| 释义 |
lexical, a.|ˈlɛksɪkəl|
[f. Gr. λεξικ-ός pertaining to words, λεξικ-όν lexicon + -al1.]
1. Pertaining or relating to the words or vocabulary of a language. Often contrasted with grammatical. lexical meaning, the meaning of a base in a paradigm, e.g. of love in loves, loved, loving, etc.; lexical change, lexical class, lexical form, lexical item, lexical morpheme, lexical rule, lexical set, lexical unit, lexical word (see quots.).
1836Card. Wiseman Sci. & Relig. I. ii. 71 These methods may be respectively called, lexical and grammatical comparison. 1864Pusey Lect. Daniel viii. 512 The grammatical and lexical peculiarities..which establish its late date. 1873Whitney Orient. Stud. 7 The language of the Vedas is an older dialect varying both in its grammatical and lexical character from the classical Sanskrit. 1933L. Bloomfield Lang. x. 166 To contrast the purely lexical character of a linguistic form with the habits of arrangement to which it is subject, we shall speak of it as a lexical form. Ibid. xvi. 271 Languages with an elaborate part-of-speech system..have parallel forms with the same lexical meaning for use in different syntactic positions. Ibid. 277 The relative frequency of the various lexical and grammatical units (morphemes and tagmemes) in a language can be studied. 1942Bloch & Trager Outl. Ling. Analysis iv. 68 The meaning of the base itself..is called lexical meaning. 1951G. A. Miller Lang. & Communication iv. 89 In the Oxford English Dictionary there are nearly half a million lexical units. 1958C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Ling. 429 Back-formation can..lead to lexical change, in the form of new morphemes. 1962H. C. Conklin in Householder & Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 124 Minimally, a lexical set consists of all semantically contrastive lexemes which in a given, culturally relevant context share exclusively at least one defining feature. 1963Bloomfield & Newmark Ling. Introd. Hist. Eng. iv. 145 Lexical morphemes are those whose grammatical characteristics can be accounted for by identifying them as members of morphological classes. Ibid. vi. 257 All lexical units generated from the same grammatical unit by the same lexical rule are said to belong to a single lexical class. Ibid. 282 The lexical word debtors has the root debt and the affixes -or and -s. 1964R. A. Hall Introd. Ling. liii. 254 Archaic features may be preserved in different lexical items in different places. 1965N. Chomsky Aspects of Theory of Syntax ii. 85 The lexical rule..now allows us to insert sincerity for the first complex symbol. 1966G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising ii. 21 There are thousands of examples of lexical items composed of a sequence of words: put out (= ‘extinguish’). 1967R. A. Waldron Sense & Sense Devel. v. 102 A system of this kind, a limited group of words forming some kind of range or scale of mutually excluding terms is often called a lexical set. 1967Lingua XVII. 34 Lexical words imply absence of grammatical meaning and vice versa. Ibid. 113 All members of the same paradigm are labeled as the same ‘word’ (lexical unit, lexeme). 1971J. B. Carroll et al. Word Frequency Bk. p. l, The basic color terms have often been studied as a lexical set, or semantic field. 1972P. H. Matthews Inflectional Morphol. ii. 11, I shall use orthographic forms in small capitals..to refer to Latin verbs qua lexical items.
2. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or connected, with a lexicon.
1873Brit. Q. Rev. LVII. 602 All the most important grammatical, exegetical, and lexical works have been laid under tribute. 1885Academy 3 Oct. 217/2 Lexical defining affords a wide scope for the application of the critical apparatus. Ibid. 432/2 The lexical index is, we think, too long. 1892F. S. Ellis (title) A Lexical Concordance to the Poetical Works of P. B. Shelley.
So lexiˈcalic a. rare = prec. 1.
Hence ˈlexicalist and ˈlexicalness (see quots.).
1860Marsh Lect. Eng. Lang. 141 The new element does not much affect the lexicalic character, but exhibits itself in the structure, the inflections and the syntax.
1967Lingua XVII. 35 There seem to be degrees of both ‘lexicalness’ and ‘grammaticalness’ in English. 1970N. Chomsky in Jacobs & Rosenbaum Readings Eng. Transformational Gram. 188 We might extend the base rules to accommodate the derived nominal directly (I will refer to this as the ‘lexicalist position’).
Add:[1.] lexical ambiguity, ambiguity arising from homonymy rather than from grammatical structure (as between brake ‘restrainer’ and brake ‘fence’, or well noun and well adverb); contr. with structural ambiguity s.v. *structural a. 5 b
[1956Amer. Speech XXXI. 102 The passage remains totally ambiguous; that is, its ambiguity is both structural and lexical.] 1970F. Brengelman Eng. Lang. vi. 71 For example, the structural and lexical ambiguity which we can tolerate in speech because we have a whole array of supplementary signalling devices—intonation, gestures, facial expressions, the physical context—cannot be tolerated in writing. 1980M. S. Seidenberg et al. Time-Course of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution in Context (ERIC Doc. 184–092) (microfiche) 2 Lexical ambiguity is one of the most extensively researched topics in the study of language composition. |