| 释义 |
longitudinal, a. and n.|lɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnəl|
[f. L. longitūdin-, longitūdo longitude + -al1.]
A. adj.
1. Of or pertaining to length as a dimension; (extent) in length.
1765Blackstone Comm. I. 275 Our antient historians inform us, that a new standard of longitudinal measure was ascertained by king Henry the first. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 270 The real depth, or longitudinal extent of the mine. 1810D. Stewart Philos. Ess. ii. i. i. 223 To express a limited portion of longitudinal extension in general. 1818Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 182 The number of longitudinal inches of the foot measure.
2. a. Extending or proceeding in the direction of the length of a body; running lengthwise.
longitudinal elevation: one showing the side of a structure, as distinguished from an end view; a side elevation.
1715Cheyne Philos. Princ. Relig. i. (ed. 2) 134 These Vesiculæ are distended, and their Longitudinal Diameters..straitned, and so the length of the whole Muscle shortned. Ibid. 518 The oblique Fibres which make but few turns serve to propagate gently the included Fluid, the Longitudinal ones to move the Vessel. 1794Sullivan View Nat. II. 3 The great longitudinal vallies of the Alps. 1807M. Baillie Morb. Anat. (ed. 7) 394 A longitudinal section was made with a saw completely through its substance. 1822Conybeare & Phillips Outl. Geol. Eng. & Wales p. xxiv, The longitudinal valleys are those which pursue a course parallel to the direction of the chains [of hills] which bound them. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 564 If two pieces of timber are connected, so that the joint runs parallel with the fibres of both, it is called a longitudinal joint. 1839Murchison Silur. Syst. i. xxviii. 529 By longitudinal valleys is meant those which range parallel to the ridges or general strike of the mountains. 1845Darwin Voy. Nat. ii. (1879) 7 Several of the species are beautifully coloured with longitudinal stripes. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xii. 88 The glacier..is in a state of longitudinal strain. 1861A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedr. 19th C. 81, I have selected..the longitudinal elevation and the longitudinal and transverse sections..for their intrinsic merit. 1924Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. XIV. 28 Tectonic earthquakes have also been divided into longitudinal and transverse earthquakes according as they are associated with the strike or transverse faults of a district. 1937[see concordant a. 4]. 1937Wooldridge & Morgan Physical Basis Georgr. xxi. 354 The conception of truly longitudinal coasts as characteristic of the Pacific Basin breaks down on the coasts of Eastern Asia. 1971C. R. Twidale Structural Landforms i. 11 Cross joints which cut vertically across the lineation or foliation of the rock; and longitudinal joints, which run parallel to such textural features in a vertical plane.
b. Anat. and Zool.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Longitudinal Suture (in Anat.), the cross Seam of the Scull, that goes from one Side to the other. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. 298. 1840 E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. 361 The longitudinal fissure is the space separating the two hemispheres. 1854Owen Skel. & Teeth (1855) 3 The head of the sturgeon is defended by a case of superficial bony plates, and the body by five longitudinal rows of similar plates. 1863Huxley Man's Place Nat. iii. 142 The two depressions for the lateral sinuses, sweeping inwards towards the middle line of the roof of the skull, to form the longitudinal sinus. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life 1 The longitudinal fissure in which is lodged the longitudinal sinus.
c. Bot.
longitudinal system, ‘an old term for fibro-vascular system’ (Jackson Bot. Terms 1900).
1787Linnæus' Fam. Plants I. 76 Petals four, egg'd, sessile, with a longitudinal pit at the base. 1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 565 The beginning of the formation of lenticels takes place..before longitudinal extension is complete. 1888Syd. Soc. Lex., Longitudinal system.
d. Acoustics. Of vibrations: Produced in the direction of the length of the vibrating body; also (see quot. 1869).
1867Tyndall Sound v. 159 The sounds produced by the longitudinal vibrations of a string are, as a general rule, much more acute than those produced by its transverse vibrations. 1869― in Fortn. Rev. 1 Feb. 239 In the case of sound, the vibrations of the air-particles are executed in the direction in which the sound travels. They are therefore called longitudinal vibrations. 1879W. H. Stone Sound 13 Longitudinal Vibrations. Every string which vibrates transversely between two points must also vibrate longitudinally.
3. Pertaining to longitude; measured from east to west.
1874Coues Birds N.W. 360 Its longitudinal dispersion is thus quite restricted, contrary to the rule among our birds of this..continent.
4. Involving information about an individual or group at different times throughout a long period (obtained by repeated examination or by eliciting recall on one occasion).
1949B. J. Underwood Exper. Psychol. v. 117 Most researches in the past have been concerned with cross-sectional analyses of the organism, i.e., the capacity of the organism at the moment. When we study the influence of learning on these processes we are interested in the longitudinal aspects, i.e., how they developed. 1958M. Argyle Relig. Behaviour vi. 59 These longitudinal studies can supply important supplementary information. 1962Arch. Gen. Psychiatry VI. 328/1 Longitudinal studies of the urinary excretions of tryptamine and total indole-3-acetic acid..were made on 20 male schizophrenic patients. 1973Sci. Amer. Sept. 35/3 Mathematical curves have been fitted with great success to measurements of individuals followed during the adolescent spurt... Such serial studies of individuals are called longitudinal, as opposed to the studies of populations called cross-sectional, in which each child is measured only once.
B. n.
†1. Anat. A name for two muscles of the epigastrium. Obs.
1541[see latitudinal n.].
2. a. Ship-building. In iron and steel ships, a plate parallel or nearly so to the vertical keel.
1869E. J. Reed Shipbuild. i. 10 To preserve the continuity of their longitudinals. 1883Nares Constr. Ironclad 5 Longitudinals are plates of iron, which run fore and aft between the frames, to strengthen the ship lengthways. 1900Engineering Mag. 678 The stiffening angles for longitudinals.
b. Aeronaut. A longeron, esp. one in an airship.
1911Aero May 38/1 There are three main longitudinals, which are of ash rebated for the reception of the diagonal cross-pieces. 1914H. M. Buist Aircraft in German War i. 21 (in figure) Longitudinal. 1919Jane's All the World's Aircraft 37a/1 Fuselage longitudinals and struts have sections of I-shape. 1950Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) i. 50 Longitudinal, a girder on the outside of the hull structure running fore and aft. 1973D. H. Robinson Giants in Sky ii. 31 The hull was identical with that of the LZ 2, the dimensions, the number of longitudinals and ring frames being identical with those of the ships lost at Kisslegg.
3. A railway sleeper lying parallel with the rail (Webster 1864). |