| 释义 |
malignant, a. and n.|məˈlɪgnənt|
[ad. late L. malignant-em, pr. pple. of malignāre, -ārī to do mischief, injure maliciously (see malign v.). Cf. OF. malignant.
Sense 1 is derived from the use of malignantes in the Vulgate as the rendering of Heb. m'rēﻋīm, pr. pple. of hērēaﻋ to do evil (to): see malign v. Senses 2–4 represent uses of the L. malignus: see malign a.]
A. adj.
†1. Disposed to rebel against God or against constituted authority; disaffected, malcontent. Obs.
the church malignant: a patristic designation for the followers of antichrist, often applied by the early Protestants to the Church of Rome. Cf. F. église malignante in Godefroy. (Alluding to Ps. xxv[i]. 5, Vulg. ecclesiam malignantium, Eng. Bible ‘the congregation of euill doers’.)
1542–5Brinklow Lament. (1874) 116 Your other brethern of the Romishe churches, or church malygnant. 1548Udall Erasm. Par. Pref. to Rdr., Whosoeuer is not of an extreme malignaunt stomake against the due settyng forth of Goddes woorde. 1553Kennedy Compend. Tract. in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 115 The Kirk malignant. a1563Becon God's Word & Man's Inv. Wks. 1563 III. 394 Mans inuention is the execrable rule of the children of Satans kingdome, that is, of y⊇ Church malignant. 1604Shakes. Oth. v. ii. 353 In Aleppo once, Where a malignant, and a Turbond-Turke Beate a Venetian, and traduc'd the State. 1621Bp. R. Montagu Diatribæ 312, I have good cause to ranke you with the formost of those malignant ones. 1659J. Arrowsmith Chain Princ. 173 Logicians say of this particle Not, that it is of a malignant nature; Divines know that the malignant Church is much built up by such negatives.
absol.1778R. Lowth Transl. Isaiah xxix. 24 (ed. 12) 54 The malignant [A.V. They that murmured] shall attend to instruction. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. p. xvii, Excesses in which the malignant indulged under the guise of patriotism [c 1832].
b. spec. Applied between 1641 and 1660 by the supporters of the Parliament and the Commonwealth to their adversaries. (See B. b.)
1641Remonstr. St. Kingd. 11 The unexpected reconciliation was most acceptable to all the Kingdome, except to the malignant partie, whereof the Archbishop and the Earle of St[r]afford being heads, they and their faction begun [etc.]. Ibid. 24 Thus with Eliah, we are called by this malignant party the troublers of the State. 1642J. M[arsh] Argt. conc. Militia 28 The Parliament defend the king and kingdom; and the malignant party use all their skill to make both miserable. 1659Clarke Papers (Camden) IV. 169 Mannaged wholly by the Cavaleere Malignant party. 1708Swift Sacram. Test Wks. 1755 II. i. 133 In those times, when the church of England was malignant.
c. In 1642 Charles I retorted the application of the epithet upon the Parliamentary party.
1642Chas. I Sp. 27 Sept. in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1721) V. 21 How I have been dealt with by a Powerful malignant Party in this Kingdom, whose Designs are no less than to destroy my Person and Crown. 1642Declar. Lords & Com. ibid. 42 Whereas the Parliament, under the Name of a Malignant Party, is charged with an Endeavour to..corrupt the Allegiance of the King's Subjects.
2. Of a disease: Characterized by extreme virulence; exceptionally contagious or infectious. Now chiefly used as the distinctive epithet of a definite variety of a disease, as in malignant cholera, malignant small-pox, etc.
malignant growth, malignant tumour: in mod. use applied to carcinomata and sarcomata, forming a class ‘characterized by their rapidity of growth,..by the extension to the lymphatic glands, and by their recurrence in situ and in distant organs after removal’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.).
1568G. Skeyne The Pest A iij, Quhilk is generit within vs, or of vther causis [than the air] is callit ane Malignant feuer. 1601Shakes. All's Well ii. i. 114 Hearing your high Maiestie is toucht With that malignant cause. 1608Topsell Serpents (1658) 629 The malignant symptomes were all evacuated. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Malignant Disease, is that which rages more vehemently, and continues longer than its Nature seems to incline. Ibid. s.v. Tumour, Malignant Tumours, those that are always accompany'd with extraordinary and dreadful Symptoms. a1776R. James Diss. Fevers (1778) 130 That species of sore throat which is ridiculously called malignant. 1799Med. Jrnl. II. 499 The malignant small-pox, which prevailed..during the year 1798. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. 45 The wound degenerated into a malignant ulcer. 1807–26S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 60 The malignant or gangrenous erysipelas. 1873T. H. Green Introd. Pathol. (ed. 2) 108 The malignant properties of a tumour may manifest themselves either in the tissues immediately adjacent to it or..in more distant parts. Ibid. 157 ‘Cancerous’ and ‘malignant’ have come to be regarded by many as synonymous terms. 1885West. Daily Press 19 Jan. 7/5 The woolsorters' disease, known also as splenic fever, malignant pustule, and Siberian plague. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 104 Several forms of malignant measles are met with. 1898J. Hutchinson in Arch. Surg. IX. 327 There was no definite history of tuberculosis or of malignant growths in the family.
b. absol. A malignant fever.
1825Good Study Med. (ed. 2) II. 164 It is the febris gastrico-nervosa of Professor Frank, who justly regards it as an intense variety of the ordinary autumnal malignant of temperate climates.
3. Having an evil influence. Chiefly Astrol. and with reference to magical agencies = malign (whence transf. in malignant aspect). Formerly also of material substances, plants, etc.: Poisonous, deleterious.
1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, iv. v. 6 O malignant and ill-boading Starres. ― Two Gent. iii. i. 238 No more: vnles the next word that thou speak'st Haue some malignant power vpon my life. 1608D. T. T[uvil] Ess. Pol. & Mor. 21 b, The malignant aspect of any person in authority towards his inferiour, is thought a sufficient warrant for euery man to wrong him. 1654Bramhall Just Vind. vi. (1661) 146 Where the influence of Religion is malignant. 1667Milton P.L. x. 662 Taught the fixt Thir influence malignant when to showre. 1691Ray Creation i. (1692) 103 The noxious and malignant Plants. 1692― Disc. ii. (1732) 106 Melted Snow which gives it [the water] that malignant Quality. 1704Swift Batt. Bks. Wks. 1751 I. 210 An atramentous Quality of most malignant Nature was seen to distil from his Lips. 1752Young Brothers i. i, A comet, with malignant blaze, Denouncing ruin. 1756Burke Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. I. 70 The close vapour of these malignant minerals. 1765T. Hutchinson Hist. Mass. I. 150 A witch..charged with having..a malignant touch. 1799Campbell Pleas. Hope i. 34 Every woe, Shot from malignant Stars to earth below. 1822Good Study Med. II. 221 Attended by nurses or midwives, who had previously attended the latter [i.e. puerperal patients] without sufficiently changing their malignant dress. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. V. xxiv. 381 The malignant genius of Flambard. 1887Ruskin Præterita II. 38 The bise, now first letting one feel what malignant wind could be.
absol.1800Coleridge Piccolom. i. ii, This is your Venus! and the sole malignant [orig. der Maleficus], The only one that harmeth you, is Doubt.
4. Characterized by malignity or intense ill-will; keenly desirous of the suffering or misfortune of another, or of others generally.
1592tr. Junius on Rev. ix. 3 The malignant spirits invading the world. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, ii. ii. 52 Two Mirrors of his Princely semblance, Are crack'd in pieces, by malignant death. 1613― Hen. VIII, i. ii. 141 His will is most malignant, and it stretches Beyond you to your friends. 1625Bacon Ess., Envy (Arb.) 513 Cains Enuy, was the more vile, and Malignant, towards his brother Abel. 1667Milton P.L. xii. 538 So shall the World goe on, To good malignant, to bad men benigne. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 87 ⁋12 An author cannot..be often suspected of any malignant intention to insult his readers with his knowledge or his wit. 1778Johnson in Boswell Life (1831) IV. 140 An old gentleman who was absolutely malignant. He really wished evil to others, and rejoiced at it. 1792Burke Lett., to R. Burke (1844) III. 368 It is full of the most malignant insinuations. 1866Duke of Argyll Reign Law vi. (1871) 278 The loving may become malignant: the simple-minded may become suspicious. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 505 Death was always the consequence of the action of some malignant spirit.
†b. Wickedly disposed, obstinately criminal.
1784Cowper Task ii. 158 But where all Stand chargeable with guilt,..God..May punish, if He please, the less, to warn The more malignant.
B. n. One who is disaffected towards rightful authority, a malcontent. † In early use also: One who is ill-disposed toward true religion.
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. ii. §4 There are of these wise malignants some, who have vouchsafed it [religion] their marvellous favourable countenance. 1617Hales Serm. 29 Diverse malignants there are, who lie in wait to espie where our reasons on which we build are weake. 1716Addison Freeholder No. 8 ⁋2 One may..discover, among the Malignants of the Sex, a face that seems to have been naturally designed for a Whig lady... Would the pretty Malcontent be persuaded to love her King and Country, it would [etc.]. 1776Trumbull in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 269 Our internal malignants may be permitted to do many injurious and insidious things. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) VII. lix. 243 Once more he charged Josephus to summon the malignants. 1884J. Colborne Hicks Pasha 115 It is suggested to us by the Egyptian officers that these woods are full of malignants.
b. Used by opponents as a designation for a member of the party which supported Charles I against the Parliament; a Royalist, Cavalier. Also, in religious sense, applied by Puritans and Covenanters to their ecclesiastical adversaries. (The two applications are often coincident.) Now Hist.
1642Chas. I Declar. in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1721) V. 76 That to be a Traitor (which is defined, and every Man understands) should be no Crime; and to be called a Malignant (which no Body knows the Meaning of) should be Ground enough for close Imprisonment? 1642–3Earl of Newcastle Declar. ibid. 134 The second Charge is, That my Army consists of Papists and other Malignants. 1644Quarles Barnabas & B. 128 His studied prayers shew him to be a high malignant. 1644Weekly Intell. No. 68. 548 The country is full of Malignants. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 233, I undertake..to defend the..Dominion of my Lord, whose name is King of Kings..(not onely the greatest of Kings, as some Malignants do interpret it, as if others were, though lesser, yet not subordinate). 1670― Cure Ch. Div. Pref. ii. §6 He was no Malignant nor intended to gird at Godliness. 1743J. Glas Treat. Lords Supper ii. iii. 34 The holy One of God passed for a Deceiver and a Samaritan, or malignant. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §10. 567 Catholics and ‘Malignants’, as those who had fought for the King were called, were alone excluded from the franchise.
Add:[A.] [2.] [a.] malignant melanoma: see *melanoma n. |