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æsthetic, a. and n.
(ɛsˈθɛtɪk: see below)
Also esthetic.
[mod. ad. Gr. αἰσθητικ-ός, of or pertaining to αἰσθητά, things perceptible by the senses, things material (as opposed to νοητά things thinkable or immaterial), also ‘perceptive, sharp in the senses’; f. vb. stem αἰσθε- ‘feel, apprehend by the senses’. Applied in Germ. by Baumgarten (1750–58, æsthetica) to ‘criticism of taste’ considered as a science or philosophy; against which, as a misuse of the word found in German only, protest was made by Kant (1781, Crit. R.V. 21), who applied the name, in accordance with the ancient distinction of αἰσθητά and νοητά, to ‘the science which treats of the conditions of sensuous perception,’ a sense retained in the Kantian philosophy, and found in English c 1800. But Baumgarten's use of æsthetik found popular acceptance, and appeared in Eng. after 1830, though its adoption was long opposed. (See below.) Recent extravagances in the adoption of a sentimental archaism as the ideal of beauty have still further removed æsthetic and its derivatives from their etymological and purely philosophical meaning. ‘The pronunciations (ɛsˈθɛtɪk, iːsˈθɛtɪk, ɛsˈθiːtɪk, iːsˈθiːtɪk), are all in use; the second is at present most common in London’ (N.E.D., 1884).]
The following quotations illustrate the history of the word:
1832Penny Cycl. I. 156 æsthetics (æsthetik) is the designation given by German writers to a branch of philosophical inquiry, the object of which is a philosophical theory of the beautiful. 1832Philol. Museum 369 Beautiful and ugly depend on principles of taste, which it would be very convenient to designate by an adjective..Some English writers have adopted the term esthetical. This has not however yet become an established English word..Perception in general is something very different from that peculiar and complex modification of it which takes cognizance of the beauties of poetry and art. Esthetics would naturally designate the doctrine of perception in general, and might be wanted as a technical term for that purpose. By the Kantian school, indeed, esthetic is used to denote that branch of metaphysics which contains the laws of perception..As an additional reason for hesitating before we adopt esthetic, it may be noticed that even in Germany it is not yet established beyond contest. 1842Gwilt Encycl. Architect. 673 There has lately grown into use in the arts a silly pedantic term under the name of æsthetics..it is however one of the metaphysical and useless additions to nomenclature in the arts in which the German writers abound. 1859Sir W. Hamilton Lect. Metaph. I. vii. 124 It is nearly a century since Baumgarten..first applied the term æsthetic to the doctrine which we vaguely and periphrastically denominate the Philosophy of Taste, the theory of the Fine Arts, the Science of the Beautiful, etc.,—and this term is now in general acceptation, not only in Germany, but throughout the other countries of Europe. The term Apolaustic would have been a more appropriate designation.
A. adj.
†1. Of or pertaining to sensuous perception, received by the senses. Obs.
1798W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XXV. 585 In the dialect peculiar to Professor Kant..his receptivity for aesthetic gratification [is] not delicate.
2. Of or pertaining to the appreciation or criticism of the beautiful.
1821Coleridge in Blackw. Mag. X. 254, I wish I could find a more familiar word than æsthetic, for works of taste and criticism. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. (1858) 77 In answer to a cry for solid pudding..comes, epigrammatically enough, the invitation to a wash of quite fluid æsthetic Tea! 1855Bain Senses & Intell. iii. iv. §27 (1864) 622 The first object of an artist is to gratify the feelings of taste, or the proper æsthetic emotions. 1872H. Spencer Psychol. (ed. 2) II. §533 The æsthetic sentiments originate from the play-impulse. Ibid. §535 The æsthetic character of a feeling is habitually associated with separateness from life-serving function.
3. Of persons, animals: Having or showing an appreciation of the beautiful or pleasing; tasteful, of refined taste. Of things: In accordance with the principles of good taste (or what is conventionally regarded as such).
1871Darwin Desc. Man II. xiii. 39 Birds appear to be the most æsthetic of all animals, excepting of course, man, and they have nearly the same taste for the beautiful as we have. 1875Farrar Silence & Voices iii. 62 A corrupt Hellenism, which regards sin forsooth with æsthetic toleration. 1880W. S. Gilbert Patience i. 24, I am a broken-hearted troubadour, Whose mind's æsthetic, and whose tastes are pure. Mod. Colloq. He must have æsthetic wall-paper and a dado.
B. n. commonly pl. æsthetics, as collect. sing.: but also in sing., after Ger. æsthetik, Fr. esthétique.
1. The science which treats of the conditions of sensuous perception. Hist.
1798Willich Elem. Crit. Philos. 139 Aesthetic commonly signifies the Critique of Taste, but with Kant, the science containing the rules of sensation. 1803Edin. Rev. I. 253 (Villiers, Philos. of Kant) If the experimentalists of the Institute had abandoned their physics for..the study of transcendental æsthetics and all the refinements and abstractions of pure reason. 1825Carlyle Schiller iii. 174 The only department [of transcendentalism] to which he attached himself with his ordinary zeal was that which relates to the principles of the imitative arts, with their moral influences, and which in the Kantean nomenclature has been designated by the term æsthetics, or the doctrine of sentiments and emotions. 1875Encycl. Brit. I. 212/1 Kant..under the title Transcendental æsthetic, treats of the a priori principles of all sensuous knowledge.
2. The philosophy or theory of taste, or of the perception of the beautiful in nature and art.a. pl.
1833Penny Cycl. I. 157/1 Most German writers, who have published systematic treatises on æsthetics, have followed the principles laid down by Baumgarten, Kant, or Schelling. 1862Shirley Nug. Crit. i. 82 John is a man of taste, and knows something of practical æsthetics. 1872H. Spencer Psychol. II. §536 To deal fully with the psychology of æsthetics is out of the question.
b. sing.
1822New Monthly Mag. IV. 149 He accordingly applied himself diligently to study the spirit of classical Tragedy, and the principles of æsthetic. 1857T. E. Webb Intell. of Locke v. 84 The two propositions which constitute the æsthetic of the Essay. 1864Press 21 May 481 Certes, we English are behind hand in æsthetic. 1868M. Pattison Academ. Organ. §5. 196 Two professors of the science [of art] and æsthetic, dealing with Painting, Sculpture, etc.
3. = æsthete; an adherent of the æsthetic movement (see above A. 4).
1883L. Troubridge Life amongst Troubridges (1966) 164 The great Oscar Wilde..is grown enormously fat,..not at all the aesthetic he used to look. 1894Cosmopolitan XVII. 122 The æsthetics..who proclaim the infinite superiority of art to nature. 1946English Studies XXVII. 49 It is not unsympathetic to the Aesthetics, for it seeks to understand them.
4. spec. Of or pertaining to a late nineteenth-century movement in England of artists and writers who advocated a doctrine of ‘art for art's sake’.
1868W. Pater æsthetic Poetry in Appreciations (1889) 213 The ‘æsthetic’ poetry is neither a mere reproduction of Greek or medieval poetry, nor only an idealisation of modern life and sentiment. a1882D. G. Rossetti St. Agnes in Coll. Wks. (1886) I. 410 The journal of the worthy poet-critic..was much too æsthetic to permit itself many readers. 1882W. Hamilton æsthetic Movement 31 The leaders of the æsthetic School in poetry have been styled fleshly poets, delighting in somewhat sensually-suggestive descriptions of the passions. 1950E. H. Gombrich Story of Art xxv. 402 Whistler became a leading figure in the so-called ‘aesthetic movement’ which tried to make out that artistic sensibility is the only thing in life worth taking seriously. |