| 释义 |
▪ I. levee, n.1 U.S.|lɪˈviː, ˈlɛviː|
Also 9 levy.
[ad. F. levée, fem. of levé, pa. pple. of lever to raise.]
1. a. An embankment to prevent the overflow of a river.
1718–20Dumont Plan N. Orleans in J. Winsor Mississ. Basin (1895) 151. 1770 P. Pittman Europ. Settlem. Mississ. 10 The town [New Orleans] is secured from the inundations of the river by a raised bank, generally called the Levée. 1812J. Cutler Topogr. Descr. Ohio 90 Here commences the embankment or Levee, on the western side of the river. 1850B. Taylor Eldorado i. (1862) 6 Broad fields of sugar cane..came down to the narrow levee which protects them from the floods. 1883Encycl. Amer. I. 197/1 The levee—or levy, as it is often written—is the name of the embankment itself. 1895J. Winsor Mississ. Basin 158 Perier had completed his levee along the river.
attrib.1877Burroughs Taxation 29 A levee tax was laid.
b. Geol. A low broad ridge of water-laid sediment running along the side of a stream channel; also, any of various similar natural embankments, as those formed by mud flows or lava flows, or along a submarine channel.
1870in L. C. Cramton Early Hist. Yellowstone Nat. Park (1932) 129 Passing over a sand levee, grown up with sagebrush, we found ourselves on the open beach of the great Yellowstone Lake. Ibid. 137 The shoreline is bordered by a levee of obsidian, lava pebbles, and calcareous fragments, cutting off and inclosing ponds of water behind it. 1910Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1909 260 Deltas occasionally take the form of long, narrow ridges upon one or both sides of a stream, resembling the natural levees in the ‘goosefoot’ of the Mississippi. 1942Jrnl. Geomorphol. V. 222 (heading) Mudflow levees. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. i. 99 Levees may form along the water courses. 1962E. A. Vincent tr. Rittmann's Volcanoes i. 33 When the supply of lava diminishes and finally comes to an end, the still-fluid lava inside the stream continues to flow out and the mantle of scoriae collapses, leaving a more or less even flow of scoriaceous block lava (clinker lava), flanked on both sides by upstanding block walls, called lava moraines (scoria moraines, lava levées). 1964Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geol. XLVIII. 1141/2 Trawl No. 23 was taken from a natural levee [of the Congo Submarine Canyon] and although the water depth was more than 500 fathoms greater than that of trawl No. 22, there was no marked decrease in diversity and abundance of animal life. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 651/2 Alluvial streams flowing on flood plains commonly develop natural levees. Each levee is a low, wide ridge located immediately adjacent to the channel. 1972G. A. Macdonald Volcanoes v. 84 Overflows spread lava a few feet on either side of the river... Repeated overflows gradually build up natural levees.
2. A landing-place, pier, quay.
1842H. Caswall City of Mormons 3 The landing-place (or levée, as it is denominated).
attrib.1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Levee-dues, shipping or landing dues paid at a levee.
▪ II. levee, n.2|ˈlɛviː|
Also 8 levy, 9 levée.
[ad. F. levé, variant of lever (Littré lever n. 3) rising (subst. use of lever inf. to rise): cf. couchee.
All our verse quotations place the stress on the first syllable. In England this is the court pronunciation, and prevails in educated use. The pronunciation |lɪˈviː| or |lɛˈviː|, which is given by Walker, is occasionally heard in Great Britain, and appears to be generally preferred in the U.S.]
†1. The action of rising, spec. from one's bed. Obs.
1700Congreve Way of World iv. i, O, nothing is more alluring than a Levee from a Couch, in some Confusion. 1727Philip Quarll (1816) 75 An old monkey..quietly waiting his levee, to entice him to come. 1784R. Bage Barham Downs I. 129 Their levee was honoured with the presence of the constable. 1796Stedman Surinam II. xviii. 55 He [the planter] is next accosted by his overseer, who regularly every morning attends at his levee. 1827R. Pollok Course T. vii, Birds, In levee of the morn, dawn's advent hailed.
2. A reception of visitors on rising from bed; a morning assembly held by a prince or person of distinction.
1672Dryden Marr. à la Mode ii. i, You shall be every day at the king's levee and I at the queen's. 1697Vanbrugh Relapse i. iii, Sure my Gentleman's grown a Favourite at Court, he has got so many People at his Levee. 1719D'Urfey Pills (1872) I. 110 At his Levy no Crowds you see. 1732Pope Ep. Bathurst 58 Sir, Spain has sent a thousand jars of oil; Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door; A hundred oxen at your levee roar. 1765Goldsm. Double Transform. 54 Fond to be seen, she kept a bevy Of powder'd coxcombs at her levy. 1819Byron Juan i. cxxxix, Without a word of previous admonition, To hold a levee round a lady's bed. 1820Lamb Elia Ser. i. Christ's Hosp., The Lions in the Tower—to whose levee..we had a prescriptive title to admission. 1874Green Short Hist. x. §1. 716 The levees of the Ministers were crowded with lawn sleeves. 1887E. Dowden Life Shelley I. i. 7 Louis XVI's last levée.
b. In Great Britain and Ireland, an assembly held (in the early afternoon) by the sovereign or his representative, at which men only are received.
1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1792) I. 110 The minister had afterwards introduced him to his majesty in full levee. 1770Publ. Advertiser 10 Mar., His Majesty's Levee began at a quarter past two. 1797F. Burney Let. to Dr. Burney 13 Sept., A levee is announced for Wednesday..and a drawing-room on Thursday. 1809G. Rose Diaries (1860) II. 411 At the Levée..Mr. Wellesley Pole kissed hands. 1825Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 63 My presentation, as usual, to the King and Queen, at their levées. 1834Macaulay Ess., Pitt (1851) 301 The King would be civil to him at the levee. 1837Thackeray Ravenswing vii, He goes to the Levée once a year. 1896Law Times C. 408/1 On the occasion..of Lord Cadogan's first Viceregal levée in Dublin Castle.
c. A miscellaneous assemblage of visitors, irrespective of the time of day; applied (U.S.) to the President's receptions.
1766M. Cutler in Life, etc. (1888) I. 12 A second grand levee at Ellis' Inn. 1831Sir J. Sinclair Corr. II. 100 Several ladies attended the evening levee of the Minister of the Home Department. 1837H. Martineau Soc. Amer. III. 96 The President's levee presents many facilities for ridicule. 1842Dickens Amer. Notes viii, It was on the occasion of one of those general assemblies which are held on certain nights, between the hours of nine and twelve o'clock, and are called, rather oddly, Levees.
transf.1825Hone Every-day Bk. I. 993 The dogs..held a levee.
†3. The company assembled at a levee; attendance of visitors. Obs.
1701Farquhar Sir H. Wildair ii. i, They were fisted about among his dirty Levee of Disbanded Officers. 1717L. Howel Desiderius (ed. 3) 180 Sanctify my heart, that I may be worthy to be one of thy divine Levy. 1753Hanway Trav. (1762) I. iii. xxix. 127, I was again honored with a numerous levee. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters I. 171 Charlemagne received his levee in a great bath. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 5 June, Going round the levee, [he] spoke to every individual.
4. attrib. and Comb., as levee-day, levee-dress, levee-haunting, levee-hunting, levee-man, levee-morn, levee-room, levee vow.
1726Swift Gulliver iii. vi, At every *levee-day repeat the same operation. 1789Hamilton Wks. (1886) VII. 44 The President to have a levee day once a week for receiving visits. 1833Marryat P. Simple xl, The day after his arrival..was a levee day.
1897Geneal. Mag. Oct. 325 All gentlemen present wore *levée dress.
1712Addison Spect. No. 547 ⁋5 Such as are troubled with the Disease of *Levee-haunting.
1744Warburton Rem. Occas. Refl. 143 *Levy-hunting.
1721–2Amherst Terræ Fil. xiii. (1726) 67 To domineer over their masters' clients, and *levee-men.
1812Moore Intercepted Lett. ii. 20 Last *Levee-morn he look'd it through.
1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 133 The earl left his young friend a while in the *levee-room. 1836in Byron's Wks. (1846) 533/2 On entering the levee-room at Holyrood.
1763Churchill Duellist iii. 48 The private squeeze, the *Levee vow.
▪ III. levee, v.1 U.S.|lɪˈviː|
[f. levee n.1]
trans. To raise a levee or embankment along (a river); to raise levees or embankments in (a district). Also, to shut or keep off by means of a levee.
1832R. Baird View of Valley of Mississippi xxii. 269 Much has been done to levee or embank the Mississippi River. 1837J. L. Williams Territory of Florida 45 Where there is clay enough in the soil, to form good embankments, the waters might be leveed off. 1847J. Palmer Jrnl. Trav. Rocky Mts. 121 Several islands in the river might be leveed and successfully cultivated. 1877Burroughs Taxation 75 An act incorporated certain persons for the purpose of leveeing and draining a district.
So leˈveeing vbl. n.
1845Indiana Senate Jrnl. 364 An act to authorize the leveeing of Blue river, in Shelby county. 1858De Bow's Review Oct. (Bartlett), How are we to be protected [from overflow]? By leveeing.
▪ IV. † ˈlevee, v.2 Obs.
[f. levee n.2]
trans. To attend the levees of; to pursue at levees.
1725Young Love Fame iv. 129 Warm in pursuit, he Levées all the great. 1757E. Griffith Lett. Henry & Frances (1767) IV. 158 You may levee him fifty Times, without being admitted by his Swiss porter. 1770Foote Lame Lover i. 7 The paltry ambition of levying and following titles. |