| 释义 |
▪ I. map, n.1|mæp|
Also 6–7 mappe, 6–8 mapp.
[ad. L. mappa, in class.L. ‘table-cloth, napkin’, but in med.L. used transf. in the combination mappa mundi (see mappemonde).
Cf. the synonymous OF. mappe (rare; also in Rousseau c 1770), Sp. mapa, Pg. mappa, G. mappe (obs.: the mod. sense ‘portfolio’ is not directly connected).]
1. a. A representation of the earth's surface or a part of it, its physical and political features, etc., or of the heavens, delineated on a flat surface of paper or other material, each point in the drawing corresponding to a geographical or celestial position according to a definite scale or projection.
A hydrographical map is now more usually called a chart (formerly † card).
1527R. Thorne in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 257 To make a bigger and a better mappe. 1589G. Harvey Pierce's Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 130 The great Mapp of Mercator. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. ii. 84 He does smile his face into more lynes, then is in the new Mappe, with the augmentation of the Indies. 1625N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. vii. (1635) 166 A Geographicall Mappe is a plaine Table, wherein the Lineaments of the Terrestriall Spheare are expressed. 1760Johnson Idler No. 97 ⁋5 A rivulet not marked in the maps. 1867W. W. Smyth Coal & Coalmining 44 On examination of a geological map it will be seen that [etc.].
b. transf. † A table, chart (obs.). Also (nonce-use), applied to a mental conception of the arrangement of something.
1626[Featley] tr. Parallel. To Rdr. A iij, Errors..which, collected into a small map, they exhibite. 1855Bain Senses & Int. iii. i. §43 (1864) 398 By a hurt on the ribs we come to connect feelings in the chest with the place on our map of the body.
c. A tract of country spread out like a map.
1784Cowper Task i. 321 A spacious map Of hill and valley interpos'd between.
d. A figure resembling a map in form or outline.
1822Good Study Med. IV. 571 Motley dandriff. Scaliness in diffuse maps of irregular outline, and diverse colours.
e. fig. In recent phrases: (a) off the map: out of existence; into (or in) oblivion or an insignificant position; of no account; obsolete; also (with hyphens) as attrib. phr.; (b) on the map: in an important or prominent position; of some account or importance; in existence (see also quots.); so to put on the map: to establish the position or vogue (of someone or something).
(a)1904W. H. Smith Promoters ii. 54 When she [sc. Carthage] wouldn't let up, the only thing left was to wipe her off the map. 1911R. D. Saunders Col. Todhunter vii. 99 A good set-to is the best way..to put a stop to quarrelin'. It just wipes the whole thing off the map. 1914Grand Mag. Jan. 429/2 [He] had been so harried by the Federal officers that he had faded off the map. 1915War Illustr. II. 328/1 One of the curious off-the-map incidents of the war was brought to notice the other day. 1922Tatler 6 Sept. 386/I A man who owns a lot of coaches..said that the big stuff..was off the map as far as he was concerned. 1924W. M. Raine Troubled Waters xiii. 143 ‘Anything new, Matson?’.. ‘Don't forget we've been off the map 'most three weeks.’ 1928Weekly Dispatch 13 May 2/6 Cochineal insects, except for making tinctures to colour jellies, are practically off the map today. 1938E. Bowen Death of Heart i. i. 19 An off-the-map, seedy old family friend. 1973E. Lemarchand Let or Hindrance xi. 131 We're a bit off the map up here.
(b)1913C. E. Mulford Coming of Cassidy viii. 122 Cowan had just put Buckskin on th' map by buildin' th' first shack. 1916Munsey's Mag. June 146/2 ‘The Fortune Hunter’, the play that put Winchell Smith on the dramatists' map. 1918E. Pound Let. 4 June (1971) 138 He [sc. Henry James] certainly has put America on the map. Given her a local habitation and a name. 1919Wodehouse Damsel in Distress vii. 93 What I mean to say is, you are on the map. You have a sporting chance. 1924W. M. Raine Troubled Waters xix. 205 Didn't know you knew I was on the map. You're sure honouring me. 1926A. Bennett Lord Raingo i. xii. 60 Some say if there's two members of the War Cabinet, it isn't Andrew Clyth and Tom Hogarth—it's Andrew Clyth and Andrew Clyth... But that isn't so. Tom's on the map all right. 1934B.B.C. Year-Bk. 74 Weekly Chamber Concerts..further helped to put the Hall ‘on the map’. 1944F. Clune Red Heart 2 The war has put the Red Heart on the map. 1971Daily Tel. 27 Nov. 12 Nepal is very much on the tourist map today, with many tours to the Far East including a few days there. 1973Times 24 Apr. (São Paulo Suppl.) p. i/7 The exhibition was so successful that in one weekend São Paulo put Brazil firmly on to the export map.
f. A diagram representing the spatial distribution of anything or the relative positions of its components.
1833Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1831, 1832 320 Fraunhofer counted about 590 of these lines; and in a fine map of the spectrum which he has published, he has inserted the strongest of them. 1881Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CLXXI. 653 The research..on a method of photography by which the least refrangible end of the solar spectrum could be mapped has reached such a stage that it seems desirable that I should..present a map of the solar spectrum between wave lengths 7600 and 10,750. 1926Encycl. Brit. III. 622/1 An excellent photographic map of this spectrum has been given by T. R. Merton. 1950W. L. Bragg Rev. Recent Adv. X-Ray Analysis ii. 41 (caption) Electron density map of the phthalocyanine molecule (left) and key to the structure (right). 1973Nature 21–28 Dec. 509/1 The ability to record activity in many cells at once would allow the construction of a detailed map of the functional connections within a ganglion.
g. Genetics. A diagram which represents the linear order and relative distance apart of the known genes of (part of) a chromosome.
1915T. H. Morgan et al. Mechanism Mendelian Heredity iii. 64 In the construction of the chromosome maps shown in the frontispiece the distance taken as a unit is that within which 1 per cent. of crossing over will occur. 1935Genetics XX. 317 (heading) Cytological and crossover maps. 1935L. H. Snyder Princ. Heredity xv. 160 (caption) Linkage map for Drosophila melanogaster. 1939Jrnl. Genetics XXXIX. 335 There is now evidence for the existence of seven sex-linked genes, and for these he has furnished a tentative map. 1954Adv. Genetics VI. 1 (heading) Map construction in Neurospora Crassa. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. x. 338 (caption) Linear genetic map of Drosophila showing the four linkage groups corresponding to the four chromosomes.
2. fig.
a. A detailed representation in epitome; a circumstantial account of a state of things. Very common in the 17th c.; now rare or Obs.
c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. cxlii. i, My voice, [O Lord],..Before thy face my cases mapp it laieth. 1607Rowlands Guy Warw. 59 Who in her Face a Map of sorrow wears, A countenance compos'd all mournful, sad. 1647J. Saltmarsh Sparkles Glory (1847) 2 So as man is all created excellency in the map or abridgment. 1782Cowper Hope in Poems I. 171 He draws upon life's map a zig-zag line, That shows how far 'tis safe to follow sin. 1791Burke Lett., to R. Burke (1844) III. 227, I don't know the map of their situation. 1899W. E. H. Lecky (title) The map of life.
†b. The embodiment or incarnation (of a virtue, vice, character, etc.); the very picture or image of. (So Sp. mapa.) Obs. (Common in the 17th c.)
a1591H. Smith Sinf. Man's Search Six Serm. (1614) E, What were man if he were once left to himselfe? A map of misery. 1606Chapman Mons. D'Olive Plays 1873 I. 200 Farewell the true mappe of a gull. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 83 They are the absolute map of sordidness, fareing hardly, and professing fairly.
†c. An aggregation, multitude. Obs.
a1592Greene Selimus Wks. (Grosart) XIV. 199 In whose high thoughts A map of many valures is enshrin'd. 1597Middleton Wisd. Solomon xv. 12 My soul, saith he, is but a map of shows, No substance, but a shadow for to please.
d. slang. A person's face.
1908[see hang v. 26 f]. 1922Wodehouse Clicking of Cuthbert ix. 205 The portrait..was that of a man in the early thirties... ‘What a map!’ exclaimed the young man. 1935― Luck of Bodkins xv. 178 It's mostly a case of having a map that photographs well. 1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid xiv. 144 What d'you want to sit there staring at me for? I'm not a bloody oil-painting. You ought to know my map by now.
†3. [? After L. mappa; cf. G. mappe portfolio.] ? A wrapper. Obs.
1608Topsell Serpents 220 But some then will demaund, where had Pope Alexander..that map or net at Rome wherin (it is said) the napkin of our Sauiour Christ is preserued.
4. Math. = mapping vbl. n. 2.
1949[see inclusion 3]. 1966Sze-Tsen Hu Introd. Gen. Topology ii. 27 Continuous functions will be called mappings or maps. Ibid. 28 A map f:X→Y from a space X into a space Y. 1971G. Glauberman in Powell & Higman Finite Simple Groups i. 8 The main tool in investigating this property is the transfer homomorphism of G into S/S′. Unfortunately, we do not have time to define this map.
5. attrib. and Comb., as map-board, map-case, † map-graver, map-light, map-maker, map-monger, map-mounter, map paper, map reference, map-roller, map-seller; map-drawing, map-making vbl. ns.; map-like adj.; map butterfly, a butterfly with map-like markings; map-fire, artillery-fire in which maps are used for laying the guns; map-flapping Mil., the process of transmitting by flag-signals the outline of a map (or other drawing); map lichen, a lichen, Lecidea geographica, the thallus of which has markings resembling a map; map-measurer, an instrument for measuring distances on maps (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875); map-meter = map-measurer; map-net = graticule 2; map projection = projection n. 7; map-reading vbl. n., the inspection and interpretation of a map; so (as a back-formation) map-read v., to consult and interpret a map; map square, one of several squares (sense 6) drawn on a map for ease of reference; map-turtle, an American turtle, Malaclemmys geographicus, so called from the markings of the shell (Cent. Dict.).
1947D. M. Davin Gorse blooms Pale 192 The G.I. and the A.D.C. vaulted from their perch in the back of the jeep and then bent over it again to get their *map-boards.
1894E. H. Aitken Naturalist on Prowl 50 The delicately devised *Map Butterfly, Cyrestis thyodamas.
1916H. G. Wells Mr. Britling i. v. 181 He..turned over the map in the *map-case beside him, and tried to find his position. 1940‘Gun Buster’ Return via Dunkirk ii. xx. 250 The A.C.P.O. and I had indulged ourselves in two expensive rain-proof map-cases. 1948W. S. Churchill Second World War I. ii. xxii. 365 A few feet behind me, as I sat in my old chair, was the wooden map-case I had had fixed in 1911, and inside it still remained the chart of the North Sea.
1943J. S. Huxley Evolutionary Ethics i. 6 This business of *map-drawing. 1971Guardian 25 Feb. 2/4 Israel's formal reply to Cairo's offer is..likely to include the first tentative attempt at ‘map drawing’ since the six-day war.
1922Encycl. Brit. XXX. 252/2 The precision with which ‘*map fire’ could be carried out.
1886Longm. Mag. Feb., (art.) *Map-flapping.
1662Evelyn Chalcogr. Contents, Chart and *Map-gravers.
1796Nemnich Polygl. Lex. Nat. Hist., *Map lichen. Lichen geographicus.
1963Times 13 Mar. 10 Standard equipment includes two-speed screen wipers and washers—operated from the steering wheel—anti-dazzle mirror, reversing lights, *map light and a heating and ventilation system. 1966L. Cohen Beautiful Losers (1970) i. 92 His cufflink gleamed in the maplight.
1904N.E.D., *Map-like. 1920E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 60 Our map-like cheeks are painted red. 1935Auden & Isherwood Dog beneath Skin 11 Meadows where browse the Shorthorn and the maplike Frisian.
1775Romans Florida App. 77 Our wise *map-makers..have corrupted it into Ponio bay.
1867Parkes' Catal. Instruments 30 Opisometer or *Map Meter.
1639Fuller Holy War v. xiv. (1840) 267 A great *mapmonger..undertook to travel over England by help of his maps.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Map-mounter, a workman who backs maps with canvas, varnishes and fixes them on rollers [etc.].
1932J. W. Cameron Maps & Map-Work iii. 30 A map projection is any definite system of drawing meridians and parallels, the network of lines thus formed being called a *map-net or graticule. 1954Fisher & Lockley Sea-Birds p. xvi, One of these is on a mapnet invented by the late Professor C. B. Fawcett and is used with his permission and that of the Royal Geographical Society.
1942H. A. Maddox Dict. Stationery (ed. 2) 68 *Map paper, a specially made smooth cartridge or strong printing paper—opaque, strong and free from atmospheric influence. 1963R. R. A. Higham Handbk. Papermaking vii. 202 Chart and map papers. The best grades are produced from rag pulps, although sulphite and sulphate mixtures are also used.
1890*Map-projection [see trapeziform a.]. 1905[see projection n. 7 b]. 1961L. D. Stamp Gloss. Geogr. Terms 308/1 Map-projection, the representation of part or whole of the spheroidal surface of the earth on a plane-surface.
1960Lebende Sprachen V. 166/2 The pilot is flying too high and too fast to *map-read his way across country. 1965D. MacKenzie Lonely Side of River 176 She map-read accurately, giving him plenty of time to respond to her directions. 1968F. White Ways of Aquitaine xii. 161 When one looks at a really fine map..it is easy for anyone who can map-read to see the whole shape of the landscape.
1919H. Shaw Text-bk. Aeronaut. xviii. 208 *Map Reading.—It is above all necessary for the pilot of a machine to be able to understand a map. 1937Discovery June 192/1 Map-reading classes. Ibid., More maps and yet more maps, is the author's demand..; and more map-reading, too, we must add. 1971M. McCarthy Birds of America 10 At a very early age he became a whizz at map-reading.
1954J. Masters Bhowani Junction i. vi. 53 This is the *map reference the Wimpy gave..where it spotted those men. 1955E. Waugh Officers & Gentlemen i. ix. 107 The assault of the island was rehearsed..scrambling inland to objectives which in Mugg were merely map-references, but, in the Mediterranean, were gun-emplacements. 1969M. Pugh Last Place Left iii. 18, I..then gave him some of the facts and the map references.
1851C. Cist Sk. Cincinnati in 1851 245 Shade and *map-rollers, turning in ivory, done in a superior style.
1710Lond. Gaz. No. 4685/4 Sold by C. Browne, Print and *Map-seller.
1917‘Contact’ Airman's Outings 272, I looked overboard to make certain of the *map square.
Hence ˈmapless a., without maps.
1659Fuller App. Inj. Innoc. i. 5 Mr. Camden's Britania. His first Edition was a Babe in a little..Octavo;..the third, a Youth in a Quarto (but Map-less). 1889T. Hodgkin Dynasty of Theodosius 151 Their deficiency of light cavalry prevented them from..obtaining, in those mapless days, the much-needed information.
▪ II. map, n.2 dial. (Sc.)
[Cf. map vb., to nibble (E.D.D.).]
A rabbit. Hence ˈmappie (E.D.D.), † mapkin in the same sense.
1416in Rot. Pat. & Claus. Cancel. Hib. Cal. (1828) I. 213/1 Rex assignavit Johannem Baxter..ad capiendum, emendum, & arrestandum quascunque pelles de martryns, mappekyns, cuniculorum [etc.]. 1825–80Jamieson, Map, lit., nibbler, a name sometimes given to a rabbit.
▪ III. map, v.1|mæp|
Inflected mapped |mæpt|, mapping.
[f. map n.1 Cf. Sp. mapar, G. mappieren.]
1. a. trans. To make a map of; to represent or delineate on a map.
1602Warner Alb. Eng. xii. lxxi. (1612) 297 Not moop't at home, but mapping Lands. 1847Grote Greece ii. xxvi. (1862) III. 19 Thrace, which is even now imperfectly known and badly mapped. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 411 While he, on the rock of Saint Helena, mapped the constellations of the southern hemisphere.
absol.1901R. Kipling Kim xii. 321 They will plot and survey and map of course.
b. transf. and fig. Obs.
1586Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxxii. (1589) 143 Of which letigious Famelies here mapped be the Lines. 1611Shakes. Cymb. iv. i. 1, I am neere to th' place where they should meet, if Pisanio haue mapp'd it truely. 1889Rider Haggard in Illustr. Lond. News 23 Feb. 237/1 The form of a man..vaguely mapped upon the twilight.
c. pass. Of a landscape: To be extended to the eye as in a map.
1845Darwin Voy. Nat. xix. (1852) 449 To the south the broken land and water..was mapped with clearness before us. 1850Clough Dipsychus ii. v.
d. to map down: to set down or delineate, as in a map.
1868Helps Realmah xiv. (1876) 379 He is just the sort of quiet, observant fellow to be mapping all our characters down.
e. trans. To establish the relative positions, or the spatial relations or distribution, of (the components of).
1881[see map n.1 1 f]. 1950Adv. Genetics III. 117 With linked loci which are closely spaced the recombination value y may itself be used as a conventional measure of distance..in which to map the chromosome. 1969Times 13 Feb. 10/3 Professor Jacobson has inverted an eye from young toads..and then mapped the connexions made between the retina and the brain. 1974Sci. Amer. Mar. 122/3 Conformational analysis is the completion of the old program for mapping molecules in space. Ibid. 94/2 One laborious method for mapping wave forms consisted in noting a series of voltmeter readings and the corresponding angular positions of the alternator shaft.
f. Math. To associate with each element of (a set) one or more elements of another set in accordance with a mapping (sense 2); occas., to associate (an element) similarly. Const. into, to; also const. onto for a certain kind of mapping (see on to, onto prep.).
1939M. H. A. Newman Elem. Topology of Plane Sets of Points i. 12 A (1, 1)-correspondence is set up between the set of all positive integers, I, and the set of positive even integers, E, by mapping n of I on 2n of E. Ibid. iii. 57 A circle can be mapped continuously on a square region. 1941, etc. [see homomorphically adv.]. 1965Patterson & Rutherford Elem. Abstr. Algebra ii. 57 The correspondence is one–one and maps G1/H onto Im f. 1971Sci. Amer. Aug. 94/3 The symbolism f:S→R expresses the fact that f causes each point of S to be assigned a value in R; the expression is usually read as ‘f maps S to R’ or, more formally, as ‘f is a function from S to R’.
2. map out.
a. To represent in detail on a map.
a1656Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 387 He..thinkes it not needful to map out before the Traveller every Town and Village of all the Shires through which he should pass. 1910New Mag. Nov. 204/2 A new country was mapped out by those two men.
b. fig. † (a) To record minutely (obs.). (b) To plan out (a course of conduct or behaviour), to divide up (a period of time) into sections allotted to different occupations.
1619Hales Lett. Synod Dort 15 Jan. in Gold. Rem. (1673) ii. 76 One amongst them there is who hath taken the paines to Mappe out your behaviour since your first footing in the Synod. 1853Mrs. Gaskell Ruth I. xii. 262 Don't let us perplex ourselves with endeavouring to map out how she should feel, or how she should show her feelings. 1883F. M. Crawford Dr. Claudius v, A woman of her position probably..mapped out her year among her friends. 1891Law Times XCII. 130/1 These volumes..map out before us the whole law affecting the marriage contract. 1955Times 9 May 10/1 The suggestion was made..to set the ball rolling and map out the times in which later discussion should proceed. 1972Daily Tel. 15 Nov. 1/1 A political plan mapped out by President Lanusse.
c. To divide (a country) into districts, as by lines on a map.
1860Motley Netherl. (1868) I. i. 5 The territory of these countries was mapped out by no visible lines. 1870E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. II. 248 The Continent was not then mapped out with tourists' routes.
3. intr. To fall into place on a map or plan.
1893Harkness & Morley Theory of Functions 338 Show that..lines parallel to the axes map into unipartite Cartesians.
Sense 1 f in Dict. becomes 4 a. Add: [1.] g. To plan or devise (a course of action, etc.); to project. U.S.
1950M. Culver Black Water Blues in Atlantic Monthly May 35/1 Bump Roxy was a great drummer and a great musician. He told them when they overdid it or underdid it; he mapped the order of the solos. He held the band together. 1957V. Packard Hidden Persuaders vi. 62 Our small fears and anxieties, like our guilt feelings, offered many openings for the depth manipulators to map successful campaigns for enterprising merchandisers. 1986Philadelphia Inquirer 11 July d1/2 A spring fund-raising event netted nearly $500,000 for AIDS research, and more are being mapped.
3. b. Genetics. To have a specified position on a genetic map.
1961Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XLVII. 408 If there exists space to the right of segment B10, a mutation in that segment might map as if it were in segment B7. 1967Bacteriol. Rev. XXI. 341/2 Both succinate-requiring mutants (which map at the suc locus near gal) and lipoic acid-requiring mutants are phenotypically similar. 1975Nature 5 June 447/2 Mutations affecting the structure of this enzyme in terms of electrophoretic mobility changes..all map within 5 × 10-3 map units. 1990Nucleic Acids Res. XVIII. 4143/1 A gene in Drosophila melanogaster that maps cytologically to 2C1-3 on the distal portion of the X-chromosome encodes a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily.
4. b. Linguistics. To convert (an abstract model of underlying linguistic elements, e.g. a deep structure) into a corresponding model at another level (e.g. a surface structure) by the application of transformational rules. Also const. on to.
1955N. Chomsky Theory of Linguistic Struct. (microfilm, Mass. Inst. Technol.) ii. 64, ϕ is a mapping which, in particular, maps µ into the set of grammatical utterances. 1963N. Chomsky in R. D. Luce et al. Handbk. Math. Psychol. II. xii. 346 We call M a transducer, which maps input strings into output strings and, correspondingly, input languages into output languages. 1964― Current Issues in Linguistic Theory i. 13 The second (transformational) subcomponent consists of a partially ordered set of complex operations called (grammatical) transformations, each of which maps a full Phrase-marker..of some terminal string..into a new derived Phrase-marker of a T-terminal string. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 49 Frequently, they [sc. suffixes] are ‘mapped’ onto the verb as a kind of shorthand equivalent of a periphrastic form comprising personal pronoun + postposition of case. 1976J. S. Gruber Lexical Struct. Syntax & Semantics ii. i. 242 The class of verbs that manifests only a to-phrase can be said to be characterized by a lexical attachment rule by which the underlying from-phrase is mapped into the verb itself. 1991D. Crystal Dict. Linguistics & Phonetics (ed. 3) 211 In transformational grammar, the term is used specifically to refer to the process whereby a particular stage in the derivation of a sentence is formally related to a subsequent stage, e.g. an input phrase is ‘mapped’ by a set of transformations on to a derived phrase-marker.
c. Computing. To associate (an item of data) with a specified location in memory; to associate (a memory location) with a data item. Const. into, on to, to.
[1963IBM Systems Jrnl. II. 113 When several records map the same address, those records in excess of the addressed area..are sometimes chained to a separate overflow area.] 1971Bull & Packham Time-Sharing Syst. iii. 59 With paging, instead of the whole user program being mapped into main memory, only a few of the currently active pages are in memory at one time. 1981Byte Nov. 511/2 A mapping command allows the user to map program memory to PROM/EPROM. 1983Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Aug. 22/3 The most interesting part of the design is the implementation of the 40/80-column text display, which uses a second page of static RAM mapped over the top of the usual 40-column text screen. 1986D. Deutsch in T. C. Bartee Digital Communications v. 212 Its name is mapped into its address. 1991Personal Computer World Feb. 170/2 All Sbus based memory is mapped onto on-board memory which itself is mapped onto the cache.
▪ IV. † map, v.2 Obs. rare—1.
[? cogn. with mope v.]
trans. To bewilder.
c1425Festivals 175 in Leg. Rood (1871) 216 Oure lady..lay still doted and dased As a womman mapped and mased.
▪ V. map
see also mop. |