| 释义 |
macro-|ˈmækrəʊ|
before a vowel macr-, repr. Gr. µακρο-, comb. form of µακρός long, large, used in many scientific terms (see also the main words). a. Phys. and Path., in ns. of mod.L. form in -ia compounded with Gr. names for different parts of the body, and signifying excessive development of the part in question, as ˌmacroceˈphalia [Gr. κεϕαλή head] (also anglicized macroˈcephaly), excessive length or size of the head. ˌmacroˈcheilia [Gr. χεῖλος lip], an enlargement and thickening of the lips. ˌmacroˈglossia [Gr. γλῶσσα tongue], a progressive enlargement of the tongue, with protrusion from the mouth. ˌmacroˈmelia [Gr. µέλος limb], abnormal development of a limb. ˌmacroˈstomia [Gr. στόµα mouth], abnormal extension of one or both angles of the mouth.
1889Syd. Soc. Lex., *Macrocephalia, Macrocephaly.
1883Ashhurst's Internat. Encycl. Surg. III. 34 *Macro⁓chilia. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 455 Macrocheilia is a similar condition to macroglossia.
1862Syd. Soc. Yearbk. 117 Case of *Macroglossia. 1870Holmes' Syst. Surg. (ed. 2) IV. 216 Macro-glossia.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 452 They..may occur on the limbs, giving rise to *macro⁓melia.
1854Jones & Siev. Pathol. Anat. (1874) 535 *Makro⁓stomia, is prolongation of the corners of the mouth.
b. in ns. in which the combining form macro- is prefixed to a n. to indicate either that the individual is of unusual size, or that it contains a number of smaller individuals (for the signification see the second member in each case); chiefly formed for antithesis with words beginning with micro- of earlier or simultaneous formation, as macrochromosome, macrococcus, macroconidium, macrocyst, macro-farad, macrogamete, macrogametocyte, macrogonidium, macromerozoite, macro-nucleus, macro-septum, macrosomite (hence macro-somitic adj.), macro-stylospore, macro-vegetation, macrozoogonidium, macrozoospore; ˈmacroform (see quot.); ˈmacrofossil Palæont., a fossil discernible to the naked eye; ˈmacro-instruction Computers, an instruction in a programming or source language which is equivalent to a specified set of ordinary instructions in an object language (which may be the source language or machine language); freq. as two words (cf. macro n. 1); maˈcrophagous Zool. [-phagous], feeding on relatively large pieces of food; macroˈtrichium Ent. [Gr. θρίξ, τριχ- hair], usu. in pl. macroˈtrichia, in certain insects, the larger hairs on the body, esp. those on the surface of the wings.
1905,1969*Macrochromosome [see microchromosome s.v. micro- 1].
1887Garnsey & Balfour tr. De Bary's Fungi 458 Cocci..are distinguished..according to their dimensions into micrococci, *macrococci, and monad-forms.
1874Cooke Fungi 175 As early as 1860 he [Tulasne] recognized the large..vesicles which originate the fertile tissue, but did not comprehend the part which these *Macrocysts were to perform. 1884H. M. Ward in Q. Jrnl. Microscop. Sci. XXIV. 279 Each pair consists of a macrocyst and a so-called paracyst. 1967Anglo-Amer. Catal. Rules: Brit. Text 267 *Macroform, a reproduction large enough to be easily read by the unaided eye. Used in contradistinction to ‘microform’.
1937G. D. Hanna in Camp & Hanna Methods in Paleont. ii. 79 Under the term *macrofossils it will be desirable to treat together many of the larger groups of invertebrates such as the Mollusca, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Bryozoa, and Crustacea... All forms more than 10 mm. in diameter will be treated as macrofossils. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles ii. 34 The larger fossils (macrofossils) of the Chalk are largely neritic. 1974A. Huxley Plant & Planet ii. 9 Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments in Venezuela and Borneo..yielded a detailed pollen record but virtually no macro-fossils.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 945 The female gametocyte, consisting of a single *macrogamete.
1903E. A. Minchin Sporozoa in Ray Lankester Zool. i. Protozoa 215 Since..the gametes are differentiated into male elements or microgametes, and female elements or macrogametes, their mother cells must be distinguished further into microgametocytes and *macrogametocytes.
1853Henfrey [tr. Braun's Rejuvenesc.] Bot. & Physiol. Mem. (Ray Soc.) 137 Plants with two kinds of moving germ-cells, large (*macrogonidia) and small (microgonidia).
1959*Macroinstruction [see microinstruction]. 1959,1961[see macro n. 1]. 1961Times 3 Oct. (Computer Suppl.) p. x/5 Through the use of these macro-instructions the computer can be given the semblance of being a much more powerful machine than it really is. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xix. 312 By introducing macro instructions in the source language, the designer can bring about the same ease of programming as could be achieved by giving the computer a more powerful operation list than it really has. But naturally, one does not get the same advantages in terms of economy of memory space and computer time as would be obtained if the more powerful instructions were really built into the machine. 1972Macro instruction [see macro n. 1].
1903E. A. Minchin Sporozoa in Ray Lankester Zool. i. Protozoa 256 Within the cytocyst the schizont may break up into smaller micromerozoites or larger *macromerozoites.
1892J. A. Thomson Outlines of Zoology 101 In the ciliated Infusorians there are two nuclear bodies... The smaller or micro-nucleus lies by the side of the larger or *macro-nucleus.
1949I. F. & W. D. Henderson Dict. Sci. Terms (ed. 4) 240/1 *Macrophagous...Feeding on relatively large masses of food; opp. microphagous. 1951M. Abercrombie et al. Dict. Biol. 130 All land animals are macrophagous. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 396 He [sc. A. R. Fontaine] finds both microphagous and macrophagous mechanisms are used in this species [sc. Ophiocomina nigra].
1888Amer. Nat. XXII. 942 The head..is divided into..the primitive head-segment..and the gnathophorous *macrosomite.
Ibid. 941 The..primary or *macrosomitic segmentation of the primitive body.
1934C. H. Curran Families & Genera N. Amer. Diptera 487 *Macrotrichia—The larger microscopic hairs on the surface of the wings. 1957Richards & Davies Imms's Textbk. Ent. (ed. 9) i. 12 Setae or Macrotrichia are commonly known as hairs and each arises from a cup-like pit or alveolus. Ibid. 38 Macrotrichia or true setae..are found on the main veins and their branches,..less frequently on the wing-membrane. 1970E. F. Riek in Insects of Australia (Commonwealth Sci. & Industr. Res. Organization) xxxvii. 875/2 Hooked macrotrichia may occur over most of the fore margin of the hind wing [in Hymenoptera].
1958Jrnl. du Conseil Internat. Explor. de la Mer XXIV. 32 Samples of *macrovegetation were collected in the spring. 1960Oikos XI. 183 (heading) Subaquatic macrovegetation in Ösbysjön, Djursholm.
1880Bessey Botany 223 The protoplasmic contents of certain cells [of Hydrodictyon] break up into a large number of daughter-cells (*macrozoogonidia).
1875Q. Jrnl. Microscop. Sci. XV. 396 *Macrozoospores (which germinate asexually).
c. Cryst. macro-axis = macrodiagonal n. ˌmacrodiˈagonal n. the longer of the diagonals of a rhombic prism; also adj., pertaining to this diagonal. ˈmacrodome, a dome (see dome 5 b) parallel to the macrodiagonal; hence macrodoˈmatic a., pertaining to the macrodome. macroˈpinacoid, a pinacoid parallel to the vertical and macrodiagonal axes. ˈmacroprism, a prism of an orthorhombic crystal between the macropinacoid and the unit prism. ˌmacroˈpyramid, a pyramid corresponding to the macroprism.
1898Dana Mineral., *Macro-axis.
1848Webster, *Macro⁓diagonal. 1858Thudichum Urine 143 The planes..of the macrodiagonal prism [are inclined] at an angle of 85° 14′. 1883Heddle in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 360/1 To the greater lateral axis the name macrodiagonal is given.
Ibid. 360/2 When n = ∞ a *macrodome results.
Ibid., The limiting *macropinacoid.
Ibid., On the one side originate numerous *macroprisms.
Ibid., A new pyramid is produced, named a *macropyramid.
1878Lawrence tr. Cotta's Rocks Classified 29 Cleavage prismatic, very perfect, *Macro⁓domatic perfect.
d. in adjs., with sense ‘containing or possessed of some object in a largely developed form’, as macroˈcranial a., having a long skull; macrocephalic. maˈcrandrous a. Bot. [Gr. ἀνδρ-, ἀνήρ man], having elongated male plants. macroˈdactyl a. = macrobian a.; n. (see quot.). macrodacˈtylic, -ˈdactylous adjs. [Gr. δάκτυλος finger, toe], having long fingers or toes. ˈmacrodont a. [Gr. ὀδοντ-, ὀδούς tooth], having long teeth. ˌmacroˈpetalous a. [Gr. πέταλον leaf], having long or large leaves or petals (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1856). macroˈphallic a., having a large phallus. macroˈphylline, -ˈphyllous adjs. [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf], having long or large leaves. ˌmacroˈpleural a. [Gr. πλευρά rib, side], having long pleuræ. ˌmacroˈstylous a. Bot., having a long style (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1856). maˈcrotous a. [Gr. ὠτ-, οὖς ear], having long ears. ˈmacrotypous a. Min. [type], having a long form.
1882–4Cooke Brit. Fresh-w. Algæ I. 148 Male plants, dwarf (nannandrous)..or elongated (*macrandrous).
1902Biometrika Aug. 462 Dolichocephaly and chamaecephaly in both races are associated with *macrocranial characters. 1907Practitioner Aug. 318 The population of the south-west of Scotland, exclusive of Glasgow, is longheaded or macrocranial.
1837Partington Brit. Cycl. Nat. Hist. III. 73 *Macrodactyles, long toes. The last of the regular families into which Cuvier divides the stilt birds or waders.
1836― Ibid. II. 886 Cuvier's *Macrodactylic, or long-toed family of Echassiers, or stilt birds.
1848Maunder Treas. Nat. Hist. Gloss., *Macrodactylous, furnished with long toes adapted for traversing floating leaves and aquatic herbage.
1891Flower & Lydekker Mammals 745 [Negroid type.] Thick, everted lips; prognathous jaws; large teeth (*macrodont).
1970F. Snowden Blacks in Antiquity 23 The circumcised and *macrophallic Ethiopians. 1972Sunday Times 23 Apr. 43 Commercial porn..with its inevitable distortions, brutalised women and macrophallic faceless men.
1871W. A. Leighton Lichen-flora 55 Thallus *macrophylline.
1856Mayne Expos. Lex., Macrophyllus..*macrophyllous.
1881in Academy 22 Oct. 315 The *macropleural and brachypleural types. 1886Ford in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. Ser. iii. XXXII. 475 Reasons for believing that the Brachypleural species of the genus Paradoxides are more recent than the Macropleural.
1887Ward tr. Sachs' Physiol. Plants 790 The pollen of the *macrostylous flowers is transferred to the microstylous stigma of another plant.
1840Smart, *Macrotous, long-eared.
1821Jameson Man. Mineral. 55 *Macro⁓typous Limestone.
e. Terms in which macro- indicates subject-matter treated on a larger scale, or more comprehensive phenomena or levels of treatment, than is implied either by the word to which macro- is attached or by the corresponding term beginning micro-, as macro-planning, macro-sociology (hence macro-sociological adj.); macro-historical adj.; ˈmacroclimate, the general climate of a relatively large area; so ˌmacrocliˈmatic a.; ˌmacro-evoˈlution, evolutionary change over a long period, leading to the appearance of new groups of plants or animals; ˈmacrophysics, the part of physics that is concerned with bodies and phenomena on a macroscopic scale; so macroˈphysical a.
1939Geogr. Jrnl. XCIII. 463 As in all local climates strong departure from the *macroclimate develops in the climates of cities in calm cloudless weather. 1967M. J. Coe Ecol. Alpine Zone Mt. Kenya 59 This remarkable contrast between the micro- and macroclimates of these areas is expressed even more clearly by Mani. 1971J. Z. Young Introd. Study Man xxxviii. 544 The British..move with less protection in their damp but equable macroclimate.
1939Ecology XX. 30 Microclimate..makes it possible for smaller groups of preclimax vegetation to persist as relict colonies long after *macroclimatic changes have shifted formations. 1946S. A. Wilde Forest Soils iii. 21 Macro⁓climatic soil-forest zones.
1939Ann. Reg. 1938 369 The gene theory was applied increasingly to problems of *macro-evolution. 1940R. Goldschmidt Material Basis of Evolution iii. 8 Microevolution..has been used..for evolutionary processes observable within the span of a human lifetime as opposed to macroevolution, on a geological scale. 1972Listener 3 Aug. 138/2 There may be a different mechanism for grand heroic macro-evolution and for ordinary humdrum everyday evolution at species or sub-species level.
1955Bull. Atomic Sci. Feb. 42/2 There are some who profess to see in matters of culture, in matters precisely of the arts and sciences, a certain *macro-historical pattern, a grand system of laws which determines the course of civilization and gives a kind of inevitable quality to the unfolding of the future.
1902Mann & Millikan tr. Drude's Theory of Optics p. vii, Pure electromagnetic experiments lead to conclusions in what may be called the domain of *macrophysical properties only. For the explanation of optical dispersion a hypothesis as to the microphysical properties of bodies must be made. 1956E. H. Hutten Lang. Mod. Physics v. 179 Two micro-physical events are connected in a different way from two macro-physical events. 1960Times 15 Mar. 2/2 A study of the relationships between the macro⁓physical properties of soils and the physical chemistry of their colloidal constituents.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Macrophysics. 1936Discovery Mar. 96/2 Thirteen unsolved problems are listed, ranging from those concerning the creation of the universe..to the structure of the atom, from macrophysics and astronomy via biology..back to physical science again. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 321/1 Mr. F. H. Ludlam..pointed out that the partitioning (into micro-, macro- and synoptic-physics) of cloud studies..must not be made too rigid.
1966Economist 11 June 1206/1 To mention only a few [contributions], largely concerned with *macro-planning: welfare-theoretical problems and planner's and consumer's sovereignty are the theme of Joan Robinson. 1973Financial Times 26 Mar. 16/4 The macro-planning functions of the metropolitan county (mainly transport and town and country planning, together with fire and police, consumer protection, [etc.]).
1951R. Firth Elem. Social Organiz. i. 18 If the distinguishing feature of the anthropologist is micro-sociological technique, his theory is *macro-sociological. 1970New Society 5 Feb. 232/3 The approach, the initiated will recognise, is essentially macrosociological.
1941G. Gurvitch in Jrnl. Philos. XXXVIII. 486 *Macrosociology is the study of the world of groups and of global societies, each of which are microcosms of the forms of sociality. 1958W. Stark Sociol. of Knowl. i. 20 It might be useful..to call the one the macrosociology of knowledge, because it fixes its attention on the inclusive society.
2. Combs. in which macro can be regarded as a separable element having adjectival force, with the meaning: macroscopic, large-scale; overall, comprehensive; large. Hence used as an independent word not preceding the n. it qualifies.
1934Webster, Macro adj. = macro-. 1937Mind XLVI. 327 Quantum mechanics, moreover, claims applicability not only to micro-processes; it also contains laws of mechanics which are applicable to macro-processes. 1954Gloss. Terms Iron & Steel (B.S.I.) i. 19 Macro etch test, etching with acids or other reagents to reveal the macro structure, flow lines and/or defects. 1957C. Day Lewis Poet's Way of Knowl. 14 Until recently the scientist has sought for general laws governing macro-events, and has drawn from them inferences about individual events. 1959K. R. Popper Logic Sci. Discovery ii. viii. 196 Observable physical effects are interpreted as ‘macro laws’. 1961G. H. Orcutt et al. Microanalysis Socioecon. Syst. p. xv, Given the possibility of experimentation at both micro- and macrolevels, it has been possible for the physical sciences to achieve great successes at both levels without the necessity of predicting aggregate behavior on the basis of knowledge about microbehavior. 1962J. T. Marsh Self-Smoothing Fabrics xv. 263 This type of staining test..does, however, demonstrate irregularity of distribution on a macro-basis as distinct from a micro-basis, and provide useful evidence of uneven impregnation during padding, or of resin migration during drying. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XI. 143/2 The instruments and apparatus used in microanalytical work are to some extent miniature replicas of macro instruments and apparatus. 1967Cox & Grose Organiz. Bibliogr. Rec. by Computer v. 107 Before I move from the macro-level of the overall design of a MARC service to the minutiae of record data content and file organization. 1967D. Wilson in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. iii. 47 The logic for the individual programs is expressed in terms of macro and micro block-diagrams. The macro block-diagrams show the main logic for a particular program and may be prepared by the systems analyst; the micro block-diagrams show the detailed logic for program coding and will be prepared by the programmer. 1970Guardian Weekly 18 Apr. 15 Revolutions, including the Russian one, made the mistake of insisting that the macro-change, of the whole system, should come before micro-change, of the life style. 1971New Scientist 21 Jan. 100/1 Undoubtedly a number of serious macro-problems face the Ulster community. Ibid. 100/2 In the absence of a knowledge of these macro-changes, systems will continue to evolve on the basis of year-to-year crisis decisions. 1971Good Motoring Sept. 9/2 As vehicle speeds rise from 25–30 mph to 60–70 mph, however, tyre grip in wet weather diminishes unless there is also ‘macro’ or large-scale roughness of the surface. 1973A. E. Wilkerson Rights of Children 307 These issues..reflect the necessity for a macro-approach to child welfare. 1974Times Lit. Suppl. 8 Mar. 242/5 The forms and methods of economic management, both micro and macro.
b. Chem. Of or pertaining to macroanalysis. Cf. macro-scale.
1933Biochem. Jrnl. XXVII. 434 The present micro-method for urea in 0·2 cc of blood compares very favourably with the comparatively macro-method of Van Slyke and Cullen. 1938Arthur & Smith Semi-Micro Qualitative Analysis i. 3 Dealing with samples of only 3 to 5 mg. (compared with the usual 0·5 to 1·0 g. macro sample), the micro method consumes much less time for reactions..and in many other ways proves superior to the macro methods. 1946Meldrum & Daggett Textbk. Qualitative Analysis i. 2 The two..generally applicable methods of qualitative analysis of inorganic materials are the macro and the semimicro methods. 1974[see micro- 8 b].
c. Photogr. Denoting apparatus or procedures used in macrophotography, as macro lens (also ellipt. as macro), a lens suitable for taking photographs unusually close to the subject.
1956Focal Encycl. Photogr. 688/1 A camera with back focusing is a great advantage in macro work. 1961L. A. Mannheim tr. Croy's Camera Close Up 85 The maximum aperture of a macro-lens depends..on its design. Ibid. 88 Macro-exposures. Exposures in close-up work have to allow for..the subject and its lighting..and the scale of reproduction. 1968Gaunt & Petzold Pict. Cycl. Photogr. 425/2 The main requirement for a macro-camera is adequate lens extension. 1971Amat. Photographer 13 Jan. 80/1 (Advt.), 50 mm f/3·5 Macro. 1974Ibid. 29 May 8/1 The picture on the left could only have been taken with a macro lens. Ibid., It's impossible to combine macro and telephoto in one lens.
Add:[1.] [d.] macroˈnodular a. Med., characterized by the presence of large nodules; freq. in macronodular cirrhosis; cf. micronodular s.v. *micro- 4.
1967Jrnl. Clin. Path. XX. 748/1 In some livers..there was indeed a superficial resemblance to *macronodular cirrhosis of the incomplete septal type. 1976Edington & Gilles Path. in Tropics (ed. 2) xi. 542 The terms portal and postnecrotic would probably be better expressed morphologically as micronodular and macronodular respectively. 1984Tighe & Davies Pathology (ed. 4) xvii. 163 In macronodular cirrhosis it [sc. the liver] is usually small and coarsely scarred. 1987Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. x. 22/1 The rare syndrome of macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia must be distinguished from adrenal adenomas.
[e.] ˌmacro-engiˈneering n., the design and construction of engineering projects on the largest scale possible.
1964New Scientist 12 Mar. 685/1 The real cause of our attachment to *macroengineering is at once more subtle and more profound. 1978N.Y. Times 19 Feb. iv. 7/1 A one-day discussion was held on ‘macro-engineering’ projects—the construction of things so big size alone makes them different from all other things. 1983Space Solar Power Rev. iv. 65 Macro-engineering is nothing more than the study, preparation, and execution of the largest engineering works which mankind can accomplish at any particular period of time.
macro-evolution n.:hence ˌmacro-evoˈlutionary a.
1940R. Goldschmidt Material Basis of Evolution v. 396 Species and the higher categories originate in single *macroevolutionary steps as completely new genetic systems. 1987Economist 23 May 95/1 This notion is part of ‘macro-evolution’. Here is another macro-evolutionary idea: if creatures get better adapted to their environments, they should..get better at avoiding extinction.
ˌmacrosoˈcietal a., relating to or affecting wider society.
1966F. Schurmann Ideol. & Organization in Communist China Introd. 3 Every civilized society has complex organizations, ranging from *macrosocietal political networks down to the smallest human groupings. 1977Language LIII. 180 He misses the interplay between macro-societal factors and language choice in the individual interaction. 1992Guardian 30 May 23/8 It was the Tories, though initially beleaguered by the new spirit, who learnt how to master it in its macro-societal form.
[2.] d. Econ. (a) [Freq. as abbrev. of macro-economic adj. s.v. macro-economics n. pl.] Of or pertaining to macroeconomics; (b) taking into account the aggregate economic situation; total, overall.
1958Henderson & Quandt Microeconomic Theory i. ii. 3 Prices are relevant in macro theories, but macro theorists usually..deal with aggregate price indices. 1961G. Ackley Macroecon. Theory (1965) xx. 572 We can derive no..meaningful macro-functions. 1974Times Lit. Suppl. 8 Mar. 242/5 The forms and methods of economic management, both micro and macro. 1979E. Newman Sunday Punch iii. 24, I had recently written a stirring editorial coming down on the macro side and thought it only a matter of time before microeconomics gave up the unequal struggle. 1985Investors Chron. 8 Nov. 20/2 The other important ‘macro’ influence is of course the growth of disposable income. 1991Financial Times 20 Mar. 34/6 On the macro side, the action fortunately rests now far more with the Bank of England..than with the British Budget. |