| 释义 |
manual, a. and n.|ˈmænjuːəl|
Forms: 5–8 manuel, (5 manuele), 5–7 manuell, 5–6 manuelle, manwell, manuale, 6–7 manuall, 6– manual.
[ad. (the earlier form through F. manuel) L. manuālis pertaining to the hand; the neut. manuāle was used subst. in class. L. for ‘a book-cover’, in late L. for a handbook. Cf. Sp., Pg. manual, It. manuale adjs. and ns.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of or pertaining to the hand or hands; done or performed with the hands. Now esp. of (physical) labour, an occupation, etc., as opposed to mental, theoretical. Also, as opposed to automatic, applied to hand-operated devices, systems, etc.
1406Hoccleve La Male Regle 364 And of thy manuel labour, as I weene, Thy lucre is swich, þat it vnnethe is seene. 1532–3Act 24 Hen. VIII, c. 4 Marchaundyse, made and broughte..into this realme, redye wroughte by manuall occupacion. 1593T. Fale Dialling A iij, Beseeching the Lord (who hath endued you with extraordinary knoledge in all Manuall Sciences) to finish [etc.]. 1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 19/1 Which eradication requireth a longe continued manuall operation. 1675Baxter Cath. Theol. i. 66 By manual Apprehension or Executive Election (As a man taketh a woman to wife). 1725Pope Odyss. xv. 338 Patron of industry and manual arts. 1804Earl of Lauderdale Pub. Wealth (1819) 346 The superior efficacy of the application of capital..over the most improved manual dexterity. 1857Ruskin Pol. Econ. Art Addenda 192 All youths of whatever rank, ought to learn some manual trade thoroughly. 1865Tylor Early Hist. Man. iv. 66, I expressed my ideas by manual signs. 1868R. Phillimore in Law Rep., Adm. & Eccl. II. 199 The second prayer-book of Edward VI. omitted all reference to the manual acts, ordered in the first and last prayer-books, attending the consecration of the holy elements. 1921Conquest Jan. 124/1 Consider what happens in an ordinary ‘manual’ telephone exchange when a subscriber makes a call. 1923Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. Apr. 56 The system most commonly employed today for connecting [telephone] subscribers' lines together is the so-called ‘manual’ system; that is, a system in which operators..make the actual connections. 1959Gramophone Sept. 82 (Advt.), The ‘Conquest’ Automatic Record Changer for stereophonic and monophonic play...Provision for manual operation. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 43/2 There are two general types of transmission, manual shift and automatic. Manual-shift transmissions..are used in conjunction with a clutch.
b. Of a signature, etc.: Autograph. Chiefly in sign manual; also in obsolete phrases formed after it, as seal m., subscription m., manual stamp.
1522Extracts Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 101 In witnes of the quhilk, we haue causit our commond seill to be appensit to this present assedatioun, togidder with the subscriptioun manuel of our commissaris handis. 1563Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 254 Anent the Quenis Majesteis lettres past undir hir signet and subscriptioun manual. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 516 Which purchase if thou make, for feare of slips, Set thy seale manuell on my wax-red lips. 1632Lithgow Trav. i. 17 Their names, and manuall subscriptions. 1644Milton Areop. 23 Much lesse..that it should be uncurrant without their manuall stamp.
†c. compute manual (= L. computus manualis): a mediæval treatise on the art of reckoning on the hands the dates of Church feasts, etc., and containing many mnemonic nonsense-verses. Obs.
In the verse referred to, Adam degebat ergo cifos adrifos (sic), the 12 syllables stand for the 12 months.
1533More Answ. Nameless Heret. iv. viii. (1534) 207 b, The commen verse of the compute manuell, Ergo ciphos adrifex.
d. Of a weapon, tool, etc.: That is used or worked with the hand or hands. Now rare except in manual (fire) engine as distinguished from steam (fire) engine.
1591Garrard's Art Warre 184 Ye strength of their manual weapons. 1601Holland Pliny I. 481 Of this Smilax are made certain manuell writing-tables. 1632Lithgow Trav. x. 433 They delue, hollow, and turne ouer the ground, with manuall..instruments. 1888Merryweather Fire Brigade Handbk. ix. 98 Manual Fire Engines... There is..no better manual engine..than that known as the London Brigade pattern.
e. Mil. manual exercise, exercise or drill in handling a musket or rifle.
1760(title) New Manual Exercise As Performed by His Majesty's Dragoons, Foot-guards, Foot, Artillery, Marines. 1802C. James Milit. Dict., Manual Exercise, is the exercise of the musket, independent of powder and ball.
f. manual alphabet: the finger alphabet. manual method: ‘a method of instructing the deaf which mainly employs the manual alphabet and signs for communicating ideas, as distinguished from the oral method’ (Webster 1902).
2. Law. Of occupation, possession: Actual, in one's own hands, not merely prospective. † Hence of a thing possessed (see quot. 1607).
1538tr. Littleton's Tenures (1544) 3 b, Of suche thynges as a man maye haue a manuel occupacyon [AF. vn manuel occupacion]: possession or resceyte, as of landes, tenementes, rentes and such other... But of suche thynges that lye nat in manuell occupacyon [AF. en tiel manuell occupacion] &c. as of auouson of a church..there he shal [etc.]. 1567W. Stanford King's Prerog. 54 But heruppon is there a distinction to be made, whether that yt the king is entitled vnto by office be a thinge manuell and whereof profit maye bee taken forthwith after the findinge of the office or not. 1581Lambarde Eiren. ii. vii. (1588) 274 If he [sc. the theefe] take the purse in his hand, and then cut the girdle, & afterward let them fal, that wil proue him a Felon, because he had a manuel possession of the purse remoued from the person. 1607Cowell Interpr. s.v., Manuel, is a thing whereof present profit may be made... And a thing not manuell is that, whereof no present profit may be made, but hereafter, when it falleth. 1628Coke On Litt. 17 Such things whereof a man may have manuell occupation or possession. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. 392 The law..extends this possession farther than the mere manual occupation.
†3. Of money: = manuable 2.
1638[see manuable 2].
4. That works with the hands. arch.
1658Sir T. Browne Gard. Cyrus i. 93 Not only a Lord of Gardens, but a manuall planter thereof. 1687Connect. Col. Rec. (1859) III. 407 Butchers, bakers,..barbers, millers and masons, with all other manual persons. 1851Carlyle Sterling iii. iv. (1872) 204 He quite agreed with me as to the..necessity and difficulty of doing something effectual for so satisfying the manual multitude as not to overthrow all legal security.
†5. Furnished with hands. Obs.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vii. ii. 343 Parts of the seed do seeme to containe the Idea and power of the whole; so parents deprived of hands, beget manuall issues.
6. Of a book, etc.: Of the nature of a manual; intended to be kept at hand for reference.
1881Westcott & Hort Greek Test. Introd. §20 We agreed to commence the formation of a manual text for our own use.
B. n.
1. A small book for handy use.
a. In the mediæval Church, a book containing the forms to be observed by priests in the administration of the sacraments, etc. (corresponding to the present Rituale Romanum).
1431Med. Rec. City Ch. (E.E.T.S.) 29 Also ij legendes & a manwell & a Ordynall. c1440Promp. Parv. 325/2 Manuele, booke to minster wythe the sacramentys, manuale. 1549Act 3 & 4 Edw. VI, c. 10 §1 That all Bookes called..Processionalles, Manuelles,..shalbe..abollished. 1853Rock Ch. of Fathers IV. xii. 213 The Manual had in it all the services that a parish priest has to perform.
b. A concise treatise, an abridgement, a handbook. Often used as a title for books.
1533(title) A booke called in latyn Enchiridion militis christiani, and in englysshe the manuell of the christen knyght..made by..Erasmus. 1565Grafton (title) A Manuell of the Chronicles of Englande. 1663Gerbier Counsel 3 b, If in your Building, you want instructions for your Clark; pray let him make use of this Manual. 1788Priestley Lect. Hist. iv. xxv. 196 The..Speculum Saxonicum, which is an excellent manuel of the old laws of the ancient Saxons. 1879Froude Cæsar iv. 36 A Greek manual of the art of war.
†2. Method of operating or working. Obs.
1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 26/1 We must vse the manuall of Chyrurgerye thervnto, ether by cuttinge or inscisione. 1656tr. Valentine's Will ii. iii. 98 All these mixed impurities can be separated from it with artificial Manuals, and with little ado it may be brought into a perfect state.
3. Short for manual exercise: see manual a. 1 e.
1762Sterne Tr. Shandy V. xxxii, The corporal went through his manual with exactness. 1899Kipling Stalky 198, I know the drill—all except the manual.
4.
†a. pl. ‘Manual’ tools (see A. 1 d) (obs.).
b. Short for manual fire-engine.
1683J. Poyntz Tobago 38 Manuals with other things necessary for Planting. 1872Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 156/2 Manuals, steamers, and floating batteries. 1886Manch. Exam. 8 Jan. 6/1 Steamers and manuals from all parts of the metropolis arrived at the fire.
5. a. A key-board of an organ played with the hands, as distinguished from the pedals.
1852Seidel Organ 33 Every organ has two..key-boards; the one managed by the hands, and hence called ‘the manual’ [etc.]. 1880E. J. Hopkins in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 606/1 Thus an organ with one Manual and separate Pedal generally has at the least one coupler ‘Manual to Pedal’.
b. ‘In a musical instrument, a key or lever for the hands or fingers; a digital’ (Cent. Dict. 1890).
c. attrib.
1852Seidel Organ 49 These pedal-palates have much harder work to do than the manual-palates. Ibid. 67 A copula which connects two manuals with each other is called a manual-copula. 1881C. A. Edwards Organs vi. 67 There may be..four, or even more, manual claviers to an organ, though there is usually only one pedal clavier. Ibid. 69 The pedal keys..are..much larger than the manual keys.
Add:[B.] [1.] c. A set of instructions or procedures (not necessarily concise) for carrying out a particular operation or for using a particular piece of equipment.
1843J. Jones (title) Manual for the use of Jones's multiplying and equalizing hive, containing also hints useful for the management of bees in all sorts of hives. 1858H. Busk (title) Rifleman's manual; or, Rifles, and how to use them (ed. 2). Ibid p. xii, A rifle which has successfully stood the test of deer-stalking will generally prove a valuable adjunct in war. Such a weapon will be found fully described in this Manual. 1903Lanchester Motor & Carriage (Lanchester Engine Co.) II. 71 Our present Driving Manual..is primarily a book on the ‘Lanchester’ Car. 1925Manual of Morris Oxford & Cowley Cars (Morris Motors Ltd.) 2 In case of trouble, first study this Manual; then, if still puzzled, write to the works. 1961Computing Rev. II. 187/1 This hefty, though well-indexed, manual is the most detailed account of a programming system which has come to the reviewer's attention. 1978R. V. Jones Most Secret War iii. 24, I got out the appropriate manual so that we could go through the correct test sequence. 1986Shetland Times 7 Nov. 12/3 Altogether 80 copies of the manual have been distributed outlining what action would need to be taken within a three mile radius of the plant. 1988Practical Motorist Jan. 11/3 The manual is very comprehensive and is in three volumes.
[4.] c. ellipt. A manual typewriter. colloq.
1972J. Gores Dead Skip (1973) x. 67 One [woman] was..typing on an old manual. 1984Runner (U.S.) Oct. 4/1 He hates computers. He still writes his articles on a beaten up old manual. |