| 释义 |
marker|ˈmɑːkə(r)|
[f. mark v. + -er1. OE. had mearcere as a gloss on L. notārius.]
1. One who marks.
a. One whose duty it is to mark game (see mark v. 15).
1486Bk. St. Albans B iij b, Let yowre spanyellis fynde a Couy of partrichys and when thay be put vpp..ye most haue markeris to marke som of thaym, and then cowple vp yowre houndys. 1898Encycl. Sport II. 75 When either of the markers has marked birds, he should blow his whistle once.
b. One who records the score in competitive games (e.g. tennis, billiards, etc.), or at target practice; † in Cricket = scorer. Also, one who records prices on the stock exchange.
1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 403/2 It is pitie yt the man wer not made a marker of chases in some tenis play. 1679–88Secr. Serv. Money Chas. & Jas. (Camden) 177 John Webb, John and Charles Dimion, markers in the tenis courts at Whitehall and Windsor. 1754J. Love Cricket (1770) 5 Save when the [billiard] Marker bellows out, Six love. 1774Covent-Garden Mag. Aug. 283/2 [Cricket] If one of these gentry should be appointed marker, he will favour the side that he wishes to win. 1859Lever Davenport Dunn 27 Sam Crozier was a marker at a billiard-table in Tralee. 1861Times 23 Aug., A private of the Royal Marines..was acting as a marker at the targets during the firing of the Volunteers. 1870J. K. Medbery Men & Mysteries Wall St. 21 The ‘marker’ or black-board clerk writes off the prices upon the tablet. 1898Encycl. Sport II. 242 Most games [of rackets] at clubs, and all matches, are played under the eye and voice of a marker who is placed in the gallery.
c. One employed to keep a record of attendances, in a class, school, or college.
At Cambridge, a person appointed to prick off the names of those present at the service in a college chapel.
1798Coleridge Let. 19 Feb., Every ward [in Christ's Hospital] was governed by four Monitors,..and by four Markers. 1820Lamb Elia Ser. i. Christ's Hosp. 35 Yrs. ago, The markers (those who were appointed to hear the Bible read in the wards on Sunday morning and evening). 1849Blackw. Mag. May 601 His name prick'd off upon the marker's roll, No twinge of conscience racks his easy soul. 1893Month Aug. 490 There are [in a Manchester industrial school] two non-commissioned officers, or monitors, who are termed the striper and marker respectively.
d. In Welsh slate quarries: An official employed to check the quantity of work done by the men.
1901Daily Chron. 15 May 8/6 One man..who occupied the position of marker in the quarries..turned back.
e. Mil. One who is placed as a pivot or formation mark in military evolutions.
1796Instr. & Reg. Cavalry (1813) 100 Markers will always be placed, to give the precise ground on which the counter⁓march is to be made. 1832Prop. Regul. Instr. Cavalry iii. 53 The Markers to be employed for Regimental Movements are the Adjutant, the Regimental Serjeant Major, and one non-commissioned Officer for each Squadron.
f. One who puts a mark, stamp, brand, etc. upon something. marker-off: a workman who performs certain processes in pianoforte scale making.
1553Act 7 Edw. VI, c. 7 §1 The penaltie..dependeth..not upon the seller, ne maker, marker or fellor of the same [Fuell]. 1737Chamberlayne's St. Gt. Brit. ii. iii. (ed. 33) 94 Marker of Dice, John Rollos. 1889Work 23 Nov. I. 564/3 The business of the marker-off is..to plane the bridges to their proper height, mark the scale [etc.]. 1901Daily Chron. 3 Dec. 10/6 Piano Markers-off and Assistant Markers-off wanted. 1907S. E. White Arizona Nights i. viii. 149 In the meantime the marker was engaged in his work. First, with a sharp knife he cut off slanting the upper quarter of one ear [of a calf]. 1928Collier's 29 Dec. 6/2 There was a lull in the stream of lumber. The marker turned for a look at the order board.
†g. One who notes or observes. Obs.
c1550Cheke Matt. xvi. note, As in y⊇ beginning of Orestes of Euripides it mai appear, and els whear communli to a marker hearof.
†h. slang. (See quot.) Obs.
1591Greene 2nd Pt. Conny catching Wks. (Grosart) X. 86 In Lifting Law, He that first stealeth [is] the Lift. He that receiues it the Markar.
i. nonce-use. A marksman.
1820Scott Monast. xviii, The best marker may shoot a bow's length beside.
j. U.S. In surveying: a person who makes the marks on trees to indicate boundaries or lines of survey.
1743New Jersey Archives (1883) 1st Ser. VI. 154 You are to employ..an assistant surveyor..& also proper chainbearers & markers. 1843Amer. Pioneer II. 379 In running the back line of the survey..I was about one hundred yards in advance of the chainmen and marker.
2. An implement or tool for marking.
In many specific applications, e.g. an implement for tracing lines on the ground in laying out garden beds, preparing for planting rows of trees, etc.; an appliance in a sewing machine for making a crease on the cloth to serve as a guide for stitching or folding; a pointed tool or stylus for marking wood to be cut.
1725W. Halfpenny Sound Building 52 With a Marker describe the Cross-Joints. 1870Advt., Bézique Playing Cards..with Markers. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 584/2 Marker... An implement for marking off rows on the ground, as a guide for planting or dropping.
b. = marker pen, sense 8 below. U.S.
1951Sears, Roebuck Catal. Fall–Winter 10002b/2 ‘Magic Marker’ waterproof, instant drying black ink Marker, write on any surface, ideal for packages or cartons. Has built-in felt brush. 1967Ibid. Fall–Winter 902/1 Set of 8 Felt-tip Markers. Write on almost anything. Instant drying ink. Waterproof, won't rub off. Use for drawings, labeling, addressing pkgs, etc.
3. a. = book-marker (book n. 19).
1852Miss Mitford Recoll. II. 184, I had no marker, and the richly bound volume closed as if instinctively. 1853Dale tr. Baldeschi's Ceremonial 293 When carrying the Missal, he will take care not to displace the markers.
b. A monument, memorial stone, etc., marking a place of special interest.
1906Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republ. 15 Feb. 16 The committee appointed to investigate the matter of a marker for the Washington elm reported in favor of a granite marker. 1959A. G. Woodhead Study of Greek Inscriptions iv. 45 The commonest types of monument were the small cylindrical marker (columella), seldom more than two feet high, [etc.].
c. A flare, distinctive sign, or object of any kind used as a guide to a pilot of an aircraft seeking a particular area, obstruction, etc.; spec. a flare dropped from an aeroplane to illuminate or mark a target. Also with defining word, as ground marker, sky-marker, etc. (see these ns.).
1936M. B. Garber Mod. Mil. Dict. 195 Marker, a symbol, letter, or figure on the ground, visible from aircraft, by means of which the operators are able to determine their position. 1944Times 22 Mar. 4/5 The leading aircraft then dropped markers right across the middle of the target. 1944R. C. K. Ensor Miniature Hist. War iv. 53 Accuracy was also greatly improved by the system of ‘pathfinders’ dropping ‘markers’ to guide the rest. 1951Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) 111. 24 Markers, objects of approved shape or colour indicating specific areas and obstructions.
4. slang. Something worthy to be compared.
1888Congress. Rec. 12 Dec. 202/2 The waving of the bloody shirt would not have been a marker. 1895H. P. Robinson Men Born Equal 145 It ain't a marker to what's ahead. 1904W. H. Smith Promoters xxv. 366 What little I've told you isn't a marker to other things he said.
5. a. In various games such as bridge or whist, a scoreboard or card, or other implement used to record the score. (See also bridge-marker, bridge n.2 c.)
1907Army & Navy Stores Catal. 198/2 Whist marker, inlaid, pair 2/7. Ibid. 375/2 Playing card table..with drawer divided to take cards and bridge scoring blocks, whist cards and markers. 1960R. C. Bell Board & Table Games I. vi. 157 Little bone sticks marked with..dots are used to keep the score... Usually each player [at Mah Jong] starts with..2 markers with 10 red dots [etc.].
b. U.S. slang. A promissory note; an I.O.U.
1887F. Francis Saddle & Mocassin xii. 225 Before half the deal was over, the whole bank of checks was gone, and Cuff was giving markers for hundreds as hard as he could go it. 1931D. Runyon Guys & Dolls (1932) vii. 147 Now I am going to pay my landlady, and take up a few markers here and there, and feed myself up good. Ibid. xiii. 279 He is willing to take Charley's marker for a million if necessary to get Charley out.
6. Genetics. Any allele (usu. one which is easily recognized phenotypically and whose gene has been located on a specific chromosome) which is used in genetic experiments to identify a chromosome or to locate less well-known genes on a genetic map.
1930Genetics XV. 219 There is a certain expected amount of crossing over between the two mutant genes treated as markers of a given point. 1938Ibid. XXIII. 291 In order to obtain Notch deficiencies, normal males carrying yellow (y—o·o) as a marker..were mated with females homozygous for cherry (wch—1·5) and wavy (wy—40·7). 1940Nature 10 Aug. 199/2 It is..possible to recognise, by means of the markers used, what combination of chromosomes is present in the pseudo-backcross progeny. 1961Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XLVII. 378 (heading) Transformation studies on the linkage of markers in the tryptophan pathway in Bacillus subtilis. 1969A. M. Campbell Episomes ii. 22 Phage resulting from DNA infection is distinguished from progeny of the helper phage itself by genetic markers.
7. Linguistics. A word, affix, etc., which distinguishes or determines the class or function of the form, construction, etc., with which it is used. Also attrib.
1933L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 269 Our determining adjectives, our prepositions, our co-ordinating conjunctions, and our subordinating conjunctions, may be viewed as markers. 1953C. E. Bazell Ling. Form v. 67 And [in ‘hot and cold’] may be described as a ‘marker’, after which no question of constituents arises. 1960E. Delavenay Introd. Machine Transl. vii. 110 Those strictly linguistic markers sought in the sentence by the programmers of automatic translations. 1961R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts iii. 65 The marker pronouns and adverbs are not themselves usable in declaratives ordinarily, but the marker verb forms are. 1964Amer. Speech XXXIX. 53 The German plural marker -er is historically a derivational suffix. 1968P. M. Postal Aspects Phonol. Theory i. 13 By the ‘markers’ of a linguistic level I refer to the formal structures which the rules of that level assign to sentences as part of their total structural description. 1972Hartmann & Stork Dict. Lang. & Ling. 137/1 Markers may indicate the category of a linguistic unit at any level of analysis. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 32 The remaining forms are sufficiently distinguished for person, i.e. in the absence of specific person markers, by differing marks of gender-cum-number.
8. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 3 c) marker burner; marker flag, marker light; marker beacon (see beacon n. 6 d); marker bomb, a bomb emitting a coloured light, dropped in an air-raid to serve as a point of direction; marker pen orig. U.S., a felt-tipped or similar pen used esp. for highlighting words or passages in a text, or for marking indelibly.
1929Marker beacon [see beacon n. 6 d]. 1934Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXVIII. 828 When a pilot had to maintain height, to observe instruments to ensure that he did not get into difficulties, and had also to listen for the marker beacon. 1935Times 19 Oct. 9/5 The installation will consist of a main beacon at one corner of the aerodrome and two marker beacons 300 yards and 3,000 yards away respectively. 1971Gloss. Electrotechnical, Power Terms (B.S.I.) iii. vi. 24 Marker beacon, in aviation, radio beacon which radiates a signal to define an area above the beacon.
1944Hutchinson's Pict. Hist. War Oct. 1943–Apr. 1944 84 (caption) Different stages in the lighting up of a target by a marker bomb. 1947Shell Aviation News No. 113. 7/3 These marker burners would give a clear patch in bad weather that would provide the pilot with actual visual contact with the ground.
1945Penguin New Writing XXIII. 9 Dan buoys appeared..their marker flags drowned and bedraggled. 1959Listener 12 Feb. 278/2 Among the maze of wheel tracks and hoof marks, I noticed a red marker flag.
1943Chambers's Techn. Dict. Suppl. 964/1 Marker light (Signalling), an indicating light on a signal post, to indicate the position or aspect of the main signal should its light have failed. 1960O. Skilbeck ABC of Film & T.V. 82 Marker light, device giving synch. between picture and sound film by simultaneous photographic exposure instead of the Clapper board. Outmoded by the use of Magnetic film for Direct recording. 1971M. Tak Truck Talk 104 Marker lights, the small lights that serve to outline a truck's length and width at night and in bad weather.
1980N.Y. Times 8 June iii. 19/3 For ages there was just the quill. Then came the fountain pen, the pencil,..the ball point pen,..the marker pen, the felt-tip pen, [etc.]. 1984Which? Jan. 4/2 You can do the marking by engraving, punching, etching or painting, or by using a marker pen. 1985New Age Spring 2/2 A new marker pen is being used by Luton police in a bid to stop thefts from elderly people... The identification mark [on valuables] can be read under an ultra violet lamp at the police station. 1986Daily Tel. 15 Oct. 15/5 (Advt.), A special Property Marker Pen is free with every Sun Alliance Home Insurance policy issued with this offer. Use it to mark your precious objects invisibly with your house number and postcode.
Senses 3 a–b in Dict. become b–c. Sense 3 c in Dict. becomes 3 e. Sense 8 in Dict. becomes 9. Add: [1.] k. Sport (esp. Association Football). A player assigned to mark or shadow an opposing player (see mark v. 15 c).
1928Daily Express 12 Dec. 11/1 Aarvold,..the one player whom every Oxford man had vowed to ‘mark’ relentlessly..was away at once..,defying his markers, running in and out, shepherded towards the touch-line; but brushing past this man and that, till he..was across the line. 1947Sun (Baltimore) 8 Nov. 12/2 The Bryn Mawr girls added another marker when Mrs. Menzies, the center forward, put another ball into the corner of the net. 1976C. Brackenridge Women's Lacrosse v. 50 To be free from a marker can mean..different things. 1976Sunday Mail (Glasgow) 28 Nov. 47/1 One wonders if Killie would have been better to use McCulloch less as a marker of Kenny Dalglish and more as an attacking midfield player. 1982R. Widdows Hamlyn Bk. Football (1983) 40 Trapping the ball on the move involves..a wide variety of techniques, depending mainly on whether you're stealing away from a marker to get to the ball..or literally aiming to take the high ball in your stride. 1987Times 2 Apr. 44/3 The majority of successful teams played with only three defenders—a sweeper and two markers.
[3.] a. An object or indicator which acts as a guide to direction, position, or route, or which marks a boundary, limit, etc.; also fig.
1832Prop. Reg. Instr. Cavalry iii. 46 Any fixed object or marker upon which a body of troops is directed to commence its formation into line. 1890E. Custer Following Guidon Pref. 13 A small..flag..mounted on a standard with a metal point so that it can be thrust into the ground when in use as a marker. 1946D. R. Brower Manual Ski Mountaineering 198 Equipment for rock and ice (for party of four)... 16 route markers. 1978Detroit Free Press 16 Apr. d 3/1 In using this increase on a raglan line, try this: Knit to within one stitch of a marker, make an arrow increase, knit one, pass marker, knit two, make an arrow increase. 1988G. Adair Holy Innocents 77 The only marker of time was a rare visit to a luxury supermarket.
d. (a) A distinctive object, feature, characteristic, etc., esp. one which aids recognition.
1919Summary of Operations, Calif. Oil Fields: Ann. Rep. State Oil & Gas Supervisor (Calif. Dept. Petroleum & Gas) V. i. 9 Marker, a distinctive stratum that can readily be identified during the process of drilling through it. 1973R. D. Symons Where Wagon Led iii. xi. 203, I counted all the ‘markers’, that is, old lead cows and distinctly marked steers and heifers and found them all, but no Blue. 1990Lit. & Linguistic Computing 124/1 Whenever possible Justus used typographic and syntactic markers in the recognition programs.
(b) spec. in Path., Biochem., etc. Freq. attrib. Cf. sense 6 below.
1961Lancet 16 Sept. 629/1 Detailed analysis of ten cells disclosed the three marker chromosomes. Ibid. Of ninety-five metaphases examined, all three types of markers were clearly observed. 1980Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts Jan. 99/1 The availability of good tumour marker substances in the blood..would help. 1988Daily Tel. 31 Oct. 19/1 Doctors would like to find a biological ‘marker’ for the disease [sc. schizophrenia], a physiological sign which would help make a diagnosis more objective. 1990Jrnl. Exper. Bot. XLI. 1045 Proliferation of transgenic cells..has been observed using the enzyme activity of β-glucuronidase as a marker.
8. Something serving as a standard of comparison or as an indication of what may be expected; a benchmark. Usu. in phr. to put (or lay) down a marker.
1979Policy Rev. (Heritage Foundation, U.S.) Summer 110 The succession battle is already on. In the coming months others will start to lay down markers. 1982S. Crosland Tony Crosland xxxvii. 314 If he stood he would be ‘putting down a marker’. 1991N. Fowler Ministers Decide ix. 168 At the heart of the 1982 dispute was a so-called pay factor for public services of 4 per cent, which was intended as a marker for pay rises to those working in all public services. 1993Scotsman 16 Mar. 19/1 The US Transportation Secretary laid down a warning marker on the type of negotiations to come.
[9.] marker crude Oil Industry, a grade of (usu. light) crude oil the price of which is fixed by agreement between oil producers and used as a guideline for the setting of other oil prices.
[1974Oil & Gas Jrnl. 14 Oct. 52/3 The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development..estimates future energy consumption on the basis of two possible crude prices, taking Arabian Light (34°) crude as its marker. ] Ibid. 4 Nov. 46/1 The Iranians would set the base price at $9.84/661 for Arabian Light ‘*marker’ crude... This would do away with such things as posted prices and tax-reference prices.1978Oil Supply Pattern (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 1 Since October 1973 the basic prices of crude oils from most export sources have been established by producer governments with reference to the Arabian Light marker crude price which has been set by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). 1986Auckland Star 7 Feb. a9 Oil producer Santos Ltd said the Government should use the criterion of ‘minimum possible change’ to the local crude oil pricing system, including retention of Saudi Light as the marker crude. |