Strada's Low C. Warres vii. 40, I can promise many Animadversions concerning them, out of the Monuments of Letters in my hands.
3. a. An indication, evidence, or token (of some fact). Now rare.
1605Rowlands Hell's Broke Loose 4 For Fatus the Gouernour of Iury ouertooke Theudas, and sent his head as a monument to Ierusalem. 1672Petty Pol. Anat. (1691) 25 There is at this Day no Monument or real Argument that, when the Irish were first invaded, they had any Stone-Housing at all. 1711Wallis in J. Greenwood's Eng. Gram. Pref. 4 Other Books..where may be found many Monuments of uncommon Learning. 1903Matheson Repr. Men of Bible 93 They came to Aaron to ask a sign—a visible monument of the Divine Presence.
†b. Something serving to identify; a mark, indication; something that gives warning, a portent.
1590Spenser F.Q. i. v. 38 His goodly corps..Was quite dismembred, and his members chast Scattered on every mountaine as he went, That of Hippolytus was lefte no moniment. Ibid. ii. xii. 80 His brave shield, full of old moniments, Was fowly ras't, that none the signes might see. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 97 Wherefore gaze this goodly company, As if they saw some wondrous monument, Some Commet, or vnusuall prodigie? 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Phil. (1839) 13 For acquiring of philosophy, some sensible moniments are necessary, by which our past thoughts may be not only reduced, but also registered every one in its own order. 1657Thornley tr. Longus' Daphnis & Chloe 205 Laius has shewed the monuments [orig. γνωρίσµατα] thou hadst about thee.
c. U.S. Law. Any object, natural or artificial, fixed permanently in the soil and referred to in a document as a means of ascertaining the location of a tract of land or any part of its boundaries.
1828–32in Webster. 1858J. Kent Comm. Amer. Law (ed. 9) IV. 546 In the description of the land conveyed, the rule is, that known and fixed monuments control courses and distances.
4. a. Anything that by its survival commemorates a person, action, period, or event.
c1530Tindale Answ. More Wks. (1573) 283/1 For our false fayth in visityng the monumentes of Christ, therefore hath God also destroyed them. 1596Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 628/1 Is there any token, denomination, or monument of the Gaules yet remaynyng in Ireland? 1618Bolton Florus (1636) 92 He razed Saguntus to the ground, an ancient rich City of Spaine, and a great, but grievous moniment of her truth, and faith to the Romans. 1769De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. IV. 130 Many Monuments of this Battle are still to be seen here. 1837J. Phillips Geol. 5 It is not certain that monuments remain of all the changes which have occured. 1876E. Mellor Priesth. vi. 280 The Supper becomes thus a historic objective monument.
b. An enduring evidence or example.
1675Strange News from Oakingham 5 We..do deserve, no more mercie at his hands than other the Monuments of his Exemplary Justice. 1713Addison Cato iii. ii, One..Who pants for breath, and stiffens, yet alive, In dreadful looks: a monument of wrath! 1789Gibbon Autobiog. (1896) 154, I wished to have observed a country, the monument of freedom and industry. 1820Hazlitt Lect. Dram. Lit. 40 It may be considered as a monument of the taste and skill of the authors. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxxiv. (1856) 299 They [ice-bergs] were beautiful objects, monuments of power.
c. Applied, like mod.F. monument, to outstanding survivals of an early literature.
1852E. A. Andrews Copious Latin-Eng. Lex. App. A. 1653 (title) Specimens of the oldest monuments of the Latin language. 1897W. P. Ker Epic & Romance ii. 183 Beowulf is, at any rate, the specimen by which the Teutonic epic poetry must be judged. It is the largest monument extant. 1949G. K. Anderson Lit. Anglo-Saxons iii. 63 Unquestionably the most important monument of Old English epic literature..is the poem Beowulf.
5. a. A structure, edifice, or erection intended to commemorate a notable person, action, or event.
the Monument: a Doric column 202 feet in height, built in the City of London (1671–77) after the design of Sir C. Wren, to commemorate the great fire of London, 1666, which originated in a house 202 feet from the site of the column.
1602Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 365 Their edifying and sumptuous Erections of all our chiefe Minsters, Monasteries, and Monuments. 1645Evelyn Diary 26 Feb., This monument [i.e. the Forum Trajanum] being at first set up on a rising ground. 1685Ibid. 17 June, At this time the words engraved on the monument in London, intimating that the Papists fir'd the Citty, were erased and cut out. 1701Lond. Gaz. No. 3718/4 Mr. Jer. Wayte, Fishmonger, near the Monument in New Fish street, London. 1842Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. ii. Misadv. Margate, And now I'm here, from this here pier it is my fixed intent To jump, as Mister Levi did from off the Monu-ment! 1864Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. xvi. (1875) 284 Over all rose those two monuments of the best of the heathen Emperors..the columns of Marcus Aurelius and Trajan.
b. A structure of stone or other lasting material erected in memory of the dead, either over the grave or in some part of a sacred edifice. (Cf. 1.)
1588Shakes. Tit. A. i. i. 350 Traytors away, he rest's not in this Tombe: This Monument fiue hundreth yeares hath stood, Which I haue Sumptuously re-edified. 1683–4in Swayne Sarum Churchw. Acc. (1896) 346 Setting up y⊇ monument of Mrs. Ray. 1771Junius' Lett. liv. (1820) 286 Honours shall gather round his monument. 1860J. W. Warter Sea-board II. 183 Sometimes the dead were buried in haste, and Monuments were erected..on the sides of the public roads. 1903Morley Gladstone II. v. ix. 157 He found the speech for a monument to Lord Palmerston in the Abbey ‘a delicate and difficult duty’.
†c. A carved figure, statue, effigy. Obs. (Often in Shakes.)
1593Shakes. Lucr. 391 Where, like a vertuous Monument shee lies, To be admir'd of lewd vnhallowed eyes. 1601― All's Well iv. ii. 5 If the quicke fire of youth light not your minde, You are no Maiden but a monument. 1601Holland Pliny II. 567 At Rome there bee divers peeces of Praxiteles his making..standing among the monuments and bookes within the librarie of Asinius Pollio. 1611Shakes. Cymb. ii. ii. 32 O sleepe, thou Ape of death, lye dull vpon her, And be her Sense but as a Monument, Thus in a Chappell lying.
†6. abstr. in monument of: in commemoration of.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 695 At the foot thereof was a great heape of Elephants teeth,..vpon them were set the skulls of dead men, which they had slaine in the warres, in monument of their victorie.
7. attrib. and Comb., as monument-builder, monument-maker; monument-like adj.; † monument candlestick, a candlestick fashioned after the model of the Monument (see 5 above); Monument City = Monumental City; † monument-money, money collected from visitors to Westminster Abbey who were shown the monuments.
1654Whitlock Zootomia 409 All more or lesse strive at a Perpetuity of their Names; though let me say in a more Preposterous way, than these *Monument-Builders do.
1688Lond. Gaz. No. 2316/4 A pair of *Monument Candlesticks.
1856Life Illustrated 31 May 33/4 Baltimore is the ‘*Monument City’, from the great battle monument, and several others of note, within its limits. 1906Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republ. 8 Mar. 4 Baltimore has been known for years as the ‘Monument City’, and some of these monuments are in reality works of art.
1886A. Winchell Walks Geol. Field 42 A striking *monument-like remnant of a formation that once covered the whole of this high plateau. Ibid. 55 Many a monument-like outlier.
1665J. Webb Stone-Heng (1725) 86 These were..their barbarous *Monument-makers.
1655–6in Athenæum 9 Aug. (1884) 187/1 The Counsell was moved this day,..that those who have the..disposing of the *monument money at Westmr, may be directed to dispose the same..to the maintainance of five Masters of Musicke.
Add:[5.] d. A structure, edifice, or the like surviving from a past age; an ‘ancient monument’ (see ancient a. 4 c).
1880[see ancient a. 4 c]. 1932, etc. [see henge n.2]. 1979H. Kissinger White House Years xxiv. 1066 A string of Presidential visits to the architectural and artistic monuments of China's past: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Ming Tombs, [etc.]. 1988Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 6 Aug. p. ii/2 Its [sc. Rome's] monuments, sacred or profane, have always been built to accommodate, or to overawe, a multitude.
e. transf. Something that serves as a symbol of or witness to a way of life, characteristic attitude, etc.
1937Maine (Federal Writers' Project) 20a Visible monuments to the early struggles of the pioneers to establish themselves on the first frontiers of America are the old forts with their stockades and blockhouses. 1952Observer 30 Nov. 5/4 The Pentagon, that immense monument to modern man's subservience to the desk. 1973E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful ii. iv. 127 Disused nuclear power stations will stand as unsightly monuments to unquiet man's assumption that nothing but tranquillity, from now on, stretches before him. 1987D. Rowe Beyond Fear v. 181 Psychiatric hospitals are monuments to the destruction of the human spirit.
▪ II. monument, v.|ˈmɒnjʊmənt|
[f. prec. Cf. F. monumenté placed on official record.]
trans. In various nonce-uses: To cause to be perpetually remembered; to record on a monument; to furnish with a monument.
1606Ford Honor Tri. (Shaks. Soc.) 24 Unspotted Lucrece who..monumented her rape with extremity of death. 1660Waterhouse Arms & Arm. 36 They had their Arcus Triumphales, in which..were monumented the Victories of those to whose memory those piles of fame were erected. 1756H. Walpole Let. to Bentley Aug., The poor woman..passed her whole widowhood..in collecting and monumenting the portraits and relics of all the great families from which she descended. 1856Hawthorne Eng. Note-bks. (1870) II. 86 The ecclesiastical dignitaries bury themselves and monument themselves to the exclusion of almost everybody else. |