| 释义 |
▪ I. mesh, n.|mɛʃ|
Forms: 6–7 meishe, meash, 6–8 (9 dial.) mash, (8 marsh), 6– mesh.
[Known only from the 16th c.; cogn. w. OE. max (? *mæsc.) neut., net and ON. mǫskve (see mask n.1); but the precise nature of the relation is undetermined.
The Teut. langs. have words with this meaning representing two ablaut-types: (1) OTeut. *mask- (OE. max, ? *mæsc ? neut.; OHG. masca, MHG., mod.G. masche fem.; M.Du. masche fem.; ON. mǫskve, Norw. moske wk. masc.; Sw. maska, Da. maske fem. are from LG.); (2) OTeut. *mæ̂sk- (OHG. mâsca, MHG. ? mâsche; MDu. maesche). The Eng. form mash would regularly represent an OE. *mæsc, but the OE. word occurs only once in the metathetic form max, and in that instance means ‘a net’. The 16th c. forms meishe, meash, indicate a pronunciation with long vowel, |mɛːʃ|; for the shortening to mesh cf. flesh. On the whole, on account of the absence of the word in ME., its form-history in the 16th c., and the frequency with which fishing terms were adopted from Du., it seems not improbable that meash (shortened to mesh) and mash represent adoptions respectively of the MDu. forms maesche and masche. The resemblance between the Eng. form marsh (18th c.) and the Flemish maersche (Stallaert) is prob. accidental.
The Teut. *mæ̂sk- (: *mask-) is cognate with the Lithuanian mezgù I knit, mazga-s knot.]
1. a. One of the open spaces or interstices of a net, the size of which is determined by the distance of adjacent knots from one another. Also, the similar space in any network, as a sieve.
1558–9Act 1 Eliz. c. 17 §3 Onely withe Nett or Tramell, wherof every Meshe or Maske shalbee twoo ynches and a half broade. 1586J. Ferne Blaz. Gentrie ii. 33 A Mascle in Armory, is a representation of the mash of a net. 1615E. S. Britain's Buss in Arb. Garner III. 629 Netting (of sixty masks or mashes or holes deep). 1727De Foe Hist. Appar. iv. (1840) 44 They are like those foolish fish that are caught in large nets, that might get out at every square of the mesh. 1747Gentl. Mag. 311 The mashes of the iron wire sieve were..small. 1749Wealth Gt. Brit. 49 The marshes of the nets..are to be one inch square. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 577 The masses are..sifted through sieves having 20 meshes in the square inch. 1873Act 36 & 37 Vict. c. 71 §39 (4), Such mesh shall not be less than one and a half inch from knot to knot. 1879Plain Knitting, etc. 46 Pass the twine round the mesh-stick from above to form the mesh.
b. pl. The threads or cords which bound the interstices of a net; hence (also collect. sing.) network, netting.
1602Carew Cornwall 32 Square nets..thorow which the schoell of Pilchard passing, leaue many behind intangled in the meashes. 1685Dryden Horace Epode ii. 52 To betray The Larkes that in the Meshes light. 1734Phil. Trans. XXXVIII. 235 The Mashes, or Filaments of the Net are not very perceptible. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 47 The net, with its thin light meshes. 1879G. C. Harlan Eyesight iii. 41 If we hold a veil between our eyes and a book, we can either read through it, or see its meshes distinctly, but we cannot do both at the same time.
c. Electr. A closed loop of windings or other impedances connected in series.
1881J. C. Maxwell Treat. Electr. & Magnetism (ed. 2) I. ii. vi. 374 If the conducting wires form a simple network and if we suppose that a current circulates round each mesh, then the actual current in the wire which forms a thread of each of two neighbouring meshes will be the difference between the two currents circulating in the two meshes. 1892S. P. Thompson Dynamo-Electr. Machinery (ed. 4) xxiv. 709 The three coils may be joined..in a closed mesh joined with the three lines at its corners. 1970J. Shepherd et al. Higher Electr. Engin. (ed. 2) ii. 47 Circuits involving multiple meshes may be solved by considering either the meshes (mesh analysis) or the junctions (node analysis).
d. With prefixed numeral, e.g. 50 mesh, designating a screen with that number of square openings per unit length (e.g. per inch), and applied to materials which will pass through such a screen (but, usually, not through the next finest screen).
1930Engineering 22 Aug. 223/2 The dust cloud which it would encounter would consist..of particles ranging from 60 mesh to beyond 200 mesh. 1932Riley & Johannsen Med. Entomol. xvii. 264 A 16-mesh screen is ordinarily employed. 1933W. T. Read Industr. Chem. vii. 65 This relationship has been established by the United States Bureau of Standards for 200-mesh screens so that the wire has a diameter of 2·1 × 10-3 in. and each opening a width of 2·9 × 10-3 in., thus giving 200 openings per linear inch. 1948Pierce & Haenisch Quantitative Analysis (ed. 3) v. 63 The usual sample for analysis should pass a screen of 80–100 mesh or smaller. 1971Nature 25 June 524/2 Samples of powder were first ground to 400 mesh and then briquetted.
2. fig. chiefly with reference to entanglement in a snare.
1540–1Elyot Image Gov. 20 It shall be almost impossible for hym to escape, but that in one meishe or other he shall be tangled. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. iii. ii. 122 Here in her haires The Painter plaies the Spider, and hath wouen A golden mesh t'intrap the hearts of men. 1613Fletcher, etc. Captain iii. iv, I doubt mainly, I shall be i' the mash too. 1648Herrick Hesper., On Julia's Haire, 'Tis I am wild, and more then haires Deserves these mashes and these snares. 1754Fielding Jrnl. Voy. Lisbon (1755) 204 While a fisherman can break through the strongest meshes of an act of parliament, we [etc.]. 1823Scott Peveril xlvii, The strongest meshes that the laws of civil society ever wove to limit the natural dignity of man. 1897Gladstone E. Crisis 15 Greece has extricated it from the meshes of diplomacy.
3. transf. Network, interlaced structure:
a. in animal and vegetable bodies.
1712Blackmore Creation vi. 380 The greatest Portion of th' Arterial Blood, By the close Structure of the Parts withstood, Whose narrow Meshes stop the grosser Flood By apt Canals [etc.]. 1834McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 259 The branchiæ usually consist of large lamellæ covered with vascular meshes. 1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 285 Very elongated meshes are found in the runner-like branches of the rhizome of Struthiopteris.
b. in other things.
1818Keats Endymion ii. 312 The ivy mesh, Shading its Ethiop berries. 1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. x. i. (1872) III. 198 The loitering waters straggle, all over that region, into meshes of lakes. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. v. 250 Air which was originally entangled in the meshes of the fallen snow.
c. Building. A steel network used as reinforcement in concrete.
1904C. F. Marsh Reinforced Concrete ii. 44 The ribs on the Cottançin system are considered as N-girders, of which the joints are absolutely fixed, the mesh forming the tension bracing and the concrete the compression bars. 1936E. Probst Princ. Plain & Reinforced Concrete Construction ii. 97 Ready-made reinforcements are often used for slabs and also for beams and columns. An example of this is the triangular mesh, made from interwoven round steel bars. 1948L. J. Murdock Concrete Materials & Pract. xvii. 251 Expanded-metal (steel) reinforcement..is made by cutting slits in blank steel plate and sheets and then expanding them into diamond-shaped meshes. 1971B. P. Hughes Limit State Theory for Reinforced Concrete 397 The fabric in sections is indicated by heavy dashed lines—for oblong mesh, long or short dashes according to whether the section is parallel or at right angles to the main wires.
4. Machinery. [f. mesh v.]
a. See quot.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., Mesh. 1. (Gearing.) Or mash. The engagement of the teeth of wheels with each other or with an adjacent object, as the rack, in a rack and pinion movement.
b. in, or out of, mesh. Of gearwheels or their teeth: engaged, or not engaged, with each other. So into mesh.
1904A. B. F. Young Compl. Motorist 78 When the top gear is engaged, none of the other gears are in mesh, although they rotate. 1905R. T. Sloss Bk. Automobile 207 The gears must be thrown into mesh sharply or not at all. 1921[see coasting vbl. n. 4 c]. 1948Motor Manual (ed. 33) vii. 126 If one wheel has 20 teeth and another has 40, the two being in mesh, then the larger one will turn exactly half as fast as the smaller one. Ibid. 129 At one time it was common to slide one gear along splines on its shaft..so that its teeth came into mesh with those of its mate. 1972‘J. & E. Bonett’ No Time to Kill xi. 143 The gears of his brain, he reflected, were not in mesh. A walk before breakfast might re-engage them.
5. Short for mesh-stick.
1882Caulfeild & Saward Dict. Needlework, s.v., Implements made of ivory, bone, or boxwood, and employed in Embroidery and Netting, are known as Meshes.
6. attrib. and Comb., as mesh-bag, mesh-like adj., mesh net, mesh-pin, mesh screen; (sense 1 c) mesh-connected adj., mesh-connection; mesh-stick, ‘a flat slat with rounded ends, used to form the mesh of nets, the loops being made over it and knotted on its edge’ (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875).
1911Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 25 Apr. 6/4 (Advt.), Solid Gold *Mesh Bags, nothing more intrinsically beautiful in the category of Hand Bags. 1920Edin. Rev. Oct. 349 The mesh-bag in which the Mexican hunters carried their arrow heads. 1960L. Hellman Toys in Attic i. 27 Gives Anna a large gold mesh bag.
1896D. C. & J. P. Jackson Alternating Currents viii. 395 In a three-phase machine, if the armature is *mesh-connected, the pressure between any two collector rings is equal to the pressure developed in one coil. 1954E. Hughes Fund. Electr. Engin. vi. 221 (caption) Conventional representation of a mesh-connected winding.
1896D. C. & J. P. Jackson Alternating Currents xiii. 552 The arrangements are either of the star or *mesh connection. 1971Gloss. Electrotechnical, Power Terms (B.S.I.) ii. i. 7 Mesh connection, in a polyphase device or system of devices. The arrangement in which the end of each phase is connected to the beginning of the next in sequence so as to form a ring, each point of connection being connected to a terminal.
1845J. F. South Zool. in Encycl. Metrop. VII. 262/2 The *mesh-like spaces of the cavernous bodies.
1883A. Shea Newfoundland Fisheries 12 (Fish. Exhib. Publ.), Herrings are taken in *mesh nets and in seines.
1795in Abridgm. Specif. Patents, Needles, etc. (1871) 2 [Bell, William.—Manufacturing] all sorts of needles,..netting needles, *mesh pins, and sail needles.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 426 Dry ore, sized between 10 and 20 *mesh screens (to the linear inch). 1879*Mesh-stick [see sense 1].
▪ II. mesh, v.|mɛʃ|
Also 6 meash, masshe, 7 meishe, 6–9 mash.
[f. mesh n., but found somewhat earlier in our quots.]
1. trans. To catch in the meshes of a net.
a1547Surrey in Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 7, I know..How smal a net may take and meash a hart of gentle kinde. 1843Lytton Last Bar. iii. iii, And shew him how even the lion may be meshed. 1888Whitby Gaz. 23 Nov. 3/1 The large ones cannot get meshed in the small meshes.
2. transf. and fig. or in figurative context: To entangle, involve inextricably.
1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 491/1 Luther was hymselfe also so meshed in thys matter,..that [etc.]. 1583T. Stocker Civ. Warres Lowe C. ii. 67 And so bee masht in the net, by fayre speeches. 1627Drayton Quest Cinthia 121 The Flyes by chance mesht in her hayre. 1789E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 111 Fine hapless swains..The harlot meshes in her deathful toils. 1836Lytton Athens (1837) II. 562 Headlong from the car Caught and all meshed within the reins he fell. 1848Kingsley Saint's Trag. iv. iii. 141 Poor soul whose lot is fixed here Meshed down by custom.
3. a. refl. and intr. (for refl. or pass.). To become enmeshed or entangled.
1589Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxix. (1602) 144 She pitched Tewe, he masshed. 1594Plat Jewell-ho. iii. 54 [The fish] will run forwarde and mash themselues in the tramell. 1604Parsons 3rd Pt. Three Convers. Eng., Relation of Trial 215 As a hare in the nett [he] mesheth himselfe more and more by struglinge. 1801Pennant Journ. Lond. to Isle of Wight 72 After which they [mackarel] will not mesh, but are caught with hooks. 1827in J. G. Cumming I. of Man (1848) 312 In the summer fishery the herrings always mesh with their heads to the north. 1864J. Bruce in Glasgow Daily Herald 24 Sept., When the herring are very large they swim lazily, and do not mesh well.
b. intr. (machinery.) Of the teeth of a wheel, etc.: To be engaged with another piece of machinery. Also trans., to cause (gears, esp. those of a motor vehicle) to become engaged; to put into mesh.
1850Rep. Comm. Patents 1849 (U.S.) 155 What I claim as new..is..the shaft H, with the pinions i, mashing into racks II. 1860Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 3) 265 In machinery, one wheel is said to mash into or with another, i.e. to ‘engage’ with it. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1383/2 Mangle-rack, a rack having teeth on opposite sides, engaged by a pinion which meshes with the opposite sides alternately. 1890Cent. Dict., Mesh, to engage (the teeth of wheels or the teeth of a rack and pinion) with each other. 1895Outing (U.S.) XXVII. 55/1 Wooden cogs, which meshed into a horizontal wheel. 1907C. Wheeler Bicycles in Making 78 Small pinion wheels..also mesh with what is called a fulcrum pinion. 1913R. Kennedy Bk. Motor Car II. 194 Then..gear wheels which are revolving have to mesh with gear wheels which are stationary. 1926J. A. Moyer Gasoline Automobiles (ed. 2) vii. 237 The rod A..meshes the gear wheel B with the flywheel C. 1935M. M. Atwater Murder in Midsummer xx. 192 He meshed the gears and the old car moved slowly away. 1957Laboratory Investigations VI. 562 Racks are mounted on the sides of the blades to mesh with the idling gear in each plate. 1961L. Gribble Wantons die Hard i. 15 He meshed the gears and the car headed out of..Tyler Place. 1972H. Buckmaster Walking Trip 58 Norman..meshed the gears noisily as he watched for an entrance into the traffic.
†c. intr. To thread one's way through. Obs.
1665Hooke Microgr. 214, I..have seen it [a Mite] very nimbly meshing through the thickets of mould.
d. intr. (occas. trans.). To fit in; combine. Also const. with. (Cf. sense 3 b.)
1944H. G. Wells '42 to '44 65 Such perplexities and failures to mesh are by no means confined to Anglo-Russian relationships. 1951Good Housek. Home Encycl. 291/2 The units are generally designed to ‘mesh’ together. 1963New Society 7 Nov. 19/1 Many young people are bewildered by school and unable to mesh with it. 1964I. L. Horowitz New Sociol. 15 The general theory of action is really a general theory of how the parts mesh to form a whole. 1967Listener 9 Nov. 609/3 What has always meshed best in his verse is precisely the neat machinery of ideas which he shared with half a dozen contemporaries, such as Mr Alvarez and Miss Jennings. 1968Economist 17 Feb. 54/4 The difficulties of meshing management and staff at Holland's Amro bank, four years after that merger. 1971Nature 12 Nov. 61/1 The TXE-4..cannot mesh with the pulse code modulation digital transmission systems which the Post Office is installing.
4. trans.
†a. To make meshes in. Obs.
1666Third Adv. Painter 20 Our stiffe Sayls, Masht and Netted into Lace.
b. To construct the meshes of (a net). rare—1.
[1615: see meshing vbl. n.] 1882Harper's Mag. LXV. 5 Mending old nets and meshing new ones.
▪ III. mesh
see mash, mease, meuse. |