| 释义 |
moderator|ˈmɒdəreɪtə(r)|
Also 4, 6 moderatoure, 6 moderater, 6–7 moderatour.
[a. F. modérateur 15th c. in Hatz.-Darm. (cf. OF. modereur), a. L. moderātor, agent-n. f. moderārī: see moderate v.]
†1. A ruler, governor, director. Also fig. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. viii. xvi. (1495) 322 The sonne is moderatoure of the fyrmament. 1563–83Foxe A. & M. I. 578/1 You..take vppon you so cockishly..to be a controller and maister moderatour of other mens matters. 1579Fenton Guicciard. i. (1618) 27 There were ioyned with him (as moderators of his youth) Iohn Iacques Triuulce,..and the Count Petillane..both Captaines of great experience. 1641Prynne Antip. Epist. 17 The great Moderator of the Universe, who hath..wrought wondrous things..for the honour and safety of his Majesty, and his Realmes. 1640Bp. Hall Chr. Moder. i. vii. 66 Custome of the place, care of health, regard to our ability, are fit moderators of every mans palate. 1658J. Harrington Prerog. Pop. Govt. ii. xi. (1700) 334 The Romans having conquer'd Antiochus, became Moderators of Asia. 1680H. More Apocal. Apoc. 102 The works of Righteousness [were numbered] by dayes, of which the Sun is moderator. 1682Grew Anat. Plants i. ii. 16 The Cortical [Body] is the Moderator of that [sc. Motion] in the Lignous. 1705S. Sewall Lett.-Bk. 11 Sept., Storms and Tempests which Christ makes great use of in Governing the World; and in this He is only Moderator. 1808Barclay Muscular Motions 370 The same muscles..when acting in any capacity as motors, have..at all times the same moderators and the same directors. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1877) I. iv. 209 Competent to act in his name as moderator of the Western realm.
†2. nonce-use. One who keeps a middle course.
1565T. Stapleton Fortr. Faith 158* These meane moderatours, and half halters.
3. One who acts as an arbitrator between disputants; an arbiter, umpire, judge. Also, a mediator.
c1560tr. Calvin's Comm. Prayer Bk. in Phenix (1708) II. 213 If so be any Contention rise, then such as are appointed Moderators either satisfy the Party, or else..exhort him to keep silence. 1578Sidney May Lady in Nichols Progr. Q. Eliz. II. 99 Between whom the schoolemaster Rombus came in as a moderator. 1646Crashaw Musicks Duell 52 The high-percht treble chirps at this, and chides, Vntill his finger (Moderatour) hides And closes the sweet quarrell. 1657Trapp Comm. Job. xxxii. 279 He..takes the boldnesse to interpose as an Arbiter, or Moderator, blaming both sides [etc.]. 1712Addison Spect. No. 309 ⁋8 He acts as a kind of Moderator between the two opposite Parties. 1826Disraeli Viv. Grey ii. xiv, He was earnestly requested by the contending theorists to assume the office of moderator. 1847Grote Greece ii. xxvii. (1862) III. 37 They were directed..to invite from Mantinea a moderator. 1863H. Cox Instit. iii. iii. 633 The Sovereign is a moderator between the several political parties in the State. 1884Manch. Exam. 12 Sept. 5/1 In Syria he was the moderator between two sets of fanatics.
4. a. A person chosen to preside over a meeting or assembly and conduct its business; a presiding officer or president, esp. U.S., one elected to preside over a ‘town meeting’.
1573Cartwright Reply to Answ. Whitgift 29 What is it then that is sayde in Exodus that Moises..sate as it were moderatoure in that election? 1580Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 421 The Ladie Flauia,..as moderater commaunded them both to silence, willing Euphues as vmper in these matters, briefly to speake his minde. 1641in Col. Laws Mass. (1889) 49 So shal the presedent or moderator have [a casting voice] in all Civill Courts or Assemblies. 1649in Rec. Muddy River & Brookline, Mass. (1875) 36 note, It is ordered yt there be a Moderator chosen annually to regulate publicke towne meetings. 1766M. Cutler in Life, etc. (1888) I. 13 There should be a President appointed, to act as Moderator, to propose all matters to the Club. 1799S. Freeman Town Off. 194 Having first chosen a Moderator to manage and regulate the business of the meeting. 1850Marsden Early Purit. (1853) 107 A presiding moderator always concluded the exercise, which lasted from nine to eleven o'clock. 1882Mass. Public Stat. 232 At every town meeting..a moderator shall be first chosen.
b. spec. A chairman of a television discussion (also in extended use). N. Amer.
1952in A. Rothe Current Biogr. 433/2 Since 1946 he [sc. Senator Blair Moody] has also been moderator of the radio and television program Meet Your Congress. 1972Village Voice (N.Y.) 1 June 28/3 She kept qualifying her aggression with apologies and withdrawals and cancellations..and maintaining the good will of the moderator. 1972Evening Telegram (St. John's, Newfoundland) 24 June 1/2 Ron Pumphrey, moderator of an open-line program on St. John's radio station VOCM. 1973Guardian 17 Oct. 12/4 The present moderators..were picked by London broadcasting to do a specific job, that of answering the phone and referring the questions to a guest expert. 1974R. Thomas Porkchoppers xxv. 212 The program's moderator..was.. the syndicated political columnist who specialized in political muckraking.
5. In academic use:
a. A public officer formerly appointed to preside over the disputations or exercises prescribed in the University schools for candidates for degrees. Now (a) at Cambridge, one of two officers, appointed annually, who preside over and are responsible for the proper conduct of the examination for the Mathematical Tripos; (b) at Oxford, an examiner for Moderations.
1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 51 As he was abroad in the schooles, so wuld neds seme a moderator at home too in the haul. 1615Crooke Body of Man 132 That occulate Anatomist Petrus Pauius of Leydon..my first Maister & Moderator in Anatomie. 1674Hickman Hist. Quinquart. Epist. (ed. 2) a iij b, The main work of the Moderator is, to keep the Disputants to form. 1766T. Clap Ann. Yale 27 The Rev. Mr. Woodbridge acted as Moderator; and he and Mr. Buckingham and other Ministers present signed Certificates, that they judged them to be worthy of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts. 1797Cambr. Univ. Cal. 142 Moderators are appointed and paid by the proctors. 1850Abstracts New Exam. Stat. Oxf. (1851) 1 The ‘First Examination’ under Moderators will take place for the first time in Easter Term 1852. 1906Oxford Univ. Cal. 176 Honour lists issued by Moderators from 1891.
b. At Dublin, a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts who passes out first (Senior) or second (Junior) in honours.
1838Dublin Univ. Cal. 15 Of the successful candidates in each department [sc. Physics and mathematics, Classics, Ethics and logics] there are two grades, called Senior and Junior Moderators. 1845W. B. S. Taylor Hist. Univ. Dubl. 155 [List of] Works examined in for moderators in mathematics and physics. 1882Society 16 Dec. 18/2 Mr. Maunsell graduated..as a Moderator and Silver Medallist.
6. In the Presbyterian churches: A minister elected to preside over any one of the ecclesiastical bodies, e.g. the congregation, the presbytery, the synod, the general assembly.
1563Min. Gen. Assembly in Peterkin Bk. Univ. Kirk Scotl. (1839) 17 It was proponed be the haill Assemblie that ane Moderator should be appointed for avoiding confusion in reasoning. 1582Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 476 Maister Nicholl Dalgleische, as moderatour of the haill synodal assemblie,..Patrik Gillespie, moderatour of the haill presbiterie of Striveling. 1641‘Smectymnuus’ Answ. xiv. (1653) 61 The Moderator in Geneva is not of a Superior order to his Brethren. 1692Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 362 The moderator [of the generall assembly of the kirk] adjourned them till August 12 months. 1727Swift Further Acc. E. Curll Wks. 1755 III. i. 161 Some deceased moderator of the general assembly in Scotland. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire iv. viii. (1854) II. 287 The Assembly chooses a moderator for every meeting, who, in recent times, has been always a clergyman.
7. a. One who or that which mitigates or makes moderate.
1621Burton Anat. Mel. iii. iv. ii. ii. (1624) 535 Hope, that sweet moderator of passions as Simonides calls it. 1696Tryon Misc. i. 6 This Essential Powder or pure Life, is the Moderator or Friendly Quality in all Minerals. 1817J. Scott Paris Revisit. (ed. 4) 323 It was known to be..her [Russia's] policy, to recommend herself to France as the magnanimous moderator of the severity of her Allies.
b. Hist. A member of a band of persons opposed to the violent methods of the ‘Regulators’ who professed to supply the want of the regular administration of justice in the Carolinas c 1767–71.
1767Ld. Montagu in A. Gregg Hist. Old Cheraws (1867) 182 A new set of people, who call themselves Moderators, have appeared against the Regulators. 1847Desperadoes of South-West in Harbinger 7 Aug. 136/1 The regulators..soon find that their foes organize also; arm themselves, and prepare for systematic resistance, under the denomination of ‘moderators’.
c. (Occas. in Fr. form modérateur.) Short for moderator-lamp (see 8 b). Also, the mechanical contrivance by which the supply of oil to the wick of such a lamp is regulated.
1851Pract. Mechanics' Jrnl. Mar. 273 It is however in the mode adopted for the adjustment of the oil supply to the burner that the improvement for which the inventor claims the name ‘Moderator’ consists. 1859W. G. Wills Life's Foreshad. II. xii. 161 He put out the modérateur. 1864Chamb. Encycl. VI. 23/2 The greatest improvement ever effected in oil-lamps was in the so-called French moderator. 1875Ure's Dict. Arts, etc. (ed. 7) III. 35 As the pressure employed is so great, the oil would, but for the ‘moderator’, flow over with too much rapidity. This moderator, or regulator, is a tapering rod of iron-wire.
d. Nuclear Sci. A substance that slows down neutrons passing through it; spec. one used in a reactor to reduce the speed of fast neutrons so that they cause fission more readily.
1945H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes ii. 20 The light elements are most effective as ‘moderators’, i.e., slowing-down agents, for neutrons. 1958W. K. Mansfield Elem. Nucl. Physics iv. 38 If the U235 content exceeds about 50 per cent it is possible to achieve a chain reaction without the use of a moderator. 1961G. R. Choppin Exper. Nucl. Chem. viii. 115 Since it is desirable to increase the probability of capture by slowing the neutrons down, a moderator containing a low Z element with a low capture cross section surrounds the source. 1962Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 509/1 The most common moderators are: light water (H2O), heavy water (D2O), graphite, beryllium, beryllia and organic liquids. 1966C. R. Tottle Sci. Engin. Materials x. 236 In nuclear reactors..a moderator, or slowing-down material, is used to decrease the energy of fast neutrons produced in fission until they are more readily captured in the fissile material at lower energies. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles i. 18 Since carbon is a good moderator of neutrons, carbonaceous rocks are liable to give a spurious indication of porosity.
8. attrib.
a. Anat. and Phys. in names of certain structures exercising a regulating action, as moderator-band, moderator-centre, moderator-ligament, moderator-nerve, moderator-ring (see Syd. Soc. Lex. 1891).
1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 849 The apparent provision against this distension [of the heart] in ungulates by the *moderator band, demonstrated by the late Professor Rolleston.
1782A. Monro Compar. Anat. (ed. 3) 76 Each lateral or *moderator ligament of the head. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., Moderator-ring..that ring which the muscles of the eye make round the optic nerve.
b. moderator- (occas. modérateur) lamp, a lamp in which, by a mechanical contrivance, the passage of the oil from the reservoir to the burner is regulated or moderated to a uniform flow.
1851Pract. Mechanics' Jrnl. Mar. 273 Hadrot's Moderator Lamp. 1857Union 23 Jan. 63 (Advt.), Moderateur lamps..just received from Paris. 1904Blackw. Mag. Apr. 469/1 New lampshades..decorated the globes of the moderator-lamps. |