| 释义 |
▪ I. † ˈpropagate, ppl. a. Obs. rare.
[ad. L. propāgāt-us, pa. pple. of propāgāre: see next.]
Propagated. (Const. as pa. pple.)
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VII 30 Because he was propagate and descended of the house of Lancastre. 1671R. MacWard True Nonconf. 160 A sprig of Rome's hierarchy, propagate by her ambition and deceit.
▪ II. propagate, v.|ˈprɒpəgeɪt|
Also 6–7 erron. propo-.
[f. ppl. stem of L. prō-, propāgāre to multiply (plants) by means of layers or slips, to breed, to enlarge, extend, or prolong the stock or race of, cognate with prō-, propāgo, -āginem a layer (esp. of a vine), a shoot or slip from which a new plant is produced, f. pro-1 1 e, forth, out, + (perh.) pag-, root of pangĕre to fix, fasten, set, plant; hence, ‘to plant or set out layers’.]
1. a. trans. To multiply specimens of (a plant, animal, disease, etc.) by any process of natural reproduction from the parent stock; to produce as offspring, procreate, reproduce, breed; to cause to breed; refl. to reproduce itself (i.e. its kind).
1570Levins Manip. 41/6 To Propagate, propagare. 1606G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine ix. 42 Hee had many other sons propagated from seuerall women. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 121 The French Dogs are derived or propagated of the Dogs of Great Britain. 1671J. Webster Metallogr. iii. 40 [They] have no seminary principle to propagate themselves by. a1680Butler Rem. (1759) I. 117 To plant, and propagate a Vine. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 271 Men..are often content to propagate a race of slaves. 1796C. Marshall Garden. iv. (1813) 59 Plants are propagated by seeds, suckers, slips, offsets, divisions, cuttings, layers, and graffs. 1843R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxvii. 349 It is then not syphilis, but the original morbid diathesis modified by syphilis which becomes propagated. 1859Darwin Orig. Spec. i. 42 Pigeons..can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate. 1859W. S. Coleman Woodlands (1866) 114 The Mistletoe may be artificially propagated by slitting the bark of a tree and inserting one of the seeds. Mod., Thistles seed and propagate themselves rapidly.
b. absol., or intr. for refl. To breed, to produce offspring; to reproduce itself, i.e. its kind; to multiply or spread by generation or other form of reproduction.
1601Holland Pliny II. Explan. Words, Propagat, to grow and increase, after the manner of Vine branches, which being drawne along in the ground from the mother⁓stock do take root. 1640Nabbes Bride i. i, T' increase And propagate was the best end of marriage. 1732Pope Ess. Man ii. 64 Fix'd like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. 1772Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 32 Carnivorous [animals] propagate very slowly. 1858C. Rossetti From House to Home ix, Fat toads were there to hop or plod And propagate in peace.
†c. trans. To produce, yield as produce. Obs.
1699W. Dampier Voy. II. i. 116 The greatest part of the Island of Sumatra propagates this Plant [pepper].
d. transf. To hand down from one generation to another; to pass on to one's descendants; to reproduce in the offspring.
1601Shakes. All's Well ii. i. 200 My low and humble name to propagate With any branch or image of thy state. 1754Sherlock Disc. (1759) I. iv. 142 These Follies were propagated from Father to Son. 1866Darwin Orig. Spec. ii. (ed. 4) 47 It may be doubted whether..great deviations of structure..are ever permanently propagated in a state of nature.
†e. To people (with a race or progeny). Obs. rare. (Cf. propagation 1 b.)
1784Unfortunate Sensibility II. 155 It has always appeared to me ridiculous for people who propagate the world with nothing but miserable dependents, to make any rejoicing at their birth.
2. fig.
a. To cause to grow in numbers or amount; to cause to increase or multiply. (Often passing into 3.)
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. i. 193 Griefes of mine owne lie heauie in my breast, Which thou wilt propagate to haue it preast With more of thine. 1633Prynne 1st Pt. Histrio-M. iii. iii. 103 This practise therefore of acting Vices, doth onely propagate them, not restraine them. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 105 It is the very nature of this vice to propagate itself..in a peculiar way of its own. 1875Scrivener Lect. Text N. Test. 5 The pernicious effects of this natural fault will propagate themselves rapidly.
b. To extend (anything material or immaterial).
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §146 Not to enlarge it, by continuing and propagating the War. 1704Providence Rec. (1896) X. 77 A person..Purchased severall lands, and propagated other Estate as Goods, Cattell, and Chattells. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. xvii. 317 A narrow rent opened beneath his feet, and propagated itself through the ice.
c. intr. for refl. To increase, multiply itself, grow more numerous.
1670G. H. Hist. Cardinals i. ii. 53 As Heresie did propagate and increase. 1868H. Law Beacons Bible (1869) 34 [Sin] quickly propagates and fearfully extends.
3. a. trans. To spread from person to person, or from place to place; to disseminate, diffuse (a statement, belief, doctrine, practice, etc.).
1600[see propagating below]. 1605Camden Rem. 4 Before the yere of Christ 200, it was propagated, as Tertullian writes, to places of Britaine..whither the Romans never reached. 1657W. Rand tr. Gassendi's Life Peiresc ii. 261 The Family of the Fabricii, had its Original from Pisa, from whence..it was propagated into France. 1658State Papers, Domestic 295 The Act for propagating the Gospel in the 4 northern counties. 1674Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 107 The Kingdom of Christ is preserved, carried on and propagated in the World. 1725Berkeley Proposal Wks. 1871 III. 215 To propagate the Gospel in foreign parts. a1727Newton Chronol. Amended i. (1728) 80 This year being at length propagated into Chaldæa, gave occasion to the year of Nabonassar. 1802Med. Jrnl. VIII. 195, I have had the pleasure to propagate Vaccination so far as Bagdad. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. VII. lxiii. 241 Some critics have imagined that the Roman occupation was propagated as far as the Don. 1868Helps Realmah xii. (1876) 327 Men who made and propagated false rumours.
b. intr. for refl. To become more widely spread; to spread. rare.
c1645Howell Lett. (1650) I. 330 A religion that..did expand herself, and propagate by simplicity, humbleness, and by a meer passive way of fortitude.
4. a. trans. To extend the action or operation of; to transmit, spread, convey (motion, light, sound, etc.) in some direction, or through some medium. At first chiefly in pass.; now also active.
1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 216 All endeavour, whether strong or weak, is propagated to infinite distance; for it is motion. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxvii. 207 The structure of the cover..through which the sound was propagated from the Watch to the Ear. 1799Wood Optics i. (1811) 1 The vibrations of an elastic fluid are propagated in every direction. 1843R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxx. 406 It might be thought improbable that irritation, commencing in the kidney or in the bladder, should be propagated through sentient nerves to the spinal cord. 1853Herschel Pop. Lect. Sc. i. §22 (1873) 15 The manner in which an earthquake is propagated from place to place. 1854[see propagation 5]. 1973Sci. Amer. Feb. 73/2 Internal waves propagate energy through the body of a stratified fluid in much the same way that energy is propagated by waves at the surface. 1975Nature 8 May 157/1 The flagellum of this organism propagates waves both distally and proximally in common with other trypanosomes.
b. refl. for pass.
1880[see cathode ray s.v. cathode c]. 1908tr. Suess' Face of Earth III. iv. i. 4 Some kind of wave propagating itself freely through the crust of the earth.
c. intr. for pass. To be propagated, to travel.
1943F. E. Terman Radio Engineers' Handbk. iii. 255 Waves of a variety of types may propagate down a wave guide. 1957J. J. Stoker Water Waves x. 374 In practically all of this book we assume that the medium in which waves propagate is water. 1966C. R. Tottle Sci. Engin. Materials vii. 168 Griffith in 1920..proposed that glass possessed many fine cracks in the surface, which could propagate through the material and cause failure. 1967Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. V. 31 The elevation ζ may be specified as a function of position and time, representing an external surge propagating into the sea area. 1969Sci. Jrnl. Dec. 44/3 In a waveguide the microwave energy propagates down the inside of a hollow conductor. 1971Nature 3 Dec. 292/2 When a laser beam propagates through a mixture of gases. 1974Sci. Amer. Jan. 38/3 In the nerves of both higher and lower animals it is the cell membrane that..enables the nerve impulse to be set up and to propagate. 1977Nature 21 July 203/2 The proton is knocked out of the nucleus and could be observed propagating freely after the collision.
Hence ˈpropagated ppl. a., ˈpropagating vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa 390 The propagating of the christian faith. 1638Quarles Hieroglyph. ii. xix, Or is't a propagated Spark, rak'd out From Natures embers? a1653G. Daniel Idyll. ii. 59 Such propagating Iellyes nere distill Without their Mandrakes; whose first hissings kill. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 320 The efforts of the pisciculturists..at their propagating establishment at Stormontfield. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 161 The starting-point of a continued or propagated thrombus. 1971Sci. Amer. June 22/1 The energy stored in the inverted population is then available to amplify a propagating light wave at a particular frequency. 1972Ibid. Jan. 18/3 The muffling of seismic signals might be achieved by conducting the test in an underground material where a comparatively small fraction of the energy of the explosion would appear in a propagating seismic wave. 1973Physics Bull. Nov. 657/3 It may be helpful to consider first the ways in which propagating gravitational waves are like electromagnetic waves. |