| 释义 |
linguistic, a. and n.|lɪŋˈgwɪstɪk|
[f. linguist + -ic. Cf. F. linguistique.]
A. adj.
a. Of or pertaining to the knowledge or study of languages. Also used for: Of or pertaining to language or languages; = lingual 4 b.
The latter use is hardly justifiable etymologically; it has arisen because lingual suggests irrelevant associations.
1856C. J. Ellicott in Cambr. Ess. 187 Orthographies..and..the veriest minutiæ of linguistic differences. 1858J. M. Mitchell Mem. R. Nesbit i. 12 His linguistic talent was logical as much as philological. 1860Marsh Eng. Lang. i. (1862) 2 The most striking improvement in linguistic study may be dated from the discovery..of the Sanskrit. 1876C. M. Davies Unorth. Lond. 31 In a linguistic point of view the peoples were one. 1911V. Welby Significs & Lang. v. 17 The implicitly false mental image, source of the false linguistic image. 1921E. Sapir Lang. vi. 156 In a book of this sort it is naturally impossible to give an adequate idea of linguistic structure. 1935B. Malinowski Coral Gardens II. vi. v. 232 Within the linguistic theory of the present book, in which the distinction between ‘form’ and meaning is in the last instance illusory. 1936J. R. Kantor Objective Psychol. Gram. xiii. 195 It is undoubtedly necessary to include many other speech parts if we are to cover linguistic phenomena adequately. 1953J. B. Carroll Study of Lang. i. 5 It was only natural..that the engineer should have perceived the possibilities of developing various sorts of ‘linguistic machines’, such as a machine for instantly converting human speech into..printed alphabetic symbols. 1957W. Haas in Studies in Ling. Analysis (Philol. Soc.) 33 ‘Zero’ in Linguistic Description stands for what is acoustically nothing. 1957G. Ryle in C. A. Mace Brit. Philos. in Mid-Cent. 263 Philosophical problems are linguistic problems—only linguistic problems quite unlike any of the problems of philology, grammar, phonetics..etc., since they are..about the logic of the functionings of expressions. 1964M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. i. 18 If language is described according to the version of linguistic theory outlined, the task of the language learner..will be made easier. 1966English Studies XLVII. 270 Instead of adverb transforms we find occasional instances of ‘linguistic shortening’, which in itself is a means of expressing emotiveness. 1967R. Textor Cross-Cultural Summary 67 The rationale for including linguistic affiliation is..that ‘genetic relationships in culture and past historical connections among societies are commonly revealed..among the languages spoken by the peoples in question’. 1968D. Hymes in Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. 366/2 Linguistic description has focused on the form of languages, neglecting the structuring of their use. 1968Chomsky & Halle Sound Pattern Eng. i. 4 The essential properties of natural language are often referred to as ‘linguistic universals’. 1972L. R. Palmer Descr. & Compar. Ling. ix. 227 Sound laws do not enable us to predict linguistic events as a law of chemistry predicts material change.
b. Special collocations: linguistic analysis, (a) the analysis of language structures in terms of some theory of language; (b) Philos., analysis of language as the medium of thought; so linguistic analyst; linguistic anthropology, anthropological research based on the study of the language of a selected group; so linguistic-anthropological adj.; linguistic atlas, a set of tables or maps recording regional or dialectal variations of pronunciation, vocabulary, or inflexional forms; linguistic form, any unit or pattern of speech that has meaning; linguistic geography, the study of the geographical distribution of languages, dialects, etc.; so linguistic geographer, linguistic-geographical adj.; linguistic map, a map in a linguistic atlas; a map showing the distribution of linguistic features; linguistic philosophy = linguistic analysis (b); so linguistic philosopher; linguistic psychology, the study of human psychology through the data provided by language; cf. psycholinguistics; linguistic science, the science of language; the systematic study of linguistic phenomena; so linguistic scientist; linguistic stock, the group to which a set of related languages belongs.
1932A. F. Bentley Let. 15 Nov. in Ratner & Altman J. Dewey & A. F. Bentley (1964) 51, I have at length found a region of investigation in which some tentative results can be secured, and I am permitting myself to send you a copy of the resulting book, *Linguistic Analysis of Mathematics. 1943Amer. Speech XXVII. 60/1 Outline of linguistic analysis. 1945Mind LIV. 195 Positivists, as is well known, do not search for answers to the philosophical questions; what they try to bring about, in all cases, is the disappearance of the questions by means of what they call linguistic analysis. 1949Amer. Speech XXIV. 55 His charts make it possible to suggest the potentialities of ‘slur’ as a factor in linguistic analysis. 1957J. R. Firth in Studies in Ling. Analysis (Philol. Soc.) p. vi, Palatograms, kymograms..specifically keyed to the linguistic analysis. 1966J. J. Katz Philos. of Lang. iii. 16 The leading philosophical movements..have concerned themselves with what they call ‘linguistic analysis’.
1945Aristotelian Soc. Suppl. Vol. XIX. 7 If anyone was ever a ‘*linguistic analyst’, surely Socrates was. 1957G. Ryle in C. A. Mace Brit. Philos. in Mid-Cent. 263, I gather that at this very moment British philosophy is dominated by some people called ‘linguistic analysts’. 1962Listener 17 May 851/1 You might well meet a philosopher described as a linguistic analyst.
1964E. A. Nida Toward Sci. Transl. iii. 36 The *linguistic-anthropological approach to meaning has in many respects paralleled developments in symbolic logic, though the immediate area of study in the two fields is different and the approach seemingly quite divergent.
1968D. Hymes in Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. 354/2 Through Boas the interest became an intrinsic part of American *linguistic anthropology.
1923H. R. Lang in Romanic Rev. XIV. 264 It will be clear from this that the study of the charts of this *linguistic atlas affords a deep insight into the various phases of the decline of the dialects of Italy. 1930Dialect Notes VI. ii. 67 The Linguistic Atlas of New England will provide an organized collection of the present forms of the spoken language. 1939Amer. Speech XIV. 64/2 Ten sets of 300 phonograph records representing all the present dialects of Germany. Recorded by Telefunken under the auspices of the Linguistic Atlas. 1952Dieth & Orton (title) A questionnaire for a linguistic atlas of England. 1954G. Bottiglioni in Martinet & Weinreich Ling. Today 261 The way in which the plan of a linguistic atlas is organized and carried out. 1975Times 6 Jan. 4/7 The next project will be the publication of a complete linguistic atlas which will trace on maps not only the use of specific words but of dialect sounds as well.
1921E. Sapir Lang. iv. 62 *Linguistic form may and should be studied as types of patterning, apart from the associated functions. Ibid. vi. 127 In dealing with linguistic form, we have been concerned only with single words and with the relations of words in sentences. 1943Amer. Speech XVIII. 228 The flier forced down in Libya.., would have little interest in the linguistic form of the utterance, ‘I am an American’, in Arabic but he might forfeit his life by not knowing how to say it. 1964M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. i. 20 The least obvious distinction perhaps is that between grammar and lexis, since these are two aspects of linguistic form. Ibid. ii. 21 When we describe linguistic form..we are describing the meaningful internal patterns of language.
1952Word VIII. iii. 275 Who but Rohlfs combines a background of solid 19th century German scholarship with a thorough training as a *linguistic geographer?
1948Neophilologus XXXII. 175 In the absence of English *linguistic-geographical data, no more than tentative suggestions regarding the relation between English and its Continental cognates are as yet possible.
1926Germanic Rev. I. iv. 281 *Linguistic geography, as geography, is an aspect of human geography. 1930Dialect Notes VI. ii. 74 A course in the methods and the interpretation of the results of linguistic geography. 1933Linguistic geography [see historical a. 2 d]. 1934H. Kurath in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. LXXIV. 228 Linguistic geography undertakes to ascertain the distribution of linguistic features (dialectal features). 1939― (title) Handbook of the linguistic geography of New England. 1954G. Bottiglioni in Martinet & Weinreich Ling. Today 255 Linguistic geography owes its origin to the comparative method. 1968D. Hymes in Internat. Encycl. Social Sci. 359/2 Linguistic geography, or dialectology, and typological comparison, together with general linguistics, often are distinguished as well.
1944Amer. Speech XIX. 135 The book includes sixteen *linguistic maps and nineteen illustrations.
1951Mind LX. 104 These words should rejoice the heart of any present-day *Linguistic Philosopher. 1963W. H. Walsh Metaphysics i. 16 The brief ascendancy of the Logical Positivists came to an end and their place was taken by the so-called Linguistic Philosophers.
1957J. L. Austin in Proc. Aristotelian Soc. LVII. 9 There are, I know, or are supposed to be, snags in ‘*linguistic’ philosophy, which those not very familiar with it find, sometimes not without glee or relief, daunting. 1962Listener 22 Feb. 353/1 He was reputed to be the high priest of linguistic philosophy. 1966J. J. Katz Philos. of Lang. iii. 15 The leading philosophical movements in twentieth-century philosophy have been referred to..as ‘linguistic philosophy’.
1953J. B. Carroll Study of Lang. iii. 70 The study of verbal behavior..has variously been called the psychology of language, *linguistic psychology, or psycholinguistics. 1966M. Pei Story of Lang. (rev. ed.) xii. 286 The number of unsolved problems in the field of linguistic psychology is tremendous.
1922O. Jespersen Lang. 21 Nor did *linguistic science advance in the Middle Ages. 1933L. Bloomfield Lang. ii. 21 Linguistic science arose from relatively practical preoccupations, such as the use of writing, the study of literature and especially of older records, and the prescription of elegant speech. 1938Year's Work Eng. Stud. 1936 27 Philology (which scholars tend more and more to call ‘linguistic science’ or ‘linguistics’). 1971D. Crystal Ling. 36 It is also sometimes called linguistic science.
1934Amer. Speech IX. 88/1 *Linguistic scientists will find a rich ground for study if they will stop thinking of the written or printed Standard Language as solely a secondary, or derivative, form of speech.
1921E. Sapir Lang. x. 221 What are the most inclusive linguistic groupings, the ‘*linguistic stocks’, and what is the distribution of each. 1953Beals & Hoijer Introd. Anthropol. xvii. 524 As more and more languages are studied and compared intensively with each other, we may expect that the number of linguistic stocks will decrease.
B. n. [-ic 2.] The science of languages; philology.
a. sing. (Cf. F. linguistique, G. linguistik.) rare.
1837Whewell Hist. Induct. Sci. (1840) I. p. cxiv, We may call the science of languages linguistic, as it is called by the best German writers. 1870Lowell Study Wind. 334 Mr. Hooper is always weak in his linguistic.
b. pl.
1847in Webster. 1855in Ogilvie, Suppl. a1858S. W. Singer (Worc.), A work containing a complete chronological account of English lexicography and lexicographers would be a most acceptable addition to linguistics and literary history. 1875Whitney Life Lang. x. 191 A fundamental principle in linguistics. 1893Leland Mem. I. 112 The extreme interest which I take in philology and linguistics. 1902PMLA XVII. 104 Both linguistics and literature are proper university studies. 1908H. G. Wells War in Air iii. §4 He thought of himself performing feats with the sign language and chance linguistics. 1938[see linguistic science above]. 1953J. B. Carroll Study of Lang. iv. 113 Linguistics thus appears to have a bearing on all the social sciences. 1964M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. i. 9 The term ‘linguistic sciences’ covers two closely related but distinct subjects: linguistics and phonetics. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Ling. ii. 66 The linguist..may have to rely on sciences other than linguistics and on unsystematized ‘common sense’. 1972L. R. Palmer Descr. & Compar. Ling. xiii. 300 There are few discussions of this subject [sc. etymology]..in modern handbooks of linguistics.
c. appositive and Comb.
1958College English XX. 12/2 Linguistics-based metrical analysis. Ibid. 17/2 A few linguistics-manufactured accessories. 1965Canad. Jrnl. Ling. Fall 40 The long history of the linguistics-literary study opposition. |