| 释义 |
▪ I. † ˈlavender, n.1 Obs.
Forms: 4–5 lavendere, 4–6 lavendre, 5 lavan-, -en-, -under, -dyre, 4– lavender. Also in contracted form launder.
[a. OF. lavandier masc., lavandiere fem. (mod.F. lavandière fem.) = Sp. lavandero masc., -era fem., Pg. lavandeira fem., It. lavandaio masc., lavandaja, lavandara fem., ad. late L. lavandārius, -āria (whence OHG. laventari, ladantari ‘fullo’), f. lavanda (orig. neut. pl. ‘things to be washed’, but in Rom. used as fem. sing.: cf. It. lavanda washing), f. lavāre to wash: see lave v.
Cf. L. lavandāria neut. pl. (occurring once) ‘things to be washed’. For the formation cf. also med.L. referendarius.]
A washerwoman, laundress. † Formerly also (rarely), a man who washes clothes, a washerman.
[a1300Chron. Petroburg. (Camden No. 47) 122 De catallis Johannis le Lavandere, fugitivi.] a1310in Wright Lyric P. xv. 49 Prude wes my plowe fere, Lecherie my lavendere. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. Prol. 358 Enuye..is lauender In the grete court alway. c1430Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 2328 The lauenders she saw in the floode, Ful besilie washing a shert. c1470Harding Chron. cxciii. ii, Ladies faire with their gentilwomen Chamberers also and lauenders. a1483in Househ. Ord. (1790) 85 Of the whiche soape the seyde clerke spicers shalle take allowaunce in his dayly dockette by the recorde of the seide yeoman lavender. 1501Will of Wadyngton (Somerset Ho.), My lavendre Kateryne Gybbes. a1536Will of P'cess Catharine in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. lxix. 170, I ordain that my lavander be paid of that which is due unto her. 1567in Chalmers Mary (1818) 177 Lauandrie. Margaret Balcomie, lauander.
▪ II. lavender, n.2 and a.|ˈlævɪndə(r)|
Forms: 3–6 lavendre, 5 lavendere, 6–7 lavander, 6– lavender. Also 6 Sc. lavand.
[a. AF. lavendre (OF. *lavandre, whence mod. Prov. alebandro) for *lavendle:—med.L. lavendula, also lavandula, livendula, livendola (10–11th c. in Goetz Corp. Gll. Latin. III. 629/5), levindola, lavindula; cf. It. lavendola (Diez; not in Dicts.), Sp. lavándula (in Dicts. only as a botanical name); also F. lavande (cited from Christine de Pisan, 14–15th c.), It., Sp. lavanda. The med.L. lavendula was taken into OHG. or early MHG. as lavendla (in MSS. of 12th c.; see Ahd. Glossen III. 105), whence MHG. and early mod.G. lavendel(e, lobendel, lobengele, laubangel, lavandel, lavander, lafander; the standard form in Ger., Du., Sw., Da. is now lavendel.
The current hypothesis is that med.L. lavendula is a corrupt form of lavandula, a dim. of the shorter word which appears in It. as lavanda (see above). This is commonly identified with It. lavanda ‘washing’, the supposition being that the name refers to the use of the plant either for perfuming baths (so already in 16th c. writers) or as laid among freshly washed linen (see 2 below). But on the ground of sense-development this does not seem plausible; a word literally meaning ‘washing’ would hardly without change of form come to denote a non-essential adjunct to washing. Besides, the earliest form appears to be livendula; if this could be connected with L. līvēre to be livid or bluish, the sense would be appropriate, but the formation is obscure; M. Paul Meyer suggests, as a possibility, that the original form may have been *līvindula for *līvidula, f. līvidus livid. (A med.L. word of about the same date and of app. similar form is calendula marigold.) It is not certain that the word has not changed its application, as in early glosses livendula, lavendula, are given as synonymous with samsucus and amaracus, which properly mean ‘marjoram’; but plant-names were applied often very loosely. The It. lavanda, F. lavande, would seem to be a back-formation from med.L. lavandula.]
A. n.
1. a. The plant Lavandula vera (family Labiatæ), a small shrub with small pale lilac-coloured flowers, and narrow oblong or lanceolate leaves; it is a native of the south of Europe and Northern Africa, but cultivated extensively in other countries for its perfume. Also applied, usually with defining word, to the two other species of Lavandula, L. Spica (distinguished as French lavender and † lavender spike), and L. Stœchas (formerly † lavender gentle).
oil of lavender, the essential oil obtained by distillation of the blossoms of L. vera, used in medicine and perfumery. An inferior kind is obtained from the two other species, and is used in making varnishes and for other industrial purposes; that from L. Spica is called ‘oil of spike’.
c1265Voc. Plants in Wr. Wülcker 557/9 Lauendula, lauendre. c1440Promp. Parv. 290/1 Lavendere, herbe, Lavendula. c1450Alphita (Anecd. Oxon.) 92/1 Lavendula, gall. et angl. lauendre. 1530Palsgr. 237/2 Lavendre an herbe, lauende. 1538Turner Libellus, Lavender, pseudo-..nardus. c1550Lloyd Treas. Health (1585) L j, Take of lauender gentle .ᵹ. & a half. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xv. 9 Thow Lauand, lurk; thow time, be tint; Thow Margelene, swaif. 1573Baret Alv., Lauander..lauendula. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 66 Lavender is called in Latine Lavanda or Lavendula. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. lxxxvi. 264 Lauender is of two sortes, male and female. 1597Gerarde Herbal ii. clxxix. (1633) 584 Lavender Spike is called in Latine Lavendula. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. iv. iv. 104 Here's flowres for you: Hot Lauender, Mints, Sauory, mariorum. a1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. iii. vi. 280 The Seeds of Lavander kept a little warm and moist, will turn into Moths. 1751Hill Hist. Mat. Med. 424 Lavender has at all times been famous as a cephalic, nervous, and uterine medicine. 1796C. Marshall Garden. xvi. (1813) 268 Lavender..is for its pleasant aromatic scent found in most gardens. 1859Gullick & Timbs Paint. 209 The English oil of lavender, or the inferior foreign oil of spike (a larger species of lavender), is preferred in enamel painting.
b. Applied to certain other plants. sea lavender, Statice Limonium; also called † marsh lavender (obs.), lavender thrift. † lavender of Spain = lavender cotton.
1530Palsgr. 237/2 Lavendre of Spaygne, cipres. 1597Gerarde Herbal ii. lxxxvii. §2. 333 The people neere the sea side where it groweth do call it Marsh Lauander, and Sea Lauander. 1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 316 Sea Lavender, Statice. 1837Macgillivray Withering's Brit. Plants (ed. 4) 154 S[tatice] Limonium, Lavender Thrift.
c. Phr. lavender and old lace: the title of a novel and play used to describe a gentle and ‘old-fashioned’ style.
The novel by Myrtle Reed was published in 1902 and the dramatized version by Rose Warner in 1938.
1966Guardian 25 Nov. 14/7 Arthur Pollard..is largely concerned to dispel the notion that Mrs Gaskell is a writer of ‘lavender and old lace’. 1966M. Steen Looking Glass v. 88 E. V. Lucas..never wrote twaddle: the lavender and old lace of his titles masked erudition. 1968Hocking & Healey Murder cries Out iv. 54 This astounded gentleman..had received a description of Miss Willoughby as all ‘lavender and old lace’.
2. The flowers and stalks of Lavandula vera, placed among linen or other clothes in order to preserve them from moths when they are to be stored for some time. to lay (up) in lavender: (a) to lay aside carefully for future use; (b) slang, to pawn; (c) to put out of the way of doing harm, as a person by imprisoning him or the like.
1584Stanford Churchw. Acc. in Antiquary XVII. 210/1 It. lavender for the churche clothes. 1589Nashe Pref. Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 8 Bought at the deerest though they smell of the friplers lauander halfe a yeere after. 1592Greene Upst. Courtier (1871) 34 He is ready to lend the loser money upon rings..or any other good pawn, but the poor gentleman pays so dear for the lavender it is laid up in, that [etc.]. 1605Chapman, etc. Eastw. Ho. G 2, Good faith rather then thou shouldest pawne a rag more il'e lay my ladiship in lauender, If I knew where. 1628Earle Microcosm., Yng. rawe Preacher (Arb.) 23 He..ha's a iest still in lauender for Bellarmine. a1639Wotton Let. to Walton in Reliq. (1651) 512 Yours hath lyen so long by me (as it were in lavender) without an answer. 1648Petit. East. Assoc. 9 It is the duty of a State to lay him [the king] solemnly in such kind of Lavender as grows in the 27 of Deuteronomy. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Layd-up-in Lavender, when any Cloaths or other Moveables are pawn'd or dipt for present Money. 1822Scott Nigel xxiii, Lowestoffe is laid up in lavender only for having shown you the way into Alsatia. 1826― Mal. Malagr. ii, The ornaments are redeemed from the pawn-brokers, worn perhaps on the Sunday, and returned to lavender (as the phrase goes) on the next Monday. 1858Thackeray Virgin. I. xxxiii. 258 What woman..has not the bridal-favours and raiment stowed away, and packed in lavender, in the inmost cup⁓boards of her heart? 1888Academy 18 Feb. 111/3 The old maid..with her little romance carefully preserved in the lavender of memory.
3. The colour of lavender-flowers, a very pale blue with a trace of red.
1882Garden 16 Dec. 533/3 Chrysanthemums,..Fée Rageuse, a large recurved flower..colour white tinted with lavender. 1886Fenn Master Ceremonies i, They were of richest purple, fading into lavender and grey.
4. Cinemat. Positive stock, or a positive print, used for producing duplicate negatives; also (quot. 1936), a print made from such a negative.
1936C. B. DeMille in Words Oct. 6/1 A ‘lavender’ is something often spoken of in the industry... It is a print made from a negative on lavender stock, which is a weak print from a weak negative, because lavender negatives are only copies of the film originally exposed in the camera and are therefore not as sharp. 1959W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 106/1 Lavender, the name given to an obsolescent type of master positive stock with a lavender tinted base. The name remains in use to describe a master positive. 1973D. A. Spencer Focal Dict. Photogr. Technol. 340 Lavender, fine grain motion picture film used for making duplicate black and white negatives..and coated on lavender tinted base to minimise halation and prevent confusion with ordinary positive stocks. Modern duplicating stock is on a grey tinted base and differs sufficiently in appearance from ordinary positive that the lavender tint is not necessary.
5. attrib. and Comb., as lavender-growing; lavender-blue, lavender-brown, lavender-coloured, lavender-grey, lavender-hued, lavender-scented adjs.; lavender bag, a bag containing dried lavender; lavender cream, lavender-scented cream or furniture-polish; also lavender furniture cream; lavender drawer, a drawer containing or scented with lavender; lavender drop, a drop (sense 4) medicated with lavender; lavender polish = lavender cream; also lavender floor polish; lavender sachet = lavender bag; lavender soap, soap perfumed with lavender; also lavender toilet soap; lavender-sugar, a sweetmeat medicated with lavender; lavender wax = lavender cream.
1865Geo. Eliot Let. 6 Feb. in J. W. Cross George Eliot's Life (1885) II. xii. 396, I want to send my love, lest all the old messages shall have lost their scent, like old *lavender bags. 1923A. Huxley Antic Hay iv. 55 Give me..a lavender bag under every pillow. 1965M. Sharp Sun in Scorpio iii. xxv. 131 Elspet was peddling lavender-bags.
1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 28 *Lavender blue—blue with a mixture of grey, and a shade of red. 1936Burlington Mag. Jan. 9/1 Vase with lavender-blue glaze splashed or suffused with purple.
1813Sketches Charac. (ed. 2) I. 218 Spangled crape petticoat, with *lavender brown train.
1901Westm. Gaz. 7 Sept. 1/3 Our *lavender-coloured view of life. 1936J. C. Powys Maiden Castle (1937) 40 A vision of lavender-coloured tights.
1926–7Army & Navy Stores Catal. 1128/2 Hair and toilet preparations..*Lavender cream. c1938Fortnum & Mason Price List 36/1 Furniture polish..Lavender Cream..per jar 1/6.
1863Dickens Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings i, in All Year Round Extra Christmas No., 3 Dec. 9/1 An advertisement..which I mean always carefully to keep in my *lavender drawer.
1811Jane Austen Sense & Sens. II. vii. 126 Some *lavender drops..which she was at length persuaded to take, were of use. 1969A. E. Lindop Sight Unseen xix. 158 A clean smell of *lavender floor polish.
1926–7Army & Navy Stores Catal. 297/2 *Lavender furniture cream.
1834M. Somerville Connex. Phys. Sci. xix. (1849) 181 Visible rays of a *lavender grey colour. 1936Burlington Mag. Jan. 4/1 Buff ware with a crackled lavender-grey glaze.
1900Daily News 28 Aug. 5/1 Some persons find *lavender-growing very profitable.
1901Westm. Gaz. 7 Sept. 1/3, I speak from experience, having lately reached the *lavender-hued period. 1961J. Stroud Touch & Go v. 49 The aggressive *lavender-polish aroma denoting the house-proud matriarch. 1966L. Deighton Billion-Dollar Brain v. 51 There was a sweet smell of lavender polish as we walked through a couple of rooms.
1938R. Field All this, & Heaven Too (1939) iv. 65 The lavender *sachets in her bureau drawers. 1973‘S. Harvester’ Corner of Playground i. 49 Who can make tea with a bloody bag like a lavender sachet?
1855Mrs. Gaskell North & S. II. xxi. 283 Smoothing down the bed, and despatching Jenny for an armful of *lavender-scented towels. 1871M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. I. ii. 60 Linen lavender-scented. 1938O. Sitwell et al. Trio 124, I care for him [sc. de la Mare] less when he is in a melancholy mood, for the poems then have a tendency to become a little too lavender-scented. 1974J. Wainwright Evidence I shall Give xv. 58 Lavender-scented handkerchiefs.
1875E. Spon Workshop Receipts 385 *Lavender Soap.—The basis of Windsor soap, scented with oil of lavender. 1949D. Smith I capture Castle ii. ix. 133 Rose was..varnishing her nails; the varnish had been her special treat... I had lavender soap. 1961A. Wilson Old Men at Zoo i. 35 The Director caught up with me, all redolent with lavender soap to greet his lady wife, as he was apt to call her.
1810Splendid Follies I. 19 Hand *lavender-sugar to the old man.
1890–91T. Eaton & Co. Catal. Fall & Winter 42/1 Sweet *lavender toilet soap. 1970M. Kelly Spinifex vi. 97 A large bedroom scented with years of *lavender wax.
B. adj.
1. Of the colour of lavender-flowers (see A. 3). Also in Comb.
1882Garden 20 May 354/3 Clematises..with flowers of a delicate lavender shade. 1883Congregationalist Nov. 900 He moved on, with springy step, wearing lavender kid gloves. 1890‘Rolf Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 162 The lavender-kid-wearing tribe of modern youth. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 341 Obanjo evidently thought him too much of a lavender-kid-glove gentleman to deal with bush trade.
†2. Photogr. lavender rays, ultraviolet radiation. Obs.
1840J. F. W. Herschel in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CXXX. 20 As orange, indigo, and violet, vegetable tints, are used for those of the prismatic hues, I may be allowed to express by the epithet lavender the rays which produce the tint in question, rather for the purpose of abbreviating the uncouth appellation of ultra-violet..than for that of laying any undue stress on the observed fact. 1842Ibid. CXXXII. 191 If the action of the spectrum be prolonged, a much feebler whitening becomes sensible in the red, and a trace of it also beyond the violet into the ‘lavender’ rays. 1858Sutton & Worden Dict. Photogr. 248 The faintly luminous rays beyond the violet end of the spectrum are called ‘lavender rays’. 1911Cassell's Cycl. Photogr. 329/2 Lavender rays, a term (now practically obsolete) applied to the commencement of the ultraviolet rays just beyond the visible violet. [1922A. E. H. Tutton Crystallogr. II. li. 1139 This ultra-violet lamp is visible to the eye at close quarters owing to fluorescence of the retina of the eye itself; and the field of vision appears filled with a haze known as ‘lavender fog’, owing to fluorescence of the crystalline lens of the eye.]
Add:[A.] [1.] d. fig. Effeminacy; homosexuality or homosexual tendencies; esp. in dash, streak of lavender.
1929C. Porter I'm a Gigolo (song) I'm a famous gigolo, And of lavender, my nature's got just a dash in it. 1931G. Fowler Great Mouthpiece ix. 99 (heading) An allegation in lavender. 1935A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 115/2 Streak of lavender, an effeminate man; a sissy. 1941G. Legman in G. W. Henry Sex Variants II. App. vii. 1170 There are said to be ‘seven recognized stages of homosexuality, from ga-ga to the ‘deeper tones’ of lavender’. 1972B. Rodgers Queens' Vernacular 124 Your trip to Tijuana certainly brought out your deeper tones of lavender. 1992New Republic 4 May 26/3 Rick is so hard-boiled that any touch of lavender is wiped away.
[5.] lavender oil, a scented oil distilled from lavender flowers.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 399 According to Gastell, spike-oil is obtained from the leaves and stalks, true *lavender-oil from the flowers, of several species of Lavendula. 1990P. Melville Shape-Shifter (1991) 64 ‘Lavender oil,’ interrupted Pistol-Man loudly from behind Vera's shoulder. ‘Give she lavender oil.’ 1991Artist Nov. 14/2 A drop of oil of spike (lavendar oil) should be added to preserve the egg.
[B.] 3. [freq. as attrib. use of sense *1 d of the n.] fig. Refined, genteel, sentimental; hence (esp. of a man) effeminate, homosexual.
1928S. O'Casey Let. 15 June (1975) I. 280, I am very sorry..that I have hurt the refined sentimentalities of C. W. Allen by neglecting to use the lavender..language of the 18th and 19th centuries. 1973C. Williams Man on Leash i. 1 He had no flowers to deposit on the grave and would have felt too uncomfortable and self-conscious in such a lavender-gesture anyway. 1974Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Feb. 112/2 Susan Ferrier..can at least be credited with a certain lavender charm. 1979Guardian 26 June 7/8 The effect of Lavender Power is worth examining... Gay achievements are impressive. 1986Times 22 Feb. 8/6 An opinion often encountered..among Americans and Australians—that Britain is crawling with the lavender mob. 1991Village Voice (N.Y.) 5 Feb. 67/3 Gone are the days when all that was visible of lavender sci fi were those long, lustful glances between Kirk and Spock.
▪ III. ˈlavender, v.
[f. lavender n.2]
trans. To perfume with lavender; to put lavender among (linen).
1820Keats Eve St. Agnes xxx, In blanched linen, smooth, and lavender'd. 1839H. Rogers Ess. II. iii. 148 The word ‘stench’ is lavendered over into ‘unpleasant effluvia’, or an ‘ill odour’. a1845Hood Two Peacocks of Bedfont xxv, The solemn clerk goes lavender'd and shorn. 1874M. Collins Transmigr. III. i. 3, I lay there, amid lavendered linen. 1875Tennyson Q. Mary iii. v, It shall be all my study for one hour To rose and lavender my horsiness. 1893M. Gray Last Sentence i. v, Snowy linen lavendered by the young bride's own hands.
¶ Used (after lavender n.1) for launder v. 1.
1843Willis New Mirror (Cent.), The smell of soap, from the lavendering in the back-yard. |