| 释义 |
mathematical, a. and n.|mæθɪˈmætɪkəl|
Also 6 methematycall, mathametical, matematical.
[f. L. mathēmatic-us, see mathematic a. and -ical.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of, pertaining to, relating to, or of the nature of, mathematics.
1530Rastell Bk. Purgat. ii. xix, The methematycall scyens. 1538Starkey England i. i. 16 The conclusyonys of artys mathematical are euer referryd to theyr pryncypullys. 1570Billingsley Euclid 357 b, The great Mechanicall vse (besides Mathematicall Considerations) which [etc.]. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ii. iii. 76 A probleme Mathematicall, to finde out the difference of houres in different places. 1690Locke Hum. Und. iv. iv. §6 (1695) 324 The Knowledge we may have of Mathematical Truths, is not only certain, but real Knowledge. 1785Reid Intell. Powers 607 Mathematical notions are formed in the understanding by an abstraction of another kind, out of the rude perceptions of our senses. 1843Ruskin Arrows of Chace (1880) I. 21 We will listen to no comments on Newton from people who have no mathematical knowledge.
b. Such as is recognized by mathematics; being what the name imports in mathematics. Chiefly in mathematical point: see point n.; mathematical model: see model n. 2 e.
The scholastic term mathematical body was much bandied about in the transubstantiation controversies of the 16th c., and gave rise to much misunderstanding, being variously taken to mean (1) a body having spatial accidents, and (2) a body consisting of mere spatial accidents (without substance).
1547Hooper Christ & Office viii. H viij b, Then it is no body for a trew body phisicall and matematical: as Christes body is: cannot be except it ocopi place. 1549Bonner in Foxe A. & M. (1563) 700 [Hooper] in effect denieth the verity of Christes blessed body vpon the crosse, calling it Mathematical. 1570Dee Math. Pref. *j, Of Mathematicall thinges, are two principall kindes..Number, and Magnitude. 1660Jer. Taylor Duct. Dubit. ii. iii. rule 11. §17 Negative precepts have no parts of duty, no degrees of obedience, but consist in a Mathematical point. 1840Lardner Geom. i. 7 If a mathematical point be conceived to move through space,..leaving..a trace.., that trace..will be a mathematical line. 1897M. H. Dziewicki Wyclif's De Logica (1899) III. Introd. 26 Christ's Body..is present without either position or shape. The bread is not annihilated; what remains is a purely mathematical body, but not nothing.
c. Learned or skilled in, studying or teaching, mathematics.
1522Skelton Why not to Court 705 But let mi masters mathematical Tell you the rest. a1568R. Ascham Scholem. (Arb.) 34 Marke all Mathematical heades which be only and wholy bent to those sciences. 1622Peacham Compl. Gent. ix. (1634) 77 Mr. Doctor Hood, sometime Mathematicall Lecturer in London. 1692Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) II. 327 The governour of Christs hospitall waited on the king with the mathematical boys. 1713J. Ward Yng. Math. Guide A 1 b, H. Ditton, Master of the New Mathematical School in Christ's Hospital. 1837Whewell Hist. Induct. Sci. (1857) I. 253 The Science of the mathematical mechanician. 1839Penny Cycl. XV. 12/1 The mathematical student. Ibid., He will neither impede nor advance his mathematical career.
d. Adapted to be used in mathematical operations. mathematical instruments: now usually, the instruments (such as compasses, rulers, scales, protractors) employed in drawing geometrical figures.
1625N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. iv. (1635) 78 Philosophers haue found out by diuers Mathematicall instruments. 1663Cowley College Wks. 1721 II. 567 A Mathematical Chamber furnish'd with all Sorts of Mathematical Instruments, being an Appendix to a Library. 1678Moxon Mech. Dyalling 44 Mathematical Instrument-Makers. 1696Lond. Gaz. No. 3224/4 Lost.., a small Pocket-Book of Mathematical Paper. 1726Swift Gulliver iii. ii, A large table filled with globes, and spheres, and mathematical instruments. 1849Noad Electricity (ed. 3) 284 A celebrated mathematical instrument-maker.
e. mathematical linguistics: a branch of linguistics concerned with the application of mathematical models and procedures to the analysis of linguistic structure; so mathematical linguist; mathematical logic: logic that is mathematical in its method, using symbols and following definite and explicit rules of derivation; modern logic; symbolic logic; so mathematical logician; mathematical philosophy: that branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of mathematics.
1951Language XXVII. 221 There is a growing cleavage between the mathematical linguists, or metalinguists, and the physical linguists, whom I should call just plain linguists.
1956J. Whatmough Lang. xi. 220 The development of mathematical linguistics is opening a new field of inquiry, and may rightly be expected to bring greater order into a subject, which..has been and still remains chaotic. 1961C. Mohrmann et al. Trends European & Amer. Ling. 21 In his report to the 1957 Congress, Professor Joshua Whatmough mentioned the initiation of the Seminar in Mathematical Linguistics at Harvard University two years previously—the first appearance of the subject in an academic curriculum. 1964E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. vii. 145 At several universities..courses in ‘mathematical linguistics’ are offered. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Ling. ii. 71 What one might refer to loosely as ‘mathematical’ linguistics is now a very important part of the subject. 1972Hartmann & Stork Dict. Lang. & Ling. 137 Mathematical linguistics may be said to begin with the counting of linguistic units such as phonemes, graphemes, or vocabulary items.
1858A. De Morgan On Syllogism (1966) 78 This mathematical logic..will commend itself to the educated world. 1880J. Venn in Princeton Rev. 248 What with the logicians who hate mathematics, and the mathematicians who despise logic, a theory of so-called mathematical logic does not find many friends. 1908B. Russell in Amer. Jrnl. Math. XXX. 222 (title) Mathematical logic as based on the theory of types. 1940W. V. Quine (title) Mathematical logic. 1941O. Helmer tr. Tarski's Introd. Logic ii. 18 Logic..has undergone a complete transformation with the effect of assuming a character similar to that of the mathematical disciplines; in this new form it is known as mathematical or deductive or symbolic logic. 1967J. van Heijenoort From Frege to Gödel p. vii, Mathematical logic is what logic, through twenty-five centuries and a few transformations, has become today.
1850A. De Morgan On Syllogism (1966) 58 There is no occasion for the mathematical logician to pay the least deference to the Christian followers of Aristotle; the master himself was a mathematician. 1883F. H. Bradley Princ. Logic 360, I may suggest to the mathematical logician that [etc.]. 1903B. Russell Princ. Math. iii. 457 But now, thanks mainly to the mathematical logicians, formal logic is enriched by several forms of reasoning not reducible to the syllogism.
1879W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) 141 Clifford's..chapters on the ‘Philosophy of the Pure Sciences’..form as luminous an introduction to mathematical philosophy as was ever written. 1897B. Russell in Mind VI. 112 The problems of mathematical philosophy. 1901Mind X. 30 It is..imperative, in the interests of mathematical philosophy, to supply the defect. 1919B. Russell (title) Introduction to mathematical philosophy.
2. transf.
a. Of proofs, certitude, precision, etc.: Resembling what is found in mathematics; rigorously exact.
1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. ii. i. §3 To bring matters of fact into Mathematical demonstrations. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. iv. 10 It will follow with certitude plainly Mathematical. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. vii. (1693) 17, I suppose all the Particles of Matter to be..situated in an exact and mathematical evenness. 1809–10Coleridge Friend (1865) 124 A theory conducted throughout with mathematical precision.
b. Constructed with ‘mathematical’ regularity.
1776Burney Hist. Mus. I. 449 The voice varied a little up and down, and did not strictly keep to one mathematical line of tone. 1818Hazlitt Eng. Poets i. (1870) 3 Plato banished the poets from his Commonwealth, lest their descriptions of the natural man should spoil his mathematical man. 1881J. Hawthorne Fort. Fool i. xiv, Within are straight paths and mathematical grass-plots.
†3. Astrological. Obs.
1548Hooper Declar. Commandm. vi. 90 Thowghe I..damne this damnable art Mathematicall, I do not damne souche other artes and sciences as be associatyd and annexid with this vnlawfull Astrologie. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. iii. viii. §9 That Egyptian and Chaldæan wisedome Mathematicall, wherewith Moses and Daniell were furnished. 1674Hickman Hist. Quinquart. (ed. 2) 90 He pretended a full perswasion of a Mathematical fate or destiny, yet..he was out of measure afraid of Thunders.
†4. Mechanical. Obs.
1565Jewel Repl. Harding 419 The Mathematical Dooue, that Architas Tarentinus made, that was hable to flie alone.
†5. = geometrical. Obs.
1614Raleigh Hist. World ii. (1634) 367 Cosmographers in their descriptions of the world..fill the same with strange Beasts, Birds, and Fishes, and with Mathematicall Lines. 1656Cowley Pindar. Odes, Dr. Scarborough vi. note, Archimedes..being found in his Study drawing Mathematical Lines for the making of some new Engines to preserve the Town.
B. n.
1. pl. Mathematical objects. rare.
1555Eden Decades 324 Such vniforme partes as are in mathematicals. 1904Athenæum 23 Apr. 521/3 Dr. Caird is..right..in rejecting the ascription to Plato of the conception of mathematicals as an intermediate grade of being between ideas and sensibles. [Dr. Caird's own words are ‘mathematical principles’.]
†2. pl. Mathematics; astrology. Obs.
1563Shute Archit. A ij b, By a sertaine kinred and affinitie [it] is knit vnto all the Mathematicalles which sciences and knowledges are frendes. 1566Painter Pal. Pleas. II. 375 b, The rare knowledge of Mathematicalls and other hydden and secrete Artes. 1594Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits (1596) 103 From a good imagination spring all the Arts and Sciences... Such are Poetrie, Eloquence, Musicke,..the Mathematicals, Astrologie [etc.]. Ibid. 117 They profit well in the Mathematicals, and in Astrologie, because they haue a good imagination. a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. ii. ix. §1 (1622) 295 Mathematicals are proportioned vnto diuinitie, as the shadow to the Body.
†3. A mathematician or astrologer. Obs.
1566Painter Pal. Pleas. II. 376 A Scholar..learneth a more cunnyng lecture of Mystresse Helena, than he didde of the subtillest Sorbone Doctor, or other Mathematicall from whence hee came. 1577tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 116 The signes in the firmament shall be strange Gods, if wee being deceiued with the Mathematicals shall wholie hang on them. 1587Golding De Mornay viii. 94 Protagoras was banished Athens for it, and the Mathematicals were vtterly condemned for it.
Hence † mathematicality, † mathematicalness, mathematical quality; formal accuracy.
1641Exam. Answ. Reas. agst. Votes Bps. Parl. 27 If they by their Ordination bee bounded Morally, the House of Commons will never..trouble themselves about the Mathematicality of the Vow. 1698[R. Ferguson] View Eccles. 99 The Art and Mathematicalness of Thinking. |