| 释义 |
melano-|ˈmɛlənəʊ|
a. Gr. µελανο-, combining form of µέλας black, as in melanoblast |ˈmɛlənə-, mɪˈlænəblɑːst| Zool. [a. G. melanoblast (S. Ehrmann Das melanotische Pigment (1896) viii. 20): see -blast], a cell that produces melanin; also, a precursor of a melanin-forming cell. melanocarciˈnoma Path. = melanoma (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1856). melanoˈcratic a. Petrol. [ad. G. melanokrat (W. C. Brögger Eruptivgesteine des Kristianiagebietes (1898) iii. 263), f. Gr. κρατ-εῖν to rule, prevail)], (of a rock) dark-coloured; rich in dark-coloured minerals. ˈmelanoderm (also Melano-) n. and a. [Gr. δέρµ-α skin], (of, pertaining to, or being) a person of a dark-skinned (Negroid) race; ‖ melanoˈderma, -ˈdermia Path. [Gr. δέρµα skin: see -ia] = melasma; hence melanodermic a., (a) relating to melanodermia; (b) (naturally) dark-skinned, Negroid. melanoˈgallic a. Chem. [gallic] = metagallic. melanoˈgenesis Physiol. [-genesis], the formation of melanin. melanoˈglossia [Gr. γλῶσσα tongue + -ia], the condition of having a black tongue. ‖ melanoˈpathia Path. [see -pathy] = melasma; also anglicized melaˈnopathy. melanophore |ˈmɛlənə-, mɪˈlænəfɔːə(r)| Zool. [ad. G. melanophor (R. Keller 1895, in Arch. f. Physiol. LXI. 141): see -phore], a cell containing melanin; esp. such a cell in the lower vertebrates which is contractile and confers the ability to change the depth of colour (see quot. 1953). melanosarˈcoma Path., sarcoma characterized by the presence of black pigment cells. ˈmelanosome Physiol. [-some4], a particle in the cytoplasm of melanocytes in which melanin is thought to be formed from tyrosine (see quot. 1961). melanoˈtannic a. Chem. (see quot. 1866).
1902Encycl. Medica XI. 182 Ehrmann.., from his investigations of amphibians and reptiles, concludes that the epithelial colouring matter is elaborated in special connective tissue corpuscles (chromatoblasts or *melanoblasts), from material derived from the red blood corpuscles. 1942G. H. Bourne Cytol. & Cell Physiol. viii. 329 A spread of melanin formation from the melanoblasts to similar but non-pigmented dendritic cells of the white area of the skin. 1953Science 5 June 640/1 The term melanoblast is used by medical investigators for the mature cell elaborating melanin, whereas in biology the term melanoblast refers to an immature pigment cell during its migration from the neural crest. Ibid. 640/2 The term melanoblast for the mature pigment-forming cell as originally suggested by Bloch is objectionable. Ibid. (table) Recommended terminology of pigment cells. Immature melanin-forming cell: Melanoblast. 1968H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm i. 11 Enucleate fragments of prospective pigment cells (melanoblasts) from the developing neural crest of urodele embryos also survive for long periods in vitro.
1909,1954*Melanocratic [see leucocratic adj. s.v. leuco-]. 1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation 411 Peridotite, an ultrabasic (melanocratic) crystalline rock.
1924A. C. Haddon Races of Man (ed. 2) 13 Among the xanthoderms and *melanoderms the irides are almost uniformly dark brown in colour. 1927H. H. Wilder Pedigree of Human Race vi. 345 The Melanoderm Race has developed several moderately high civilizations, especially on the west of the Sahara. 1935Jrnl. R. Anthrop. Inst. LXV. 123 The three main divisions of mankind—Leukoderms (Caucasians), Xanthoderms (Mongolians) and Melanoderms (Western and Eastern Negroes)—did not prove to have a blood-group factor of their own.
1901Osler Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 4) viii. 831 Lastly, with arterio-sclerosis and chronic heart-disease there may be marked *melanoderma.
1886Fagge Princ. & Pract. Med. II. 755 note, A remarkable case of perfectly symmetrical leuco- and *melano-dermia. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 707 So-called syphilitic ‘leucodermia’ is usually a melano⁓dermia.
1890Syd. Soc. Lex., *Melanodermic. 1924A. C. Haddon Races of Man (ed. 2) 144 A tropical jungle may have been a refuge for an indigenous melanodermic folk from fairer intruders into the country.
1852C. Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 63 *Melanogallic acid.
1928Funk's Stand. Dict., *Melano⁓genesis. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 409 An interesting feature of melanogenesis in the ophiuroids is that in light-coloured individuals which are regenerating arm-tips the regenerate is dark, suggesting that under conditions of wound-healing and repair the normal inhibitor of melanogenesis..is overcome or absent.
1898P. Manson Trop. Diseases iv. 88 note, This condition, *melanoglossia, is racial and not pathological.
1847E. Wilson Dis. Skin (ed. 2) 328 Cases illustrative of *Melanopathia.
1876Dunglison Med. Lex., Melanopathia, *Melanopathy, Nigritism...A disease of the skin, which consists in augmentation of black pigment; generally in patches.
1903Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. XXXIX. 261 The conspicuous black bodies of Anolis..well buried in the derma and sending branching processes outward toward the epidermis, correspond to the *melanophores described by Keller. 1946Nature 7 Sept. 344/1 The pigmentary hormone of Dixippus, the regulator of colour change in this animal, activates the melanophores of frogs..by causing expansion of them. 1953Science 5 June 640/1 Investigators in biology and medicine at the present time are using different terms for the same cell. For example, the term melanophore which has long been used by biologists refers to certain dendritic-shaped cells in the skin of fish, amphibians and reptiles which have ‘contractile’ properties. The melanin contained in the melanophores may, in response to certain stimuli, disperse into the dendrites or concentrate in the perikaryon, thus accounting for the color change. In human cytology and pathology the term melanophore is a macrophage. Ibid. 640/2 (table) Recommended terminology of pigment cells. ‘Contractile’ cell: Melanophore. 1965Lee & Knowles Animal Hormones x. 128 A characteristic feature of hormonally controlled melanophores is that colour change takes hours to occur, whereas this is achieved in minutes if there is nervous control.
1875H. Walton Dis. Eye (ed. 3) 988 The sarcoma is usually of the pigmented form, *melano-sarcoma. 1900Brit. Med. Jrnl., Epit. Curr. Med. Lit. 42 The case was one of melanosarcoma of wide distribution.
1961M. Seiji et al. in Jrnl. Investigative Dermatol. XXXVI. 251/2 Because the melanin granule has been shown by electronmicroscopy to be structurally distinct from mitochondria, to be unique in its localization within the cytoplasm of mammalian melanocytes, and to contain a specialized metabolic pathway that converts tyrosine to melanin, we would like to suggest that during its enzymically active stages it be called a *melanosome... The term ‘melanin granule’ could be reserved for the mature, fully melanized particle which has lost its tyrosinase activity and is no longer confined to the cytoplasm of the melanocyte. 1973Nature 26 Oct. 436/3 The melanocyte's contribution [to pigmentation] begins with the synthesis of melanosomes, and the oxidation of tyrosine to melanin.
1852C. Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 63 *Melanotannic acid. 1866Brande & Cox Dict. Sci., etc. II. 489/2 Melanotannic Acid, the black substance formed by the action of excess of potassa upon tannic or gallic acid. |