| 释义 |
lingual, a. and n.|ˈlɪŋgwəl|
[ad. med.L. linguāl-is, f. lingua tongue. Cf. F. lingual.]
A. adj.
†1. Tongue-shaped (see quot.). Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 308 The .ix. cauterie is clepid linguale [L. cauterium linguale]. Ibid. 309 Superfluite of fleisch þat is vpon a mannes browis, þou schalt do awei wiþ a cauterie þat is clepid lingual, schape as it were a tunge of a brid.
2. Chiefly Anat. and Zool. Of or pertaining to the tongue, or to any tongue-like part (see lingua 1).
lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid, supplying the tongue. lingual bone, the hyoid bone (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1889). lingual nerve, a tactile and sensory nerve (a branch of the inferior maxillary division of the fifth cranial pair), supplying the tongue. lingual ribbon, in molluscs, = odontophore. lingual teeth, the chitinous band of teeth which is borne upon the odontophore.
1650Bulwer Anthropomet. 143 There are men somewhere who have really a double Tongue, with which they better perform the lingual offices then we do with one. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. xxxiv. 426 The labial palpi..might with equal propriety be denominated lingual palpi. 1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 287 The constrictor medius is covered, in its outer surface, by the hyo-glossus and lingual artery externally. 1848Carpenter Anim. Phys. 379 The branch of this proceeding to the tongue, is known as the lingual nerve. 1851–6Woodward Mollusca iv. 28 The lingual ribbon of the limpet is longer than the whole animal. 1858Owen in Murchison Siluria App. (1859) 562 Lingual teeth of gasteropods. 1862J. G. Jeffreys Brit. Conchol. I. 289 The tongue or lingual plate of Cochlicopa. 1880Günther Fishes 65 The lingual cartilage is large in all cyclostomes. 1880R. Rimmer Land & Freshwater Shells 23 Central lingual tooth minute. 1882Tryon Conchol. I. 94 At the lower posterior end is situated the lingual sheath, enclosing the odontophore.
3. Phonetics. Of sounds: Formed by the tongue.
As a term of phonetic classification, the word has been very variously applied: e.g. by Wilkins to most of the vowels, and to all the consonants exc. the labials and gutturals; some have appropriated it to the ‘divided’ sounds, l and r. In present use, it hardly survives exc. as a synonym for cerebral (e.g. in Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar, 1879).
1668Wilkins Real Char. iii. xiv. §2. 374 Then u, o, ♉, should be first, as being Labial, and α, a, e, ι, next, as Lingual, or Linguapalatal, and y last, as being Guttural. 1773W. Kenrick Dict., Rhet. Gram. §2. 3 He would be at no loss to perceive, that the guttural and nasal modes of enunciation are less pleasant than the labial and lingual. 1860O. W. Holmes Elsie V. (1861) 167 Not a lisp, certainly, but the least possible imperfection in articulating some of the lingual sounds.
4. a. Pertaining to the tongue as the organ of speech. b. Pertaining to language or languages.
1774Westm. Mag. II. 456, I was advised to take a country lodging for the benefit of the air; but as a lingual noise is not the only one I dislike, I was for ever changing my situation. 1813T. Busby Lucretius II. v. 1311 If others yet no language knew, Then, tell me, whence their lingual talent grew. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 415 He [a tongueless boy] underwent a strict examination as to..the lingual powers he still possessed. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. II. i. ii, One great difference between our two kinds of civil war; between the modern lingual or Parliamentary-logical kind, and the ancient or manual kind in the steel battle-field. 1855J. Wilson in Mitchell Mem. R. Nesbit (1858) 396 His lingual studies in India were almost altogether confined to the Marathi and to the elements of Sanskrit. 1871Blackie Four Phases i. 79 Your talk is not a mere exhibition of lingual dexterity; it means something. 1873Contemp. Rev. XXI. 928 The lingual ingenuities of logic.
B. n.
1. A lingual sound (see A. 3).
1668Wilkins Real Char. iii. xiv. §2. 374 In conformity with the common Alphabets, I begin [in enumerating the vowels] with the Linguals. a1709W. Baxter Let. in Gloss. Rom. Antiq. (1731) 409 The second Sort I call Linguals, which are proper to Mankind, and borrowed by Imitation from animal and other Sounds. 1817Duponceau in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1818) I. 261 Four linguals, zhim, shal, zed, and sin. 1871W. A. Hammond Dis. Nerv. System 36 The linguals and labials among letters are particularly troublesome.
2. Anat. The lingual nerve (see A. 2).
1877M. Foster Physiol. iii. i. 345 Here the sensory lingual was evidently the means of causing motor effects. |