| 释义 |
lateral, a. and n.|ˈlætərəl|
[ad. L. laterālis, f. later-, latus side. Cf. F. latéral.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of or pertaining to the side; situated at or issuing from the side; side-. † In quot. 1600, of a look: Directed sideways.
lateral branch (of a family): a branch descended from a brother or sister of a person in the direct line of descent. lateral moraine: see the n. † judge lateral: an assessor; cf. side judge.
1600B. Jonson Underwoods xxiii. (In Authorem), One coming with a lateral view, Unto a cunning piece wrought perspective, Wants faculty to make a censure true. 1611Florio, Laterale, laterall, of one or some side, belonging to a side. 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 779 A Judge-lateral, adsessor. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., Judge Lateral, one that assists and sits on the Bench with another Judge; an Assessour. 1730A. Gordon Maffei's Amphith. 287 The four lateral Arches at the two greatest Gates. 1787M. Cutler in Life, etc. (1888) I. 289 He has but one son, whose name is Jesse, which has been much of a family name in the lateral branches. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 200, I..found my way to a lateral portal which was the every-day entrance to the mansion. 1831Brewster Optics xxxi. 261 There is produced the appearance of two persons moving in opposite directions, constituting what has been termed a lateral mirage. 1850Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) I. vii. 284 By a lateral movement they reached the banks of the river. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. xviii. 325 In virtue of the quicker central flow the lateral ice is subject to an oblique strain. 1867F. Francis Angling i. (1880) 14 He should..let his motions be as little lateral as possible. 1874J. T. Micklethwaite Mod. Par. Churches 23 All the main entrances, whether western or lateral. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 118 The river and its lateral streams.
b. lateral thinking: a way of thinking which seeks the solution to intractable problems through unorthodox methods, or elements which would normally be ignored by logical thinking.
1966London Life 22 Oct. 20/3 He [sc. Dr. Edward De Bono] divides thinking into two methods. One he calls ‘vertical thinking’—that is, using the processes of logic, the traditional-historical method... The other type he calls ‘lateral thinking’, which involves disrupting an apparent sequence and arriving at the solution from another angle. 1967E. De Bono Use of Lateral Thinking 5 Some people are aware of another sort of thinking which..leads to those simple ideas that are obvious only after they have been thought of. This book is an attempt to look at this sort of thinking... For the sake of convenience, the term ‘lateral thinking’ has been coined to describe this other sort of thinking; ‘vertical thinking’ is used to denote the conventional logical process. 1972Observer 5 Nov. 20/6 Don't trade on the argument that women have special qualities (intuition, perception, lateral thinking, or what have you) which are denied to men.
†2. Existing or moving side by side. Of winds: Coming from the same half (eastern or western) of the horizon. Also in comb. lateral-sited adj.
c1611Chapman Iliad ix. 4 As two lateral-sited winds (the West wind and the North) Meete at the Thracian seas blacke breast. 1635Swan Spec. M. (1670) 145 Eurus on the one side and Cæcias on the other, being..lateral winds pertinent to the East. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 221 The Commons Charge and the Earls Defence run lateral and in pale each with other. 1662Hobbes Seven Prob. Wks. 1845 VII. 42 It must needs move the air before it, even to the earth, and the earth repel it, and so make lateral winds every way. 1667Milton P.L. x. 705 Eurus and Zephir, with thir lateral noise, Sirocco and Libecchio.
3. Specific scientific uses.
a. Anat. and Zool. Situated on one side or other of the mesial plane; also const. to. So lateral eye, lateral fin, lateral lobe, lateral ventricle; lateral line, in fishes and certain amphibia, a system of organs of sensory perception, arranged in a row along the sides of the body; also attrib.; lateral plate, in the early stages of vertebrate embryos, the ventral part of the mesoderm, from which certain internal organs develop.
1722Quincy Lex. Physico-Med. (ed. 2) 50 This Plexus reaches from one lateral Ventricle to the other, passing under the Fornix, above the third Ventricle. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. IV. 314 Lateral..when they [eyes] are placed in the side of the head. 1830R. Knox Béclard's Anat. 232 The external ligaments are..placed at the two sides of the articulation, and for this reason are called lateral ligaments. 1840E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. (1842) 340 The lateral sinuses are often unequal in size. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 62 The sensory organs developed in Fish, in connection with the ‘lateral line’. 1874Foster & Balfour Elem. Embryol. iii. 54 A transparent longitudinal line makes its appearance on either side of the notochord along the line of junction of the lateral with the vertical plate. 1880Günther Fishes 68 The articulation with the vertebral column is effected by a pair of lateral condyles. 1913Gray's Anat. (ed. 18) 242 Lateral to the foramen ovale is the foramen spinosum. 1914W. E. Kellicott Outl. Chordate Devel. iv. 278 The lateral plate [of the chick] is separated into somatic and splanchnic layers by the extra-embryonic cœlom. 1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. xvii. 191 The special sense-organs for perceiving low-frequency vibrations in water which, like a herring or any other fish, it [sc. the tadpole] carries on a ‘lateral line’ along its flank. 1959A. Hardy Fish & Fisheries ii. 24 We may not yet know all the functions of the lateral line system. 1964H. W. Manner Elem. Compar. Vertebr. Embryol. ix. 150 The mesoderm..was in three distinct, potentially different, portions: a medially located somite, an intermediate mesoderm, and a lateral plate mesoderm. 1968C. Osborne tr. Stenuit's Dolphin (1969) v. 91 Fish perceive the variations in water pressure through a biological system known as the lateral line. 1972Nature 31 Mar. 233/1 Electrodes..were placed at bilaterally symmetrical points over the left and right hemispheres,..2 mm lateral to the sagittal suture and 1 mm posterior to bregma.
b. Bot. Belonging to, situated or borne upon the side of an organ, as lateral bud, lateral flower, lateral petal.
1776–96Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 306 Umbels on fruit-stalks, both lateral, and terminating. 1787Families of Plants I. 5 The lateral divisions of the exterior corol. 1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 216 The two carpellary leaves of which the fruit is formed are lateral, or right and left with respect to the common axis of the inflorescence. 1837Macgillivray Withering's Brit. Plants (ed. 4) 88 Lateral flowers destitute of germen. 1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 155 Lateral shoots arise far most frequently at a greater distance from the apex of the stem than the youngest leaves.
c. Path. Of diseases: (a) Affecting the side or sides of the body; (b) confined to one side of the body (see quots.); (c) (of curvature of the spine) directed sideways.
1724Bailey, Lateral Disease [tr. L. morbus lateralis], the Pleurisy. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Palsy, Lateral Palsy, called also Hemiplegia, is the same disease with the paraplegia; only that it affects but one side of the body. 1852Miller Practice Surg. (ed. 2) xxiv. 303 Lateral curvature of the spine. 1878tr. Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. XIII. 453 That form of chronic myelitis called lateral sclerosis.
d. Surg. lateral operation: a mode of cutting for the stone, in which the prostate gland and neck of the bladder are divided laterally. Also lateral lithotomy.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Lithotomy, The lateral operation, invented by Frere Jacques..of the third order of S. Francis. 1730Hist. Litteraria I. 416 The lateral Operation for the Extraction of the Stone. 1870T. Holmes Syst. Surgery (ed. 2) IV. 1059 The causes of death after lateral lithotomy are the following.
e. Conch. Situated on one side or other of the hinge, as lateral tooth.
1816T. Brown Elem. Conchol. 20 Lateral Teeth are teeth which diverge from the umbo. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 106 Shell regular, inequivalve, inequilateral; a single primary tooth in each valve..no lateral teeth.
† f. Math. Of a quantity: Of the first power. Of equations: Linear. Obs.
1674S. Jeake Arith. (1701) iv. iv. iv. 645 If 170 304 782 be divided..by 1250, the Quotient shall be Quadratical, and if by 6480, the Quotient shall be Lateral. Ibid., If then the lateral Coefficient 15, and √ 9160, and √ c1250, and √ qq 6480 be made Sursolids, they shall produce four Homogeneal Species of Affections. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Lateral Equation (in Algebra), such an Equation as has but one Root.
g. Cryst. Applied to those axes of a crystal or crystalline form which are inclined to the main or ‘vertical’ axis; also to edges, faces, or angles, connected with such axes.
1805–17R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 104 Lateral edges are the edges of the lateral faces of the table, so that there are eight lateral edges in a four-sided table. 1823H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 207 Class g. Lateral solid angles replaced by single planes inclining on the superior edges. 1851Richardson Geol. v. (1855) 86 The edges produced by the meeting of the lateral planes, are termed lateral edges. 1868Dana Min. Introd. 21 [The Hexagonal] system differs from the Tetragonal in having three equal lateral axes..instead of two; the vertical..is at right angles to the lateral.
h. Physics and Mechanics. Acting or placed at right angles to the line of motion or of strain.
lateral pressure or lateral stress, a pressure or stress at right angles to the length, as of a beam or bridge.
lateral strength, strength which resists a tendency to fracture arising from lateral pressure. (Webster, 1864.)
1803J. Wood Princ. Mech. vii. 154 When the lateral motion is entirely prevented by the adhesion of the body to the plane. 1881Young Every Man his own Mechanic §441. 193 We must now proceed to the method of forming lateral joints. 1885J. A. L. Waddell Syst. Iron Railr. Bridges Japan 246 Lateral Rod..Lateral Strut..Lateral System.
i. Phonetics. Of a consonant: formed by partial closure of the air-passage by the tongue, which is so placed as to allow the breath to escape at one or both sides of the point of contact (e.g. English l).
1891L. Soames Introd. Phonetics 34 Some persons..let the breath escape on one side only, so it seems better to call it [l] a lateral or side consonant. 1899W. Rippmann Elem. Phonetics §91. 72 For the l sounds the narrowing is between the side rim or rims of the tongue and the side teeth (lateral formation). 1903Scholle & Smith Elem. Phonetics 75. §148 In the articulation of ‘l’ both sides (or only one side) of the tongue form a narrow passage with the molars and side gums, hence the term lateral articulation. 1957Essays in Crit. VII. 128 ‘Woolly’ is composed of two vowels, a semi-vowel and a voiced lateral consonant.
j. Applied (orig. in lateral cut) to (the cutting of) gramophone records in which the undulations are cut in the plane of the record by the side-to-side movement of the recording stylus, and hence to equipment and techniques involved in this. Opp. hill and dale (hill n. 1 b).
1917Sci. Amer. 27 Oct. 307 While many of these patents are more in the nature of slight refinements, particularly means of twisting the mounting of the reproducer so that it can be used for hill-and-dale and for lateral cut records at will, a few of them represent a genuine effort to improve the tonal qualities of the conventional disk phonograph. 1934Amer. Speech IX. 312/2 The records will be..both of the ordinary lateral-cut type and of the new and superior hill-and-dale, long-playing, unbreakable kind. 1935H. C. Bryson Gramophone Record i. 16 From 1900 onwards there existed three types of record: (a) Discs with hill and dale cut... (b) Discs with a lateral cut... (c) Wax cylinders with hill and dale cut. 1942Proc. IRE XXX. 356/2 (heading) Frequency characteristics for lateral recording. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IV. 240/1 Modern lateral pickups are of the crystal, ceramic, magnetic, or dynamic type. Ibid. 241/2 A lateral disk record. 1968Times 29 Nov. 11/5 A decade later Emil Berliner saw the advantages of a flat disc and also developed the technique of the lateral cut disc. 1975Hi-Fi Answers Feb. 58/2 Test records used..were those by EMI..and Decca's own lateral cut record, LXT 5346. Ibid. 59/2 Modulation levels..which upset it at 8 kHz (for both vertical and lateral cuts) and 18 kHz (for lateral cuts only).
B. n.
1. A lateral or side part, member, or object; † a wind that is ‘lateral’ (see A. 2) to another (obs.); a lateral shoot, tooth, branch, etc.
1635Swan Spec. M. (1670) 145 These winds..if at any time they blow up rain..then continue it by the space of a whole day. The reason of which I take to be, because..their laterals, not being absolutely of the same quality, may arise together with them and so bring Rain. 1730A. Gordon Maffei's Amphith. 298 In the Walls of these Laterals are two Hollows. 1851Beck's Florist 107 As laterals are produced, I pinch them off; but I never stop the main stem. 1851–6Woodward Mollusca 157 Chiton Squamosus..lingual teeth 3; median small, laterals large. 1856Olmsted Slave States 366 From this trunk [road] there are many laterals. 1860Delamer Kitch. Gard. (1861) 177 Look over tomatoes, and suppress all useless laterals. 1866Tate Brit. Mollusks iii. 50 The term laterals is employed..to designate a series of teeth between the rachidian and the uncini. 1887Pall Mall G. 22 June 5/2 Ilissus..would not make a lateral for an irrigating ditch in Colorado.
†2. One of a series of numbers in arithmetical progression from which a series of ‘triangular’ numbers are formed by the summation of each successive term and all those preceding it. See figurate a. Obs.
1706W. Jones Syn. Palmar. Matheseos 162.
3. Phonetics. A lateral consonant: seesense 3 a of the adj.
1933L. Bloomfield Lang. vi. 97 In some of these the tongue actually touches the roof of the mouth, but leaves enough room at one or both sides for the breath to escape without serious friction-noise; such sounds are laterals, of the type of our [l]... In unvoiced laterals, which occur in Welsh and in many American languages, the friction-noise of the breath-stream is more audible than in unvoiced nasals.
4. N. Amer. Football. (See quot. 1971.) Also as vb., to make such a pass.
1934Webster, Lateral, a lateral pass. 1949Richmond (Va.) Times-Despatch 10 Oct. 13/2 The last carried 27 yards as Quarterback Ben Raimondi threw a lateral to his left to End Cotton Howell. 1961Webster, Lateral, to throw a lateral pass. 1970Globe & Mail (Toronto) 28 Sept. 18/4 He lateralled to Joe Hernandez, who ran the last 45 yards of a 59-yard touchdown play. 1971L. Koppett N.Y. Times Guide Spectator Sports ii. 69 Lateral, a pass to a teammate that does not travel forward. 1972J. Mosedale Football iii. 40 The Bronk passed to Bill Hewitt who lateraled to Bill Karr for a 36-yard score. 1974Los Angeles Times 13 Oct. iii. 7/1 Greene ran 11 yards to the Badgers' 5-yard line and lateraled to Baschnagel, who sped into the end zone. |