| 释义 |
▪ I. levy, n.1|ˈlɛvɪ|
Forms: 5 leve(e, levye, 5, 7 levie, 6 levey, 7 leavy, 5– levy.
[a. F. levée, f. lever to raise, levy:—L. levāre to raise.]
1. The action of levying:
a. The action of collecting an assessment, duty, tax, etc.
1427Rolls of Parlt. IV. 318/2 Labour and coustes hade for þe levee of þe same [revenue]. 1434Waterf. Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 297 The said Maire and Baliffs have leve of the said citsaine or dynsyn twies as much. 1496–7Act 12 Hen. VII, c. 12 §4 The Collectours deputed for the levy of the seid xvmes and xmes nowe graunted. 1512Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 19 §7 Suche direccion and order for the levey and payment therof as..shall theyr seme requysyte. 1635Mass. Col. Rec. (1853) I. 134 The constable of Dorchestr is ffined xxs for not retorneing his warrant for the last levy into the Court. 1714Steele Lover No. 16 (1723) 94 Sir Anthony stole the manner of this Levy from Lord Peters Invention. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, II. x. 252 The sole object of the Government was to settle the legal levy of the duties. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) IV. xxxviii. 312 He decreed the levy of one-twentieth upon the succession to property. 1874Green Sort Hist. v. §4. 244 In the eastern counties its levy [poll-tax] gathered crowds of peasants together.
transf.1872Yeats Growth Comm. 51 A levy was made upon nature for every delicacy of food and wines with which to spread the table.
b. The action of enrolling or collecting men for war or other purposes.
1607Shakes. Cor. v. v. 67 To..giue away The benefit of our Leuies. a1653Binning Serm. (1845) 490 What meant the Levy appointed immediately after Dunbar. 1843James Forest Days x, Arrange with bold Robin for a levy of as many yeomen as possible. 1859Jephson Brittany viii. 107 The Government endeavoured to carry out the celebrated levy of three hundred thousand men. 1879Froude Cæsar xxi. 354 As to the levies, the men enlist unwillingly.
†c. The action of collecting debts or enforcing the payment of fines. Obs.
1463Bury Wills (Camden) 43 That my executours..make levy of my dettys. 1702J. Logan in Pennsylv. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 150 As to fines—I have promoted and pressed their levy in this county to my utmost.
2. The amount or number levied:
a. † A duty, impost, tax. Obs. In a trade or benefit society: A call or contribution of so much per head.
1640in Virginia Mag. Hist. & Biog. V. 364 Francis Moryson..being appointed to collect and receive the levy belonging to Mr. George Sandys. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xi. 33 Offa charged this Leavy upon the Inhabitants dwelling in Nine several Diocesses. 1662Petty Taxes Pref., Great and heavy Leavies upon a poor people. a1680Butler Rem. (1759) I. 171 None but Kings have Pow'r to raise A Levy, which the Subject pays. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. i. viii. 280 The other ancient levies were in the nature of a modern land-tax. 1901Scotsman 8 Mar. 5/4 It was decided to call up a special levy from next week to cover the amount necessary.
transf.1873Tristram Moab x. 192 The only levy on our stores had been four bottles of raki.
b. A body of men enrolled; also pl. the individual men.
1611Bible 1 Kings v. 13 The leuie was thirtie thousand men. 1642Chas. I Message Parlt. 8 Apr. 4 With the Addition of these Leavies. 1775J. Trumbull in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 37 Our new levies will be at your camp with all convenient expedition. 1810Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1838) VI. 475 It has brought the Portuguese levies into action. 1826J. F. Cooper Mohicans (1829) I. vi. 79, I teach singing to the youths of the Connecticut levy. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 181 The levy was to consist of 1058 horse, and 3038 foot. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. (1872) VIII. xviii. xii. 18 Daun..is..perfecting his new levies. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. v. 312 The Danes put the irregular English levies to flight. 1887M. Morris Claverhouse x. (1888) 177 Some new levies of horse.
3. levy in mass [F. levée en masse]: a levy of all the able-bodied men in a country or district for military service.
1807Southey Espriella's Lett. (1808) I. 179 The levy in mass, the telegraph, and the income-tax are all from France. 1830W. Taylor Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry III. 425 Körner..stimulated the levy-in-mass of the nation.
4. In some public schools: A meeting called for discussion of any matter relating to the school.
1857Hughes Tom Brown i. viii, A levy of the School had been held, at which the captain of the School had got up, and after premising that [etc.]. Ibid., A levy of the sixth had been held on the subject. Ibid. i. ix, Holmes called a levy of his house.
5. Comb.: levy-money, † (a) bounty-money paid to recruits; (b) contributions called for from the members of a trade or benefit society.
1671R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 503 To learn at what rate they may have men, both as to the levy-money and the constant pay. 1702Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) V. 134 That there be allowed for levy money for the dragoons, {pstlg}12 for man and horse. 1777Hist. Eur. in Ann. Reg. 70/1 An unexpected demand made by the Landgrave of Hesse for levy money. 1894Westm. Gaz. 16 July 2/3 The..refusal of the Federationists to share with them the English levy money.
▪ II. levy, n.2|ˈlɛvɪ|
[Short for eleven pence or eleven-penny bit.]
†a. (See quot. 1859.)
b. local U.S. ‘The sum of twelve and a half cents; a ‘bit’’ (Cent. Dict.). Also local U.K., a shilling (obs.).
1829C. Sealsfield Tokeah II. ii. 22 ‘But them fips and levies,’ throwing a dirty leather bag with a dozen small silver coins upon the table, ‘must first go.’ 1832F. Trollope Dom. Manners Amer. I. 171 He drew from thence [sc. from his pocket] rather more dollars, half-dollars, levies, and fips, than his dirty little hand could well hold. 1837–47Neal Charcoal Sk., Crooked Disciple (1872) 204 (Funk), Give us a fip's worth of sheet and levy's worth of blanket. 1859Barlett Dict. Amer., Levy,..In..Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the Spanish real..twelve and a half cents. Sometimes called an elevenpenny bit. 1864Hotten Slang Dict. 170 Levy, a shilling.—Liverpool.
▪ III. levy, v.|ˈlɛvɪ|
Forms: 4, 6 leve, (6 lewe), 5 levee, 5–6 levie, 6–7 leavie, -y(e, levey, 5– levy.
[f. levy n.1 The early form leve may possibly be monosyllabic, and in that case would be a different word (cf. leave v.3), a. F. lever to raise, levy, from which the Eng. vb. levy derives most of its senses.]
1. a. trans. To raise (contributions, taxes); to impose (an assessment, rate, toll, etc.). Const. † of, on, upon.
1388Waterf. Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 292 If the Maire..wil not leve and areyse the said xls. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. cxcviii. 204, xl. M. li...was leuyed of his subiectes, and named..Dane Gelt. 1509–10Act 1 Hen. VIII, c. 19 Preamble, Your said Oratour..levyed severall Fynes of all the foresaid Manours. 1550Crowley Epigr. 1205 To leauye greate fines, or to ouer the rent. 1608Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 60 A sesment of ijs. the pounde shalbe leveyed presently through this parish. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. ii. 104 Ship-money was levied with the same severity, and the same rigour used in ecclesiastical courts. a1674― Surv. Leviath. (1676) 170 That he hath power to leavy mony. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 30 Bank keepers..must have power to levy upon the general, what they happen to loose unto particular men. 1726Swift Gulliver i. vi, The pension..is levied by the emperor's officers. 1786Burke W. Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 135 Levying the tribute of the whole on the little that remained. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, II. v. 129 [They] declared, that these rates could no longer be levied without a grant of Parliament. 1832Babbage Econ. Manuf. xxx. (ed. 3) 294 A fine should be levied on the delinquent. 1853C. Brontë Villette xiv, A subscription was annually levied on the whole school for the purchase of a handsome present. 1874Green Short Hist. ii. §6. 90 No toll might be levied from tenants of the Abbey farms.
†b. To raise (a sum of money) as a profit or rent; to collect (the amount of) a debt; also, to take the revenues of (land). Obs.
1469Bury Wills (Camden) 48 That the ferme of the seid londys..go to myne doughter Margerye tyll the summe of x marke be levyed for the seid Margerye. 1496W. Paston in P. Lett. III. 469 For as moche as..my dettis cannot be redely levied. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xxix. 43 He..wolde leuey the moyte of their landes to his owne vse. 1613Bury Wills (Camden) 162 My..mynde is yt he enter into the said tenemente and hould the same vntill owte of the revenewes therof he shall have levyed the same. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 419 To hold, till out of the rents and profits thereof the debt be levied.
c. To raise (a sum of money) by legal execution or process. Const. on (the goods of). Also, to levy execution for (a specified sum).
c1506Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 198 The berer shall goe to the Shereff with this exigent, & have from him a warrant to leve the sayd money, or els to take your body. 1669–70Marvell Corr. Wks. 1872–5 II. 308 [The fine] shall be levyd on the goods of any one or more persons that were there. 1795Wythe Decis. Virginia 13 By directing the execution to be levied for {pstlg}1,000.
absol.1885Law Times LXXVIII. 389/2 An execution creditor..levied on their goods for the purpose of realising his debt.
d. To impose (service) upon; to require (a person's) attendance.
[1611Bible 1 Kings ix. 21 Vpon those did Solomon leuie a tribute of bond-seruice vnto this day.] 1862Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. x. 203 They willingly undertook the tributary service which was levied upon them. 1871B. Taylor Faust (1875) I. xxi. 179 Ho, there! my friend! I'll levy thine attendance.
e. U.S. = charge v. 18.
1837J. C. Calhoun Wks. III. 36 Mr. Madison, under the impression that these papers would be favorably received by the Public..had levied several legacies upon them.
f. To impose a levy on (a person). Also refl.
1902Westm. Gaz. 17 June 9/1 The members will be levied 1s. yearly to support their candidate. 1921Ibid. 24 May 2/4 When the stoppage ceases the miners will levy themselves in order to meet these promissory notes.
2. a. Law. to levy a fine: see fine n. 6 b. (The expression also occurs with different sense: see 1.)
1483Act 1 Rich. III, c. 7 §1 Notes and Fines levied in the King's Courts..should be openly and solemnly read. 1642Perkins' Profit. Bk. iv. §256. 114 If..either of them levie a fyne unto other of the same land. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 420 When a fine was levied..the estate was in the cognizee or feoffee..by the common law. Ibid. V. 67 If the fine was proved to have been duly levied, then the party who refused to adhere to it was attached. 1844Williams Real Prop. (1877) 55 She was also prohibited from levying a fine.
b. To draw up (an objection, protest) in due form.
1660Stillingfl. Iren. i. i. (1662) 7 This objection will be soon leavied, that it is [etc.]. 1868E. Seyd Bullion 82 He must send the Bill to a Notary..who then levies Protest in due form.
†3. In various obsolete senses:
a. To set up (a fence, weir, etc.); to erect (a house); = AF. lever, Law Latin levare.
b. To plan out (ground).
c. To weigh (an anchor).
a.1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. v, Weares and other Engynes for fisshing ther made levyed fixed. 1513in Fowler Hist. C.C.C. (O.H.S.) 60 The sayd Master and Prior of St. Frideswith hath begunne to build and levie one house for a College. 1549Act 3 & 4 Edw. VI, c. 3 §2 It hapneth sometime, that some Man..hath made or levied a Ditch or Hedge. 1619Dalton Country Just. I. (1630) 135 The new levying or inhancing of Weares Mills [etc.]. 1741Viner Abridgm. XVI. 23 Levying of a Goss to intercept the Course of Fish.
b.1500–18Acc. Louth Steeple in Archæologia X. 74 Paid to William Thomas and William Palmer, levying the ground for to sett the broach upon.
c.1648Gage West. Ind. xxi. (1655) 195 We levying our anchor went on to Panama.
4. To enlist (armed men), enrol, bring into the field (soldiers, an army); to muster the available force of (a district). Also, to levy up.
c1500Melusine 135 The men of armes, that he leuyed fro the garnysons. 1557Act 4 & 5 Phil. & Mary c. 3 §1 To muster their Mati⊇s People..and to levie a nomber of them for the Service of their Mati⊇s. a1586Sidney Arcadia v. (1629) 447 With sufficient authoritie to leauie forces. 1614Raleigh Hist. World iii. (1634) 63 This was the last Fight of that huge Army leavied against Greece. 1649H. Guthry Mem. (1702) 45 The General and his Council appointed the Earl of Montross..to levy Fife, Strathern, Angus, and Merne. 1671L. Addison W. Barbary 40 A small Cavila, not able to levy above 500 in all. 1761–2Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. lxiv. 745 An army of twelve thousand men was suddenly levied. 1797Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1837) I. 17 Tippoo Sultaun suffered the military force which they had levied..to land in his country. 1843H. Gavin Feigned Dis. 11 Men apprehensive of being levied, or actually levied, or forced into the military or naval services.
fig.1599Middleton & Rowley Old Law iv. ii, Why should nature have that power in me To leavy up a thousand bleeding sorrowes. 1705J. Philips Blenheim 176 As when two adverse winds,..Engage with horrid shock,..Levying their equal force with utmost rage.
5. To undertake, commence, make (war). Const. against, on, upon.
Johnson says: ‘This sense, though Milton's, seems improper’, presumably because there is no similar use of F. lever; but it is a natural development from sense 4.
1471in Warkworth's Chron. (Camd.) 57 To levee werre ayenst him. 1543–4Act 35 Hen. VIII, c. 12 The kynge..is forced.. to leuy warre, and to prosecute his saide ennemies. 1659Priv. Devotions in Gentl. Calling (1679) 160 So levying War against Thee with thine own Treasure. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 219 The Syrian King..Assassin-like had levied Warr, Warr unproclam'd. a1720Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) II. 111 A meer design of deposition, imprisonment, or levying war, are not within the bare words of this law. 1761Hume Hist. Eng. I. xi. 238 They..then proceeded without further ceremony to levy war upon the king. 1789Constitution U.S. iii. §3 Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them. 1814Cary Dante, Par. xxvii. 47 [Those] that do levy war On the baptized. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. vii. vi. (1864) IV. 202 Crusades will hereafter be levied against those who dared impiously to [etc.].
†6. To raise, discontinue (a siege); to break up (a camp). Obs.
1542Seymour in St. Papers Hen. VIII, IX. 201 The segge beynge lewed from beforre the towne of Pest the 7th day of October. 1548Edw. VI Jrnl. in Lit. Rem. (Roxb.) II. 223 The sieg being levied th'erle of Shrewsbery entred it. 1579Fenton Guicciard. (1618) 256 There was made no more doubt to leuie the Campe. 1588Exhort. to Faithf. Subj. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 102 Porcenna..forthwith levied the siege. 1600Holland Livy xxxvi. x. 925 Albeit hee saw that the siege was levied..yet [etc.]. 1628Hobbes Thucyd. (1629) 74 They sent Ambassadours againe to Athens commanding them to leuy the Siege from before Potidæa.
¶7. Wrongly used for level v.
1618Breton Court & Country (Grosart) 6/1 Winking with one eye, as though hee were leuying at a Woodcocke. a1634Randolph De Histrice 2 Poems (1638) 26 Fam'd Stymphall, I have heard, thy birds in flight Shoot showers of arrowes forth all levied right.
Hence ˈlevied ppl. a.
1768Hume Ess. xxxiii. 243 How distinguish the new from the old levied soldiers? 1819R. Chapman Life Jas. V, 160 They are only new levied men, and undisciplined. 1837W. Irving Capt. Bonneville III. 105 A new levied band of hunters and trappers.
▪ IV. levy
obs. form of leavy a., levee1 and levee2. |